tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-162800402024-03-05T13:57:15.245-05:00G. Mick Smith, PhDG. Mick Smith, PhD, Senior Educational Technology Executive: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith/
Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comBlogger1704125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-1022409214483417162021-12-07T16:42:00.000-05:002021-12-07T16:42:16.568-05:00Ian Hunter, or, Why Does YouTube Annoy Me?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">SONGS</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjel3LDTng4hkr_jaM9vNaFogWdjfeRhw0SEdveif1cE3nqS_AapIYocleebuRZYfFRGawT2hxEooKvKYKHVHHrDseBZJeU9oCSLrPVJnOBA__W9xWWdmsNIY6kklYUv9DEpXpa2A/s944/Songs.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="944" data-original-width="593" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjel3LDTng4hkr_jaM9vNaFogWdjfeRhw0SEdveif1cE3nqS_AapIYocleebuRZYfFRGawT2hxEooKvKYKHVHHrDseBZJeU9oCSLrPVJnOBA__W9xWWdmsNIY6kklYUv9DEpXpa2A/w402-h640/Songs.PNG" width="402" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"> ARTISTS<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg8cR8ksIP_0onssFBNA2E913QNFxTCPGgrlJDpBq4UwaCa4A5z0zs6SN8Th6ANELdQVkXW0ogOsT80XWrG9NXb69MPeat9TFwGCJW1vAXxF_kkF84pi28KNGR8_Fs_TscGUi8qg/s736/Artists.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="595" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg8cR8ksIP_0onssFBNA2E913QNFxTCPGgrlJDpBq4UwaCa4A5z0zs6SN8Th6ANELdQVkXW0ogOsT80XWrG9NXb69MPeat9TFwGCJW1vAXxF_kkF84pi28KNGR8_Fs_TscGUi8qg/w518-h640/Artists.PNG" width="518" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">ALBUMS</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl_3P6HbQfVC1sHdxAM4jkOSCOl1iDwLZoIq7AL6eZm6byQTwHuV6zJ97QgsTsqE7R9-QU0i2zbmZJHs3FkG8I4t6R-EScHORGlu74Jqay0qvBufnbgNvsWUsZNUiI5XVz9AFRtw/s720/Albums.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="597" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl_3P6HbQfVC1sHdxAM4jkOSCOl1iDwLZoIq7AL6eZm6byQTwHuV6zJ97QgsTsqE7R9-QU0i2zbmZJHs3FkG8I4t6R-EScHORGlu74Jqay0qvBufnbgNvsWUsZNUiI5XVz9AFRtw/w530-h640/Albums.PNG" width="530" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;">Do you notice a pattern here? And, understand why YouTube annoys me. The algorithm is supposed to find music you like and when an algorithm is applied to my surfing it takes me away from what I want to hear. Unless I'm doing research for a podcast episode when listening to YouTube I only what to hear Ian Hunter-related music. The only exception to Ian Hunter based on YouTube's tracking is a Clash song and it still is related to Ian's first professional band, Mott The Hoople. The Clash were huge Mott fans and it inspired them to start musical careers themselves. </div><p></p>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-30863247315087346932021-12-03T14:36:00.008-05:002021-12-03T14:36:00.260-05:00The Doctor of Digital Podcast (Unedited transcript) Podcast: Want to Upgrade Your Facebook Marketing Strategy? Part 1 CII 5-Minute Lesson Digital Brownbag - The Doctor of Digital™ GMick Smith, PhD<a class="spreaker-player" href="https://www.spreaker.com/episode/47608914" data-resource="episode_id=47608914" data-width="100%" data-height="200px" data-theme="light" data-playlist="false" data-playlist-continuous="false" data-chapters-image="true" data-episode-image-position="right" data-hide-logo="false" data-hide-likes="false" data-hide-comments="false" data-hide-sharing="false" data-hide-download="true">Listen to "Want to Upgrade Your Facebook Marketing Strategy? Part 1 CII 5-Minute Lesson Digital Brownbag - The Doctor of Digital™ GMick Smith, PhD" on Spreaker.</a>
<p> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bolder;">Podcast:</span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;"> </span><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/want-to-upgrade-your-facebook-marketing-strategy-part/id1545307845?i=1000542762043" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d6efd; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;">Want to Upgrade Your Facebook Marketing Strategy? Part 1 CII 5-Minute Lesson Digital Brownbag - The Doctor of Digital™ GMick Smith, PhD</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">hello hello hello and welcome once again to an exciting episode of doctor digital podcasts on this particular episode</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">upgrade your Facebook marketing strategy want better results on Facebook. are you taking advantage of all of the platform has available. in this episode you discover 5 ways to supercharge your Facebook strategy number one include short form content create short form video for Facebook reels borrowing another Instagram first feature</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Facebook launch reels in late 9/20/21. the short form videos made a splash when they re in glossed on Instagram a year earlier</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">so it's no surprise that they've already begun to generate buzz on Facebook Facebook reels can last up to 30 seconds and can include a mix of video audio and creative effects similar to stories they appear in your own dedicated panel at the top of users Facebook feeds integrated into news feeds</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">and even in Facebook groups although reels don't have the linking capabilities of stories they're ideal for driving discovery as well as growing audiences and building communities</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">because Facebook is currently testing additional options like sharing reels from Instagram advertising in reels and monetizing reels</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">this is a feature you'll want to watch. to create Facebook reels for your business. open the mobile app and navigate to your page tap the real button at the bottom of the screen and create up to 30 seconds of video</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">use the creative tools to add music insert special effects or adjust the speed before publishing to your page</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">compose Facebook stories have you tested this feature out on first bank first feature on Facebook yet for that got from Instagram</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">although Facebook stories exist for just 2004 hours before disappearing from view. they become many marketers go to solutions for generating engagement improving visibility and creating a more authentic content yet scheduling Facebook stories has always been tricky making creating and publishing them a challenge for busy social media marketers</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">although some third party apps that allow brands to plant stories scheduling them to publish automatically hasn't been an option</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">at least it wasn't possible until Facebook long story scheduling via business suite. in mid 2021. now you can take advantage of the benefits of stories while still planning ahead with Facebook business suite mobile apps creating and scheduling stories is easy</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">open the app navigate to your page and tap the blue plus icon to create new content select story from the pop up menu and start creating with newly produced a video or pre existing content from your gallery</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">then add text graphics interactive stickers to make your story more engaging. you can also add a link that followers can tap the visit your website. buy a product or download a freebie. when you're done creating your story tap the weight share on button in the lower right corner</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">choose whether you want to publish to Facebook Instagram or both. then tap the schedule for later option and set a time after your stories go live take time to review the analytics identify the best times to publish so you can keep scheduling stories when your followers are most likely to engage number to incorporate third party content</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">source. N. share user generated content on Facebook. when you think of user generated content. U. G. C.. there's a good chance Facebook isn't the first social media channel that comes to mind. instead hashtag driven channels like Instagram Twitter and tick tock are much more widely known for their UGC capabilities however</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Facebook has become a key channel for finding and sharing UGC which can enhance virtually any businesses social media strategy</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">when you incorporate UGC injure publishing routine. you can share authentic content that resonates reinforce relationships with customers and potentially even reduce your production costs to find UGC on Facebook</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">your best bet is to set up a simple workflow. your Facebook inbox create labels for potential and approve you G. C. at a potential U. G. C. label to any mentions of reviews that contain consumer created content you want to share</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">reach out to the original creator to get permission to share the photo or video. once you confirm permission replaced the potential label with an approved label. when you share the original post or content on Facebook. mention the creator in the caption to give them full credit. that's it for this particular episode got more on updating your Facebook marketing strategy that'll wait till next time</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">at least for this time</p>
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</body>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-17831700698614136122021-12-02T14:32:00.009-05:002021-12-02T14:32:00.252-05:00The Doctor of Digital Podcast (Unedited transcript) Want to Upgrade Your Facebook Marketing Strategy? Part 2 CIII 5-Minute Lesson Digital Brownbag - The Doctor of Digital™<a class="spreaker-player" href="https://www.spreaker.com/episode/47623623" data-resource="episode_id=47623623" data-width="100%" data-height="200px" data-theme="light" data-playlist="false" data-playlist-continuous="false" data-chapters-image="true" data-episode-image-position="right" data-hide-logo="false" data-hide-likes="false" data-hide-comments="false" data-hide-sharing="false" data-hide-download="true">Listen to "Want to Upgrade Your Facebook Marketing Strategy? Part 2 CIII 5-Minute Lesson Digital Brownbag - The Doctor of Digital™" on Spreaker.</a>
<p> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bolder;">Podcast:</span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;"> </span><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/want-to-upgrade-your-facebook-marketing-strategy-part/id1545307845?i=1000542866322" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d6efd; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;">Want to Upgrade Your Facebook Marketing Strategy? Part 2 CIII 5-Minute Lesson Digital Brownbag - The Doctor of Digital™</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">hello hello hello again this is a doctor digital podcasts on continuing an episode here with upgrade your Facebook marketing strategy part to manage influencer partnerships and this is the number 2.that I picked up from the last episode influencer partnerships are also increasingly important for marketing your business on Facebook</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">fortunately Facebook has brand collabs manager a built in tool to streamline influencer marketing. it offers a variety of helpful features from finding the right creator for a project to disclosing your relationship correctly to access brand collabs manager navigate to your pages monetization tools in creator studio</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">from there you can find influencers to work with. make sure your audiences align with yours. an approved partners. you can also share project briefs and review analytics from influencer collaborations without having to ask for reports</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">but be aware that Facebook may be planning substantial changes to this tool. if you're serious about influencer marketing keep an eye on the new partnership features that Instagram announced in 10/20/21</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">as face a Facebook could adopt a similar approach in the future. Instagram is testing a DM folder for partnerships and influencer finder from tool for businesses which could significantly improve the experience for both creators and brands</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">number 3 invest in on platform community if you've noticed a declining organic reach and engagement on your Facebook page creating reels and stories may help you turn those numbers around</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">but publishing Miller content on your page. isn't the right solution for every business. instead Facebook groups are in becoming increasingly important for brands looking for more creative solutions for driving engagement</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">what's the difference between groups and pages essentially pages are ideal for promoting your business while groups are designed for building a community around your business</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">you certainly can have both but it's important to know how to differentiate the 2. why your business has complete control of the content on a page groups rely much more on contributions from members to help your group reach its full potential</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">think about how you can encourage participation such as by asking thoughtful questions or hosting weekly events you can also invite members to create posts and start discussions to give your group</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">a life of its own. to make your group as visible as possible link it to your page. open your page and business manager and navigate to the settings click templates and tabs and turn on the groups tab then click on the new tab and link an existing group or create a new one</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">for example the at elemental or Facebook page features the brand's official elemental or community on its groups tab</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">the group complements the page by allowing members to ask questions share tips and even seek re sources for hiring experts using the brand's web design software</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">no matter how you organize your group. be sure to use all the available tools and keep an eye out for new ones</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">11/20/21. Facebook announced several new features for including community chats fundraisers and shops to help admins do more with their group's number 4 increase your revenue from Facebook host a paid online event with Facebook live</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">are you looking for even more ways to improve reach and engagement. Facebook live continues to gain steam largely due to the authentic appeal of live video. the engagement potential of Facebook live is no joke. a social insider study shows that live video engagement surpasses pre recorded video engagement sometimes by more than double</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">once you master the art of hosting Facebook live events for live streaming via third party web in our tools</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">consider taking advantage of Facebook's newest monetization option. Facebook now allows creators to host paid online events. so you can recoup some of the expenses from your hard work to get started navigate to your pages events tab in Facebook business manager and click paid online events</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">you'll need to apply for monetization and create a payout account after processing you can create your first paid online event</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">business manager creator studio. click the blue create page online event button. give your event a name and description and set the date and ticket price you can offer early purchase discounts to incentivize attendees or limit attendance</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">for a more exclusive event. you can also host your event on Facebook live or via an external link</p>
<script async src="https://widget.spreaker.com/widgets.js"></script>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-36836133935416692372021-12-01T14:06:00.011-05:002021-12-01T14:06:00.210-05:00 The Doctor of Digital Podcast (Unedited transcript) Podcast: Want to Upgrade Your Facebook Marketing Strategy? Part 3 CIV Digital Lesson The Doctor of Digital Podcast™<a class="spreaker-player" data-chapters-image="true" data-episode-image-position="right" data-height="200px" data-hide-comments="false" data-hide-download="true" data-hide-likes="false" data-hide-logo="false" data-hide-sharing="false" data-playlist-continuous="false" data-playlist="false" data-resource="episode_id=47672956" data-theme="light" data-width="100%" href="https://www.spreaker.com/episode/47672956">Listen to "Want to Upgrade Your Facebook Marketing Strategy? Part 3 CIV Digital Lesson The Doctor of Digital Podcast™" on Spreaker.</a>
<p> <span face="system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bolder;">Podcast:</span><span face="system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="color: #454545; font-size: 16px;"> </span><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/want-to-upgrade-your-facebook-marketing-strategy-part/id1545307845?i=1000543176897" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d6efd; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;">Want to Upgrade Your Facebook Marketing Strategy? Part 3 CIV Digital Lesson The Doctor of Digital Podcast™</a></p><p><span style="color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;">hello hello hello . once again. so let's get started for free. Facebook doesn't collect fees for online free 1 that 100 percent of what you are all the more reason to starting in 2023</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">for calling the error rate that is competitive with other sell products via Facebook. if your business sells products online there's never been a better time commerce with Facebook. the social channel supports economic plight. E. commerce platforms like Shopify big commerce and woo commerce so that you can easily connect your online store</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">even if you don't have any E. commerce site. you can still set up Facebook shops and sell directly through your page because Facebook is wave standard selling fees through June of 2022 and doesn't charge a subscription fee you don't have to worry about additional overhead to set up Facebook shops go to Facebook commerce manager and choose a checkout method</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">in addition to low friction checkouts like Facebook or with Facebook or Instagram you can complete checkouts through messenger what sap or a third party site</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">then you can add your product catalog link your website and add shipping and return policies once your face bookshop is alive</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">you can feature it on your page for added exposure as you park post content on your page you can also tag products so customers can browse and check out seamlessly</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">plus if or when Facebook eventually makes life shopping widely available to all pages you'll be ready to start selling via live stream</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">for example this at Frank's red hot Facebook post includes shoppable products in take a look at that online when customers click on the interactive icon</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">they go right to the brand's Facebook shop. from there they can click to browse or make a purchase on the brand's website last point here on this is the third part of the series</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">and that's point number 5. enhance one to one messaging with customers. chatbots. whats app and messenger are seeing an increase and option by brands looking to create faster customer service and marketing channels with consumers consider these 3 options to update your communications</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">in the coming months set up automated responses in Facebook messenger. to link your what's app business account with your Facebook page open business manager and navigate to page settings</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">what. click on the what's app tab and enter the phone number associated with your business account to complete the connection</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">if you want to get whats app messages via organic content. open your page and business manager. click the gets what's app messages button to add this call to action or CTA to your post and publish your content when it's live followers will see what sap prompt below your post to generate even more results create a paid messages campaign in Facebook ads manager select what's app is your messaging app of choice and launch an advertising campaign designed to designed to start conversations and engage with potential customers</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">conclusion. and this is the last of the 3 part series on what's up when it comes to Facebook messaging and advertising and marketing</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">this is the last of them. the last of the 3 episodes with the you are getting the results you want from your pager just want to optimize your approach these Facebook marketing trends can guide your future planning throughout the new year</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">from live in short form video to community building and monetization options. Facebook has tons of opportunities to help you stay on the cutting edge. you want to consider all of these. and that's it for the last of the 3 episodes. 5 points to help you with Facebook. we enjoyed the services. Dr digital signing all. be sure to subscribe like in review</p>
<script async="" src="https://widget.spreaker.com/widgets.js"></script>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-37030750442458617862021-11-30T12:04:00.000-05:002021-11-30T12:04:31.436-05:00 The Doctor of Digital Podcast (unedited transcript): What FB Ad Metrics Must You Track? CV The 5-Minute Lunch Lesson Digital Brownbag The Doctor of Digital Podcast™<a class="spreaker-player" href="https://www.spreaker.com/episode/47714409" data-resource="episode_id=47714409" data-width="100%" data-height="200px" data-theme="light" data-playlist="false" data-playlist-continuous="false" data-chapters-image="true" data-episode-image-position="right" data-hide-logo="false" data-hide-likes="false" data-hide-comments="false" data-hide-sharing="false" data-hide-download="true">Listen to "What FB Ad Metrics Must You Track? CV The 5-Minute Lunch Lesson Digital Brownbag The Doctor of Digital Podcast™" on Spreaker.</a>
<p> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bolder;">Podcast:</span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;"> </span><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/what-fb-ad-metrics-must-you-track-cv-the-5-minute/id1545307845?i=1000543457246" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d6efd; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px;">What FB Ad Metrics Must You Track? CV The 5-Minute Lunch Lesson Digital Brownbag The Doctor of Digital Podcast™</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">you are listening to the doctor digital podcast. and this is another episode . once again the so let's get started. Facebook ad metrics much track overwhelmed by all the metrics inside baseball Mets manager wondering which ones to focus on</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">in this episode you'll find important important metrics to use when analyzing the Facebook ads. plus you'll discover how to track them with a custom report tracking Facebook ads metrics. when it comes to Facebook ad metrics we could broadly characterized to default the default metrics already exists in S. manager and you can simply select them when creating your custom report custom metrics on the other hand those you create using different formulas to display data that isn't available as standard in your ad account</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">it's easy to become overwhelmed by the sheer number of Facebook ad metrics you can analyze and your ad account reach impressions frequency results click through rate that CTR quality score conversion ranking and return on ad spend</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">R. O. A. S.. keep those acronyms in mine. I'm going to talk about them some more. to name just a few. and with the ability to create custom metrics. the options become endless. the measure the real impact of your Facebook advertising on your business and how it's generating new sales and customers</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">I'm gonna walk you through how to add core metrics both default and custom to a customer report</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">one. create a canoe custom report in Facebook ads manager to start. you're going to need a build a custom reports you can add all the default custom metrics</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">I'm going to cover into one data view. this will allow you to look at all these metrics across your campaigns ad sets and ads with ease</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">let's assume you're using Facebook ads to generate sales for your business. using the conversions campaign objective optimizing for purchases. the goal of your campaign is to generate a purchase action which represents the sale of your product or service</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">this would be tangible like in an E. commerce business running through Shopify or sell a product for information business running through could job you percent car to build a custom report open your Facebook ads manager dashboard and click on the columns button on the far right of the screen you'll then see a list of all the default metrics with performance selected by default</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">2 and 4 metrics to assess website traffic from your Facebook ad. the first 4 metrics you want to add your report will help you determine what the traffic generated from your Facebook ad is getting to your website and how much it's costing you start by adding these 3 metrics link clicks CPC cost per link click landing page views</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">you can use the search bar at the top of the screen to quickly find the metrics you want to add these 3 metrics are important on platform metrics that measure the drop off between people who click on your ads</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">and those who stay to load your website. this is one of the first things to look at when running Facebook ads because it indicates how much of the traffic</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">clicking on the ads is actually getting to U. U. R. L.. destination. one reason for the drop off between link clicks and landing page views is slow page load times</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">if you get 100 link clicks but you only see the landing page views. that means your website is loading too slowly. and you've got a big issue on your hands. you just double the cost of your traffic because only one in 2 people are staying to load the page and set of everyone who clicks on your ad</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">another important metric you need to measure because it determines your CPC is CTR specifically the link CTR added after landing page views metric</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">the better your CTR click through rate. the more Facebook will reward you as an advertiser giving you a lower CPC as there is a direct correlation between CPC and CTR</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">for example you can benchmark CTR is based on the temperature of your audience. you'll see a lower CTR for cold audiences like look alikes and interest based ones. because these are new people who don't know your business yet. aim for at least a one percent CTR for these type of audiences for warm audiences up Instagram engagers</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">you'll see a higher CTR so aim for a minimum of 1.5 percent. and for a hot audiences a website traffic or e-commerce standard events such as. add to cart. strive for at least 1.75 percent CTR. 3 and 4 purchase space. Facebook ad metrics. I'm gonna move on to purchase based metrics. you want to add these 4 metrics to your reporting column. total number of purchases purchase value giving purchase conversion value cost per purchase giving cost per acquisition purchase</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">R. O. A. S.. after you add these metrics. be sure to deselect the check boxes under each purchase metric in the right hand column</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">these give you a further break down you don't want. as you're looking at the metrics. as a whole figure. the 4 purchase metrics of both will tell you everything you need to know about the number of sales you're generating</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">how much revenue you can attribute to the sales. your cost per acquisition. and your R. O. A. S. giving you the profitability of your Facebook ads. number 4. add to custom metrics to track. average order value in sales page conversions. now you're going to build 2 custom metrics that will give you additional insight beyond the default metrics that Facebook gives you</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">average order value. the first custom metric you want to create is average word order value. A. O. V.. and the customize columns window click the create custom metric link what's safe cost you $15 to get a purchase</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">and the. a greed is $45. your R. O. A. S.. is it 3 times. because $45 divided by $15 equals 3. you're going to use the following formula for Facebook to calculate your AOV purchases conversion value plus purchase</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">next to the name of your custom metric select numeric from the format drop down menu</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">then in the formula section. start typing in purchases conversion value and select it from the menu that pops up. next click the division symbol and then type in purchases at the inventor the formula. click create metric that now shows you the AOV. the next step to add to this custom metric T. report. in the middle column select a will be in the custom metrics section alias super important because you're analyzing ad you'll find some ads have better on Facebook metrics like a better CTR</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">however there are a ask might not be as good because they're A. O. V. is not as high</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">understanding what ads deliver the highest A. O. V.. and therefore the highest. R. O. A. S.. it's critical to measuring your Facebook ad success and knowing that next steps whether that's further testing</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">optimizations or scaling sales page conversion rate. the other custom metric you want to create a sales page conversion rate. it's critical to know your sales page conversion rate. because you can then see which Facebook ads convert better not just from the C. T. R. perspective which is an on Facebook metrics</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">but using an off Facebook metrics like sales page conversion rate to set up this custom metric</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">click on create custom metric again type in sales page conversion rate for the name of this metric and shoes percentage as the format</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">this is going to be a customer. R. O. A. S. report with which you can measure your campaign's effectiveness. you'll be able to choose it from the columns drop down menu in your ads manager dashboard</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">conclusion. these are the key metrics that you need to track on Facebook or at least some of them</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">default ones plus custom metrics that you can create. they're going to be fundamental to evaluating your success on the platform. by using on Facebook metrics such as link clicks and landing page views. you can measure the effectiveness of the traffic being sent to your site. then using the office book metrics. the purchase ones in custom metrics you can measure the real impact of your advertising on your business and how it's generating new sales and customers</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454545; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">hope you enjoy the episode. that's it for this particular episode docuseries masonic Dr digital signing all be sure to subscribe like and review the doctor digital podcast that doctor vigil podcast like cotton candy for your new year's day is</p>
<script async src="https://widget.spreaker.com/widgets.js"></script>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-49215493051352002372021-09-20T14:19:00.001-04:002021-09-20T14:36:53.530-04:00Is R-E-S-P-E-C-T the Antidote to CRT? TuneSmith Series Z - The Doctor of Digital™ GMick Smith, PhD<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTeWwiYRocQJ4eMuUYLciDVUpsDUkkz5Uj4E3l5KOpoyQEH2t7OBaZtSlKaBmjuMYtEp0tjhtzW4IfzQ6BjXelsahOfhAn6eggXi9uV6iFluIyEPtqL_chXA9ftTHCewJk6lnrDQ/s600/Respect.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="600" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTeWwiYRocQJ4eMuUYLciDVUpsDUkkz5Uj4E3l5KOpoyQEH2t7OBaZtSlKaBmjuMYtEp0tjhtzW4IfzQ6BjXelsahOfhAn6eggXi9uV6iFluIyEPtqL_chXA9ftTHCewJk6lnrDQ/w640-h534/Respect.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span face="Franklin, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 14px;">In the new MGM feature film </span><em style="color: #666666; font-family: Franklin, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Respect</em><span face="Franklin, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 14px;">, Aretha Franklin (portrayed by Jennifer Hudson) and her backup singers produce yet another soul hit with musicians and producers at FAME Recording Studio in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Photo: </span><a href="https://clture.org/aretha-franklin-respect-movie/respect-9/" style="color: #071b59; font-family: Franklin, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;">Quantrell D. Colbert</a><p></p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;"><em>Respect</em> detonates three core tenets of Critical Race Theory:</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px 12px 0.5in;">a) Whites are racist oppressors.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px 12px 0.5in;">b) African-Americans are downtrodden victims of white bigotry.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px 12px 0.5in;">c) Cultural appropriation is evil. Each race should horde its aesthetic and stylistic offerings among its own people. Whites, especially, must keep their greedy hands away from anything aesthetic that lacks European roots.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">At some level,<em> all</em> culture involves appropriation.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">The magic that Tuscan and Milanese chefs craft with pasta would not exist had Marco Polo not brought noodles from China to Italy in the late 13<span style="vertical-align: text-top;">th</span> Century.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">John Coltrane, Maceo Parker, and Clarence Clemons are just a few of the black men who would have blown hard into their empty hands, had the saxophone not been invented in Belgium in 1846.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">And black authors from the Harlem Renaissance’s Langston Hughes to Nobel laureate Toni Morrison would have attracted far fewer readers had they written in Yoruba rather than English — a language rooted in overwhelmingly white Great Britain.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">Likewise, many of <em>Respect</em>’s musical numbers show blacks and whites using instruments, rhythms, and songs borrowed from each other’s backgrounds and then polished even further.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">The gospel-music-tradition from which Aretha emerged had a major influence on rock music since its inception and on specific acts who dipped their buckets into that deep well.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">The Doobie Brothers’ hit song “<a href="https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/game/rocksmith/plus/news-updates/1fu6HTZEyOXTiPLYPttlfy/the-forgotten-origin-of-the-doobie-brothers-jesus-is-just-alright" rel="nofollow noskim" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); color: #005aab; font-family: georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 32px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Jesus Is Just Alright</a>” began as a 1966 gospel tune by Arthur Reid Reynolds of the Art Reynolds Singers.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">The Byrds gave the tune a test flight in 1969. The Doobies’ 1972 cover added electric guitars and a Hammond B-3 to these two, lighter arrangements.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">The result? A chart climber, an enduring classic-rock staple, and the source of lush royalty checks to “A. Reynolds,” whom the Doobie Brothers credited on the song’s label.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">Similarly, Paul Simon himself wrote “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9i3JXGtC_os" rel="nofollow noskim" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); color: #005aab; font-family: georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 32px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Loves Me Like a Rock</a>.” This 1973 song’s unmistakable gospel flavor sprang from the breathtaking, Sunday-choir vocals of the Dixie Hummingbirds, a black spiritual quartet launched in Greensville, South Carolina.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">This song hit No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was a certified gold record — great news for Rhymin’ Simon and the Hummingbirds, both recognized on the old 45 RPM single.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">What CRT proponents condemn as “cultural appropriation” is what normal humans praise as inspiration. And these are just two among millions of artworks in which black culture weaves into white culture, white culture blends into black culture, and beauty happens.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">Aretha Franklin earned four platinum records, 14 gold records, and scored 20 No. 1 R&B singles among the <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/aretha-franklin-dead-queen-soul-music-singer-atlantic-detroit-a8489536.html" rel="nofollow noskim" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); color: #005aab; font-family: georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 32px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">75 million units</a> she sold. She won 18 Grammy Awards and was the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px;">In 1994, Aretha became the youngest person selected for the Kennedy Center Honors. In 2005, G.W. Bush bestowed upon Franklin the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America’s highest civilian honor.</p><p style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 12px 0px 12px 0.5in;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 12px 0px 12px 0.5in;"></p><h3 style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="word-break: break-word;">Aretha Franklin - Respect [1967] (Aretha's Original Version)</yt-formatted-string></h3><div><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="font-size: 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">https://youtu.be/6FOUqQt3Kg0</span></yt-formatted-string></div><div><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="font-size: 20px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><br /></span></yt-formatted-string></div><p></p><div class="style-scope ytd-expander" id="content" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer" id="description" slot="content" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 615px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="content style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" split-lines="" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Aretha Franklin - Respect
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6FOUqQt3Kg0" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
Song written by Otis Redding
Album: I Never Loved A Man The Way I Love You [1967]
_________________________
RESPECT
(oo) What you want
(oo) Baby, I got
(oo) What you need
(oo) Do you know I got it?
(oo) All I'm askin'
(oo) Is for a little respect when you come home (just a little bit)
Hey baby (just a little bit) when you get home
(just a little bit) mister (just a little bit)
I ain't gonna do you wrong while you're gone
Ain't gonna do you wrong (oo) 'cause I don't wanna (oo)
All I'm askin' (oo)
Is for a little respect when you come home (just a little bit)
Baby (just a little bit) when you get home (just a little bit)
Yeah (just a little bit)
I'm about to give you all of my money
And all I'm askin' in return, honey
Is to give me my propers
When you get home (just a, just a, just a, just a)
Yeah baby (just a, just a, just a, just a)
When you get home (just a little bit)
Yeah (just a little bit)
------ instrumental break ------
Ooo, your kisses (oo)
Sweeter than honey (oo)
And guess what? (oo)
So is my money (oo)
All I want you to do (oo) for me
Is give it to me when you get home (re, re, re ,re)
Yeah baby (re, re, re ,re)
Whip it to me (respect, just a little bit)
When you get home, now (just a little bit)
R-E-S-P-E-C-T
Find out what it means to me
R-E-S-P-E-C-T
Take care, TCB
Oh (sock it to me, sock it to me,
sock it to me, sock it to me)
A little respect (sock it to me, sock it to me,
sock it to me, sock it to me)
Whoa, babe (just a little bit)
A little respect (just a little bit)
I get tired (just a little bit)
Keep on tryin' (just a little bit)
You're runnin' out of foolin' (just a little bit)
And I ain't lyin' (just a little bit)
(re, re, re, re) 'spect
When you come home (re, re, re ,re)
Or you might walk in (respect, just a little bit)
And find out I'm gone (just a little bit)
I got to have (just a little bit)
A little respect (just a little bit)</yt-formatted-string></div></div><div><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="word-break: break-word;"><ytd-metadata-row-container-renderer class="sticky style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer" slot="sticky" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; display: block; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-container-renderer" id="always-shown" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-container-renderer" id="collapsible" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><ytd-metadata-row-header-renderer class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-container-renderer" has-divider-line="" style="align-items: center; border-top: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: 16px; max-width: 615px; padding-top: 8px;"><h4 class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-header-renderer" id="content" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="content style-scope ytd-metadata-row-header-renderer" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); font-size: var(--yt-link-font-size, 1.4rem); font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: var(--yt-link-letter-spacing, normal); line-height: var(--yt-link-line-height, 1.6rem); white-space: pre-wrap;">Music in this video</yt-formatted-string></h4></ytd-metadata-row-header-renderer><ytd-metadata-row-renderer class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-container-renderer" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 8px 0px; max-width: 615px;"><h4 class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-renderer" id="title" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_letter-spacing); line-height: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_line-height); margin: 0px 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 110px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-renderer">Song</yt-formatted-string></h4></ytd-metadata-row-renderer><ytd-metadata-row-renderer class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-container-renderer" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 8px 0px; max-width: 615px;"><h4 class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-renderer" id="title" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_letter-spacing); line-height: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_line-height); margin: 0px 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 110px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-renderer">Artist</yt-formatted-string></h4></ytd-metadata-row-renderer><ytd-metadata-row-renderer class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-container-renderer" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 8px 0px; max-width: 615px;"><h4 class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-renderer" id="title" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_letter-spacing); line-height: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_line-height); margin: 0px 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 110px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-renderer">Album</yt-formatted-string></h4></ytd-metadata-row-renderer><ytd-metadata-row-renderer class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-container-renderer" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 8px 0px; max-width: 615px;"><h4 class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-renderer" id="title" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_letter-spacing); line-height: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_line-height); margin: 0px 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 110px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-renderer">Writers</yt-formatted-string></h4></ytd-metadata-row-renderer><ytd-metadata-row-renderer class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-container-renderer" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 8px 0px; max-width: 615px;"><h4 class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-renderer" id="title" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_letter-spacing); line-height: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_line-height); margin: 0px 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 110px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-metadata-row-renderer">Licensed to YouTube by </yt-formatted-string>WMG (on behalf of Atlantic Records); CMRRA, LatinAutor - UMPG, The Royalty Network (Publishing), PEDL, ARESA, Warner Chappell, UNIAO BRASILEIRA DE EDITORAS DE MUSICA - UBEM, LatinAutorPerf, BMI - Broadcast Music Inc., UMPG Publishing, LatinAutor - Warner Chappell, UMPI, LatinAutor, BMG Rights Management (US), LLC, LatinAutor - SonyATV, and 15 Music Rights Societies</h4></ytd-metadata-row-renderer></div></ytd-metadata-row-container-renderer></yt-formatted-string></div>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-11472868935189063202021-07-09T18:06:00.002-04:002021-07-09T19:07:25.358-04:00Obama Promoted Critical Race Theory in 1991<p><a href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/andrewkaczynski/at-harvard-obama-dived-into-diversity-fight">Obama Promotes Critical Race Theory in 1991</a> A <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tz3qShugQ9I">video recording</a> surfaced years later as he supported Derrick Bell's nomination as a tenured professor. </p><p>Cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tz3qShugQ9I</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Bell">Derrick Bell</a></p><p><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Bell and other legal scholars began using the phrase "</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_race_theory" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">" (CRT) in the 1970s as a takeoff on "critical legal theory", a branch of legal scholarship that challenges the validity of concepts such as rationality, objective truth, and judicial neutrality. Critical legal theory was itself a takeoff on critical theory, a philosophical framework with roots in Marxist thought.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Bell produced one book for a respectable publisher among his numerous works. In higher education, it is unusual for someone to obtain tenure without producing high quality work; however, Bell was appointed when controversy about diversity wracked Harvard. </span></span></span></p><p><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Bell also wrote science fiction short stories, including "</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Traders" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Space Traders">The Space Traders</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">", a story in which white Americans trade black Americans to </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_aliens" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Space aliens">space aliens</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> in order to pay off the national debt and receive advanced technology such as environmental decontaminants and alternatives to fossil fuels. His story maintained that whites act to protect their own white self-interest. Bell explained "[It's] better [to] risk the unknown in space than face the certainty of racial discrimination here at home."</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Bell#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> The story was adapted for television in 1994 by director </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Hudlin" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reginald Hudlin">Reginald Hudlin</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> and writer </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Ellis" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trey Ellis">Trey Ellis</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">. It aired on </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="HBO">HBO</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> as the leading segment of a three-part anthology entitled, </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Slop_(television_anthology)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cosmic Slop (television anthology) (page does not exist)">Cosmic Slop</a></i><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">, which focused on </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_science_fiction" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Black science fiction">Black science fiction</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">.</span></p><p><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"></span></p><h3 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: Vollkorn, Georgia, Palatino; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.7px; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.theepochtimes.com/mkt_breakingnews/education-union-to-target-those-opposing-crt-florida-mom-says-bring-it-on_3889534.html?utm_source=newsnoe&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=breaking-2021-07-07-1&mktids=d17bc471f612566d28e139d9c5769f53&est=UxHfezKB9FKjzHDy2%2BmipCM4zBiL0rRcyYmIcYEI0ymhJf%2FPurtfEPidj%2BoZ1QBX"><span style="font-size: small;">Education Union to Target Those Opposing CRT: Florida Mom Says ‘Bring It On’</span></a></h3><p><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Cf. https://www.theepochtimes.com/mkt_breakingnews/education-union-to-target-those-opposing-crt-florida-mom-says-bring-it-on_3889534.html?utm_source=newsnoe&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=breaking-2021-07-07-1&mktids=d17bc471f612566d28e139d9c5769f53&est=UxHfezKB9FKjzHDy2%2BmipCM4zBiL0rRcyYmIcYEI0ymhJf%2FPurtfEPidj%2BoZ1QBX</span></p><p><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></p>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-84469405065878743112021-05-10T19:06:00.003-04:002021-05-13T12:38:07.503-04:00Why Did the Teenagers Rock 'n' Roll During the Pandemic of 1957? “Rockin’ Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu,” Huey “Piano” Smith The TuneSmith Series M<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the America of 1957 one of the biggest pandemics of the
modern era broke out. Not coincidentally, a</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> hit of that year was “Rockin’
Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu” by Huey “Piano” Smith (no</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> relation) &
the Clowns.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Smith's musical legacy
stands alongside that of fellow New Orleans legends and hundreds of artists have
recorded his songs.</span> A<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> rhythm and blues pianist, he incorporated boogie
styles as well as jazz stylists. Smith became known for his shuffling
right-handed break on the piano that influenced others. When he was 21 he became
the piano player with Little Richard's first band for Specialty Records. `Pneumonia
& Flu’ was a breakout Top Five R&B hit and the record sold over a
million copies. T</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">he
addition of Bobby Marchan as lead singer in 1957 gave his band the Clowns its
own distinctive sound and with `Rockin' Pneumonia’ they hit # 52 pop, # 5
R&B. Smith concentrated on humorous songs with nonsensical lyrics and a
heavy New Orleans rhythm that was perfect for dancing but no matter they managed
to capture the enthusiasm of good time music. And on stage they were even
better. The Clowns were really something to see, pulling a series of
vaudevillian stunts and generally stirring up the audience.</span><span style="color: silver; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The flu pandemic of 1957-58 deserves to be much better known,
not just because the public health threat was a closer match to our own but
because American society at the time was better prepared—culturally,
institutionally and politically—to deal with it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span face=""Google Sans", Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 22px; font-variant-ligatures: no-contextual;">Despite the pandemic, people thronged the beach and boardwalk at Coney Island in July 1957. No masks, no social distancing, no lockdowns occurred. PHOTO: ASSOCIATED PRESS</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg52GQK3bSFvq6MXiMek1bVaaaYNwoZRes744bvsD-GnHhoTDFQi5ov178yfp17SHstlFcA7dHBghx9gSKu03kDzwHilUn1Ybtf0lUlO5opSVeG2jfQ6KNeV7CnPoyAM8fNyIUUiw/s832/Despite+the+pandemic+people+thronged+the+beach+and+boardwalk+at+Coney+Island+in+July+1957+PHOTO+ASSOCIATED+PRESS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="832" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg52GQK3bSFvq6MXiMek1bVaaaYNwoZRes744bvsD-GnHhoTDFQi5ov178yfp17SHstlFcA7dHBghx9gSKu03kDzwHilUn1Ybtf0lUlO5opSVeG2jfQ6KNeV7CnPoyAM8fNyIUUiw/w640-h492/Despite+the+pandemic+people+thronged+the+beach+and+boardwalk+at+Coney+Island+in+July+1957+PHOTO+ASSOCIATED+PRESS.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12pt;">The “Asian flu”—as it was then uncontroversial to call a
contagious disease that originated in Asia—was a novel strain (H2N2) of
influenza A. It was first reported in Hong Kong in April 1957, having
originated in mainland China two months before, and—like Covid-19—it swiftly
went global.</span></p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The age group that suffered the heaviest losses globally were
from 15-24 years old or the prime marketing target or early rock ‘n’ roll. Unlike
Covid-19, however, the Asian flu killed young people and in terms of excess
mortality relative to baseline expected mortality rates the rock ‘n’ roll
generation suffered the losses that were 34% above average mortality rates.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The most recent research concludes that between 700,000 and 1.5
million people worldwide died in the pandemic. A pre-Covid study of the 1957-58
pandemic concluded that if “a virus of similar severity” were to strike in our
time, around 2.7 million deaths might be anticipated worldwide. The current
Covid-19 death toll is 3 million, about the same percentage of world population
as were killed in 1957–58<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cases also appeared among the 53,000 boys attending the Boy
Scout Jamboree at Valley Forge, Penn. As Scout troops traveled around the country,
they spread the flu. It was the start of the school year that made the Asian flu
an epidemic. Younger people experienced the highest infection rates.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The year 1957 was in many ways the dawn of the American
teenager. The first baby boomers born after the end of World War II turned 13
the following year. Summer camps, school buses and unprecedented social
mingling after school ensured that between September 1957 and March 1958 the
proportion of teenagers infected with the virus rose from 5% to 75%.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The policy response of President Dwight Eisenhower could hardly
have been more different from the response of 2020. Eisenhower did not declare
a state of emergency, no state lockdowns, restrict travel, close borders, or
recommended wearing masks, and, despite the first wave of teenage illness, no
school closures. Sick students simply stayed at home. Work continued unabated. Dad
went to work every day and his factory stayed open. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1957 Dad went to work every day at Gubelman's factory in Newark, N.J.; he was 21 and at the highest risk of contracting the influenza.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg9_wi8hbaWT4stakncWpvCBwcgDWwl15Q59Mwv4douhw3h6XL0Y_W85O6RcB8iC9lEIpGRVWZn9vi8cG_0FZLYGvt32apuVGLnWKBHbWUoHHKxw5UlwiOxMF9xrUwIFoLhfRqig/s640/1957+Dad+Gubelman+Newark+NJ.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="640" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg9_wi8hbaWT4stakncWpvCBwcgDWwl15Q59Mwv4douhw3h6XL0Y_W85O6RcB8iC9lEIpGRVWZn9vi8cG_0FZLYGvt32apuVGLnWKBHbWUoHHKxw5UlwiOxMF9xrUwIFoLhfRqig/w640-h478/1957+Dad+Gubelman+Newark+NJ.jpg" width="640" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The CBO described the Asian
flu as an event that “might not be distinguishable from the normal variation in
economic activity.” Experts from the Association of State and Territorial
Health Officials (ASTHO) concluded that “there is no practical advantage in the
closing of schools or the curtailment of public gatherings as it relates to the
spread of this disease.” Hospital admissions were only for the sickest
patients….Most were advised simply to stay home, rest and drink plenty of water
and fruit juices.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A striking contrast between 1957 and the present is that
Americans today appear to have a much lower tolerance for risk than their
grandparents and great-grandparents. As one contemporary recalled, “For those
who grew up in the 1930s and 1940s, there was nothing unusual about finding
yourself threatened by contagious disease. Mumps, measles, chicken pox and
German measles swept through entire schools and towns….We took the Asian flu in
stride. We said our prayers and took our chances.” Perhaps a society with a
stronger fabric of family life, community life and church life was better
equipped to withstand the anguish of untimely deaths than a society that has,
in so many ways, come apart.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There were no lockdowns since the U.S. working population simply
did not have the option to work from home in 1957. In the absence of a
telecommunications infrastructure more sophisticated than the telephone (and a
quarter of U.S. households still did not have a landline in 1957), the choice
was between working at one’s workplace and not working at all.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1957—even with a serious risk of infectious disease (and not
just flu; there was also polio and much else), life was jovial. By contrast, to
be young in 2020 was—for most American teenagers—rather hellish. Stuck indoors,
struggling to concentrate on “distance learning” with irritable parents working
from home in the next room, young people experienced at best frustration and at
worst mental illness.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Huey “Piano” Smith captured the celebration of the rock ‘n’ roll
Generation despite the pandemic. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No masks, no social distancing, and kids mingled freely: 1957 Boy Scout Jamboree, Valley Forge, PA</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBoiPUkgAwybxBqhHuPHoFpEFVDe-1pe4oZ51u4FyifptFn-Toz6nsCKtJl2azDKC3_vd0gHdyn9-pAt4lk906g__NjNxoA9rQUOMmQaxc3ha-HPfhCIRKQ9DrRUc6qphWFDawmw/s431/1957+Boy+Scout+Jamboree+Valley+Forge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="431" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBoiPUkgAwybxBqhHuPHoFpEFVDe-1pe4oZ51u4FyifptFn-Toz6nsCKtJl2azDKC3_vd0gHdyn9-pAt4lk906g__NjNxoA9rQUOMmQaxc3ha-HPfhCIRKQ9DrRUc6qphWFDawmw/w640-h356/1957+Boy+Scout+Jamboree+Valley+Forge.jpg" width="640" /></a>The pandemic hit the schools in September but they remained open with no social distancing, and no masks, or separation: high school students in Washington, D.C., September 1957 EVERETT COLLECTION<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf0Rar8quV0mwjp_yeP4_jsPBTQE8PypxumclVHfz7dhHTTT0I5uSPpXddY6A41HXjdjL4C3rDB5P9jdb71Ct2e627ySlS9WTGXw2Ce3UVc1hLfYOTj_8CeqG7Jc9MEM5b0frs8g/s400/High+school+students+in+Washington%252C+D.C.%252C+September+1957+EVERETT+COLLECTION.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: transparent; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="400" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf0Rar8quV0mwjp_yeP4_jsPBTQE8PypxumclVHfz7dhHTTT0I5uSPpXddY6A41HXjdjL4C3rDB5P9jdb71Ct2e627ySlS9WTGXw2Ce3UVc1hLfYOTj_8CeqG7Jc9MEM5b0frs8g/w640-h418/High+school+students+in+Washington%252C+D.C.%252C+September+1957+EVERETT+COLLECTION.jpg" width="640" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Stores remained open and crowded; this is a Sears parking lot in 1957.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLZnTwg7DElZfcC0-Pb8ldvf_Pkv5davEanmhpfj8LoEkJ5jK8QJn0cxLwauUhZ0mM_-IRyebukRmQZ6kxfk9H9nlAKrcrvq06wEQOaSEHvXGlK6CC9smLuAh2YEx1zGYSEALbCQ/s640/Sears+1957.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: transparent; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="640" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLZnTwg7DElZfcC0-Pb8ldvf_Pkv5davEanmhpfj8LoEkJ5jK8QJn0cxLwauUhZ0mM_-IRyebukRmQZ6kxfk9H9nlAKrcrvq06wEQOaSEHvXGlK6CC9smLuAh2YEx1zGYSEALbCQ/w640-h408/Sears+1957.JPG" width="640" /></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">People congregated freely for family celebrations: my parents bought their first new car, a 1957 Buick Special, and the car was used for my Uncle "Sonny" and Aunt Anita's wedding in October, 1957.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhavI4UAYQ980y0xeV52GN3qNeQ0VCaKptI9JU2VjXOAszQlY0TFzt-G3NfDOfKtEavfE6xxOkN7ErEKd0_jujR5ycbYbyGz0v4ajMvtDZh_taU-E1k_QzcP5vf9sl03UHmlCVMxg/s640/Uncle+%25E2%2580%259CSonny%25E2%2580%259D+Francis+Fitzsimmons%252C+Mom%25E2%2580%2599s+brother%252C+and+his+bride%252C+Anita%252C+chose+Dad+to+be+best+man+for+their+26+October+1957+wedding..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhavI4UAYQ980y0xeV52GN3qNeQ0VCaKptI9JU2VjXOAszQlY0TFzt-G3NfDOfKtEavfE6xxOkN7ErEKd0_jujR5ycbYbyGz0v4ajMvtDZh_taU-E1k_QzcP5vf9sl03UHmlCVMxg/w640-h480/Uncle+%25E2%2580%259CSonny%25E2%2580%259D+Francis+Fitzsimmons%252C+Mom%25E2%2580%2599s+brother%252C+and+his+bride%252C+Anita%252C+chose+Dad+to+be+best+man+for+their+26+October+1957+wedding..jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-252855084665002812021-05-05T15:28:00.002-04:002021-05-05T15:28:42.019-04:00American History Falsified to Sow Political Division <p><a href="https://www.theepochtimes.com/mkt_breakingnews/american-history-is-being-falsified-to-sow-political-division-mary-grabar_3803398.html?utm_source=newsnoe&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=breaking-2021-05-05-2&mktids=5bedbb37ac448544d4ef10f75d13e341&est=6PreLpxcWpMhv1etrcYaGcdvsD9%2Btt9ki5zI2XsItVKTeElOn4OkzTnQYYnKnMC%2B">American History Falsified to Sow Political Division </a> </p>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-76252501994147972222021-04-23T16:32:00.004-04:002021-04-23T16:32:38.266-04:00Ryan Kelly Interview Episode #132 - The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD <p></p><div class="gs" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; width: 1119.2px;"><div class=""><div class="ii gt" id=":318" style="direction: ltr; font-size: 0.875rem; margin: 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="a3s aiL msg-8909455966974386021" id=":317" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; overflow: hidden;"><div><div class="gs" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; width: 1119.2px;"><div class=""><div class="ii gt" id=":318" style="direction: ltr; font-size: 0.875rem; margin: 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="a3s aiL msg-8909455966974386021" id=":317" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; overflow: hidden;"><div><table><tbody><tr><td class="m_-8909455966974386021paragraph" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/%23transcript&source=gmail&ust=1619295846229000&usg=AFQjCNGFcLltOrWATyCNbXvuevSppZFp6Q" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/#transcript" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><strong>Episode #132 Ryan Kelly Interview- The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD</strong></a> from The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD</td></tr><tr><td class="m_-8909455966974386021paragraph" style="color: #939393; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;">P.S.: Please note that the <span class="il">transcript</span> was generated by algorithms, so it won't be 100% accurate.</td></tr><tr><td class="m_-8909455966974386021paragraph" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;">Full <span class="il">transcript</span>:</td></tr><tr><td class="m_-8909455966974386021paragraph" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D0&source=gmail&ust=1619295846229000&usg=AFQjCNE-9go2te9Q9AuezyyEn--LtM-SLg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=0" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 0">00:00:00</a></span>Hello. Hello. Once again is the doctor of digital podcast. This is a doctor additional at 619-389-3636 also available at Nick as in Jagger, except. He's got more money Mick. Smith at WSI <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://world.com&source=gmail&ust=1619295846229000&usg=AFQjCNGAL38UP7qMTlogRU_8F7S87XAj7w" href="http://world.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">world.com</a>. It is my distinct pleasure to have Ryan Kelly. Ryan Kelly is a really impressive individual of hoping sticking around for the podcast. He's a specialist in medium and large companies. He's internationally known speaker and he makes businesses money. I've learned a great deal from them and hoping stick around that he's been a managing partner and a senior VP of marketing strategies at WSI. He's got 12 years of Highly Successful sales lead generation and experience. He's got a lot of good things to share. Also. He's been WSI tedx talks speaker. That is why he is well-known and he also may be able to have a mean Game of Poker. I'm not sure about that. But let's see what he has to say. So Ryan welcome to the program.</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D60&source=gmail&ust=1619295846229000&usg=AFQjCNHS-9zuTIZsJfWT8X_t-7nKThsq9Q" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=60" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 60">00:01:00</a></span>Can you tell us a little bit about your background and how you got started in digital marketing and I appreciate the spending some time with us today.</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Can you tell us a little bit about your background and how you got
started in digital marketing?</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">I appreciate that you can spend some time with us today.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">I appreciate the invite onto your show, and I know that you have a
great presence and a good following. So I'm excited to spend some time with
you. So yeah kind of where I come from I guess right with my background. So I'll
tell you I am 42 years old. I was born in 1978 and just to give you an idea of
kind of where I'm at in my life journey. And when you asked where I kind of
came from and maybe with my background or experience was I was a nerdy Yellow
Page kid right though for all those all those wonderful people younger than me.
You may not know what the Yellow Pages used to be like with the Yellow Pages
bought me my first two homes so that yellow page office. Eventually. I became
an assistant to an account executive and then I became an executive took over
the office and then working with a much larger territory of the United States
if you will, so what ended up happening was I was in the Yellow Pages. I was
working with small businesses. I was feeling selling advertising Nationwide and
I saw this thing coming called the internet and bear in mind. I was a young guy
when this started happening an old crusty dude that was saying no to the
internet. I was super duper excited about it and I saw it coming and I saw how
the internet was going to change the face of advertising and at that time that
was many years ago. I put my notice in to the president of the company of the
American brand of the company.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">He refused to take my resignation. Can I put my notice in and
said, you know, I see the internet coming. I want to be on the internet. I
don't know if I want to be on ink on paper anymore. So he actually wouldn't let
me quit. He found me a new position and tasked me with developing internet
marketing products and working and end it developing an internet marketing team
to create internet marketing products and we could sell nationwide. I was selling
digital marketing with nationwide packages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">And what ended up happening was it only solidified my love and
excitement about internet marketing so sadly, I still put my notice in later,
but I gave him 6 months to notice and I trained my replacement. So that was 14
years ago that that that transition happened where I went from corporate executive
to agency owner with my wife. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span style="color: #222222;">I had some experience with yellow pages and I saw that transition also a pretty interesting story, you know, you've been in the field for quite a long time and I think a lot of people would like to know over the course of time. </span></div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;">What are some of the biggest changes that you've seen in your experience?</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D265&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNEJEyWAlCR_aUpydzr2sDgXi2Rz9A" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=265" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 265">00:04:25</a></span>Did the great question and I I kind of giggled a little bit because you know 14 years ago. When I started the agency with my two partners and transparently that was my mom and dad and I feel very fortunate to have ever had the opportunity to spend so much time with my folks who are now, my father can has retired from the company. Although he sits on my Advisory Board and then Judy who's my mom is making her transition into retirement as we speak but having said that when the three of us and started the business 14 years ago, you know the whole thing which websites it was all websites. We were just like everybody else a website from right what you do with those websites.</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D315&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNGqL8L6wEiz6ZheLmHatPxi7bSFIg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=315" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 315">00:05:15</a></span>Play it was really interesting because it says as the world and is our global economy little International economy kind of adopted internet marketing the world went very away from just having a website is is what work to now will credit me buddy has websites now, we got to figure out how to shine brighter how to be the ones found on the top of Google. How do we make sure that people are finding our digital collateral? Like it used to be I got a website. I'm good. Now, it's I've got a website but nobody can find it. What do I do about it?</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D350&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNEF3qHdJGm60r2PWH_G7OYjx7Ihjw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=350" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 350">00:05:50</a></span>After the transition is gone from building online, you know online brand of hey, I'm a real company. Look at me. Here's what I do where I do it and how much I charge right? That's what websites used to be now websites are Dynamic fully functional marketing part of a business would be a really interesting to pursue that a little bit you know that we talked about little bit of the changes. What would you say now and 2021 what are some of the hot growth areas if not websites, what would they be?</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D384&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNFneIgz1xDBkewQ-bb15IUaAHl2bA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=384" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 384">00:06:24</a></span>Yeah, it's interesting that you said that because you know going having an established agency and having established national and local portfolio and book of business. We had really a great bird eye view into looking at virtually, you know is my own agency hundreds, but as a as an international agency fwsi, you know thousands and thousands and thousands and thousands of businesses were able to see what the trends look like with the seasonalities were with a pandemic was doing and I'll tell you about a year ago is probably about 11 months ago. The biggest change that we had was kind of the word that sticks out for 2020 with pivot and what ended up happening was we were able to identify really early on that the traffic on mine was going to stop which meant that there were certain products online two people had to bring it.</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D444&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNFo5OUUytr-umQ4-1YTMyT3FmNegw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=444" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 444">00:07:24</a></span>Can we predict it work for sure going to stop and what we did was we proactively went out to every one of those instead. These are the parts of your campaign that we predict your going to be dramatically affected. We need to stop spending money in these places and let's allocate some of those funds over into other areas where there may be a deficiency, but then now is greater than ever for instance something like paid search where somebody where somebody is buying traffic and somebody is buying impression and somebody is buying, you know brandshare the idea behind that was it that was going to stop at traffic stop cuz you only pay when someone clicks will do you really want to have a big pot of money sitting out in the ethernet somewhere waiting for people to click and actually</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D496&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNHFH5AMiMrq5n71C1cVs6AJAjc-Ig" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=496" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 496">00:08:16</a></span>Get something out of it. So the idea was know the traffic is going to stop with the pause a kind of money and let's look at what might be more appropriate or engaging in real time right now with our businesses clients. And those were things like social media a company that didn't have an appropriate social media following I has already missed the reason to have it and it's now even more important reason why they need to start building at things like email marketing, you know, these kinds of deliverables that are real-time communication became more critical import than ever in 2020. So we were able to Pivot a lot of our clients proactively and predictably ahead of the crash and we had one client in our entire National portfolio that let us go because of the pandemic</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D551&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNEFXIETfAxNRQDqeAMZJytbEwHgcg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=551" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 551">00:09:11</a></span>okay, you know for our listeners, you know now that you're saying there's a pivot and you're describing that could you say are there some things that you would generally recommend business owners to consider now since you're pivoted when they think about digital marketing</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D575&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNFMuLoHO7sAocFOvjOQra6OkNDd7Q" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=575" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 575">00:09:35</a></span>Search engine optimization SEO on the go go to YouTube and check it out. But I talked about one of the questions actually, it's not even up yet that I've recently answered from one of my prospects was as well as I feel important and are more people now doing it more than ever and since the pandemic it was like okay at the middle and beginning of the pandemic. It was critical to Pivot away from the long-term marketing strategy growth and extraordinarily important to focus on short-term exposure and communication into these real-time communication deliverables and platforms like social media like to email marketing ways that people could do live webinars or Live Events and create time with people in real life share an engagement that was in my opinion.</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D628&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNF4Btj17elfRD22Z_GSCpzOrl2uyA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=628" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 628">00:10:28</a></span>Really important at the beginning and middle of the pandemic but now it were a year later and things are still very kind of up in the air. But at least we now have a level of comfort what happened people who have realized they didn't have social media or or didn't have that following built or don't have a good email marketing lists or or weren't too aggressively pursuing search engine optimization and coming up for things like, you know, if your janitorial company covid-19</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D688&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNHzZEiH3VSE-7uMpOkToGsp6nHj8w" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=688" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 688">00:11:28</a></span>Can you go to YouTube and check it out? It's hilarious. It's fun. It's interesting and Ryan does a great job with us though. Hope everything he does actually go to that channel. It's awesome. When we were talking about the things that you have done now, and you know, what would you say like what types of digital marketing expertise do you currently offer business owners? And how do you feel that? You can best assist them?</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D713&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNF8_D2tvOdqyTjAuT-tRg5x5GS6hQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=713" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 713">00:11:53</a></span>Only talked about WSI Global is a brand. We are the world's largest digital marketing Network. We're in over 80 countries. There's nearly a thousand agencies within the United States. There are hundreds of agencies outside of the United States. So what all do real quick and talk to you a little bit about the offering that I offer but you need to understand that WSI Global and WSI International we virtually offer everything but there's different agencies that specialize in different thing. So if anybody listen online marketing outside of what we're talkin about, you know, make it still a great phone call to ask a can you help with this to you do that? So what I was going to say was</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D764&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNELQYo6dl6ETXShk7Tb5gTD6cBqFg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=764" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 764">00:12:44</a></span>We specialize and we are an internationally-known award-winning website design agency. Do we do a lot of web design a lot of functional website production and we work with companies all over the country on that. So where were really kind of known where we carved out our own footprint and and how we're known throughout the u.s. Is our online marketing side. So, you know businesses to come to us will often hear them say we have a wonderful website but no one can find it or they'll say things like we have a great website. We're getting tons of traffic but we don't think we're getting the version that we should be. That's it. That's a great referral. We have a great website. We're getting tons of traffic. We think that the website performing really well what's next that's a great way to really when we say we do things that like web production and search engine optimization making sure our clients are coming up on the top of Google for major searches. We also do</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D823&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNHQVPFrm5MjaFaCqfTDjna7zKoAZA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=823" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 823">00:13:43</a></span>You know paid search we help clients and companies buy their traffic and Impressions online in a way that is thoughtful with their budget but productive with their performance. We also do a ton of social media marketing social media management. We do a lot of managing our clients brand online through the social media channel and we do a lot of conversion consult today. We have an SEO company. We have a web design company. We have writers. We have everybody doing all these things, but we just don't know how to type together out of track and how to see what's working there transparently. What's not working. So they'll hire us to do their transparent reporting to try to help them figure out a life insurance policy which working so that's what we do but you know that because you do it to someone was thinking of expanding your digital marketing presents. How would they get in touch with you? I appreciate all the good tips and advice that you've provided for us today.</div><div class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-8909455966974386021ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t%3D883&source=gmail&ust=1619295846230000&usg=AFQjCNGoQT2ttiiGrvCap_oR8hb58fEM9g" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-132-ryan-kelly-xaTCGIfy-Jq/?t=883" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 883">00:14:43</a></span>Yeah, so the easiest way to find us is to just Google me Ryan Kelly WSI Ryan Ryan Kelly Kelly WSI you Google that it will be pages of ways to get a hold of us appreciate all that you've been able to share for the bells about to ring for about out of time. So if you have not subscribed the mailing list get on the mailing list smash the button wherever podcast for free behold. I'm on all the major platforms. Basically you just can't hide for me. Assoads have a quiz check that out the doctor's digital program for today like cotton candy for your ears. That's it. Take care of deus vult.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="yj6qo"></div><div class="adL"></div></div><div class="adL"></div></div></div><div class="hi" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); border-bottom-left-radius: 1px; border-bottom-right-radius: 1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div></div><div class="yj6qo"></div><div class="adL"></div></div><div class="adL"></div></div></div><div class="hi" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); border-bottom-left-radius: 1px; border-bottom-right-radius: 1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div></div>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-3511659804763071432021-04-20T13:01:00.001-04:002021-04-20T13:01:07.686-04:00Episode #133 Kelly Biggs Interview - The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD from The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD, Unedited<p> </p><div class="gs" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; width: 1119.2px;"><div class=""><div class="ii gt" id=":1ym" style="direction: ltr; font-size: 0.875rem; margin: 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="a3s aiL msg-2599170894403698284" id=":1yf" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; overflow: hidden;"><div><table><tbody><tr><td class="m_-2599170894403698284paragraph" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/%23transcript&source=gmail&ust=1619023471304000&usg=AFQjCNHwBHcPxakC9F-Y72C3FnIVQq24Vw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/#transcript" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><strong>Episode #133 Kelly Biggs Interview - The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD</strong></a> from The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD</td></tr><tr><td class="m_-2599170894403698284paragraph" style="color: #939393; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;">P.S.: Please note that the <span class="il">transcript</span> was generated by algorithms, so it won't be 100% accurate.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.spreaker.com/show/g-mick-smith-phds-tracks">The Doctor of Digital Podcast</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.spreaker.com/user/7768747/episode-133-kelly-biggs-interview-the-do">Kelly Biggs Interview</a><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-2599170894403698284paragraph" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;">Full <span class="il">transcript</span>:</td></tr><tr><td class="m_-2599170894403698284paragraph" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D1&source=gmail&ust=1619023471304000&usg=AFQjCNExq-6tRk83s1ixRX-SEQa1ng6W3A" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=1" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 1">00:00:01</a></span>Hello. Hello. Hello, this is a doctor digital podcasts. And this is also from Nick. Smith at WSI World. Com 93636. It is my distinct pleasure today to introduce and also to have a chance to hear Kelly Biggs. I've learned a great deal from Kelly and hopefully you stay with a podcast and also to hear what she has to say in the share today. She is also from Atlanta Atlanta some people call it hotlanta. So a shout out to at least of my cousin. Maybe you're listening as well to what Kelly's been able to do and what she has is a need to have now to how to win in the marketplace and that's a really interesting background. Now in terms of WSI, she's been around for a year-and-a-half and also has got great things to share some of the best things. I've heard about Brandy and other things actually came from the Kelly. So she also has a masters and MBA from Emory University. And with that I'd like you to turn it over to Kelly and maybe you can look it wouldn't mind.</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D61&source=gmail&ust=1619023471304000&usg=AFQjCNHxrxaSBXNq-LugcdIcBfuN4M7auw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=61" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 61">00:01:01</a></span>Tell me a little bit about your background. And actually how did you get started in digital marketing?</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D73&source=gmail&ust=1619023471304000&usg=AFQjCNEEIzT4gq7fp5g4d6zN9quClsE0ig" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=73" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 73">00:01:13</a></span>How many career?</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D80&source=gmail&ust=1619023471304000&usg=AFQjCNGvTFW5zMd1b1JULyx6_4d7mrFr6w" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=80" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 80">00:01:20</a> - 00:02:25</span></div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Can you tell me a bit
about your background and how you got started in digital marketing?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">I had many years in
sales and marketing and as a sales executive and sales manager I can relate to
those of you with a sales background. It is a really interesting field and when
you think of it nobody ever goes to school to learn to become a salesperson.
Then, when you are in sales people will quickly try to change the subject
hoping that you won't sell them something. Yet, I've had fun with sales and along
the way I’ve found there is an art to selling. A key is in simply relationship
building and those who do it well are truly motivated to helping others. These
sales people will do well in the field. They will really enjoy their career and
I’m proud to say I've won numerous sales Awards in both Fortune 50 companies. My
husband and I are really refugees from corporate America and for various
reasons we decided we had what it takes to go out on our own. My background in
sales and marketing with a technical interest and his background as a software
engineer we loved the idea of working for ourselves. We are able to bring
business and technical acumen to clients and help them to grow their business.
We also love the fact that digital marketing changes as you know, almost daily
and keeps life interesting. </span></p></div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D145&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNFxgTglOemvAz4fjq-tf9SQMihQ0g" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=145" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 145">00:02:25</a></span></div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;">Could you talk a little bit about some of the biggest changes that you've seen in your experience?</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D206&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNEY95kxODUHsbVaV3q9XI3k6FrLug" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=206" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 206">00:03:26</a></span>Yeah, absolutely. As you know that can change as early as next week. It's just a really rapidly changing.</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D216&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNFYB_WiEM1uCGRlSAIxpbFSZpdxHQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=216" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 216">00:03:36</a></span>Environment but they're two they're really stand out for me. Number one would have to be covid-19. And so I really heard that Colvin is really it is accelerated some of the things that we're going to happen anyway, but who's counting if you came and need to have no longer a nice to have right?</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D249&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNGNxM5blodXUf2f6FPQdVZKcn5kvQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=249" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 249">00:04:09</a></span>The second thing to me has been data-driven digital marketing strategies. If you really want to have a relevant digital marketing strategy start with the data still giving an example. I have a client that we use data to inform them of what was going on with their website. So we use Google analytics and were able to determine that this client really resonated with two different audiences.</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D280&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNGGdItbGsTSVS7Fy2nK1Ig0amVzKg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=280" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 280">00:04:40</a></span>other word for</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D282&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNGeNDbancSPPXrS3uQmqz39_wuLgg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=282" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 282">00:04:42</a></span>Important in Instagram we learn this again by looking at the data and so we started to cater our messaging so that both of those audiences have a really seamless experience when they're visiting his website. For example, Millennials often will look at your website how on their mobile devices right after develop a website that's responsive. So they went on visiting you on my mobile device that experience is fast in size for the way that I'm visiting a really understanding that in your buyer Persona on you should consider things like where do they live? What did they do for fun? How old are they and once you're able to understand?</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D341&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNGyI_6YxuhDgZaBx4co9X8SuGRTdg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=341" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 341">00:05:41</a></span>You're able to understand what content to post how to drive traffic to your website and most importantly fire. Persona is really important component of what you do and you know, if you're saying if you could pivot from that you seen some changes, what would you say in your opinion are some of the hot growth areas of digital marketing today? What should people be looking at currently?</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D371&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNHHIVYeRAzd6T6h7N90TAr2ABYdAw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=371" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 371">00:06:11</a></span>Yeah, the number one is going to be Clubhouse. It is the new social media darling and it really has some serious. I think created this fear of missing out fomo. You have to be invited to join the platform. However, I really does provide a unique way to get in front of audiences at no cost and I'm going to carry out that cuz I'm sure somebody somewhere is trying to figure out how to get I really do think you can be a game-changer for small businesses. Number two for me is GA for Google analytics for that's Google's new digital Analytics tool I think is going to the real data scientist out there and just not quite <span class="il">ready</span> for prime time yet. Most people says about a year.</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D431&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNFmi06TQRHZmmeH_10yXt3u0drtrQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=431" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 431">00:07:11</a></span>But it will really give Real Results of how your visitors interact with your website into me. That's the Holy Grail.</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D442&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNGSAUZIrxJLNrz5zAkjq2Mi3T4KBw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=442" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 442">00:07:22</a></span>When you know when far listeners, I wonder if you could address this question that you know, if I'm a business owner and I was thinking about digital marketing. What would you generally recommend a business owner to consider when they are thinking or if they are thinking of digital marketing and you're no silver bullets, you have to be really really thoughtful about your digital marketing plan for it to be successful and the strategy guys change depending on your specific goals and needs. So for example, if this year you've decided you want to focus on hyper Gro is you should plan a healthier marketing budget is going to be a heavy investment time. Another example would be like if your if your business that has a real</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D502&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNHUk2OyK4zrSRRfuiCIQycC9SFbCA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=502" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 502">00:08:22</a></span>Longshore cycle you'll want to spend more time. Just thinking about that buyer Journey. How are you going to nurture your prospects? How are you going to stay top-of-mind? Whatever the case I would say in begin with the end in mind right get really serious about understanding your customer and let's present in with them. What's interesting is that I can have two clients, but Their audience is Cookie very different in the person who spent the most time really developing and understanding their customer is the one is going to win when you are going to say now that you've really good sales experience and some of your background if a person was interested in what you're offering what types of digital marketing expertise do you offer busy?</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D562&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNEKulOWzCEYqxxafH5trO_J1MGVSA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=562" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 562">00:09:22</a></span>Stoners and how would you say that you've been able to assist them or would be able to assist them in the future?</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D574&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNH3CcE9ONDMvavOGElHQJPMeUzf5g" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=574" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 574">00:09:34</a></span>Full service digital marketing agency would you really just means that whatever expertise or tactic that they want? I have the expertise to do that. But if your listener is a small medium sized business that is investing money currently in digital marketing, but it's unclear about what those results are. The ROI is we should have an initial conversation really businesses that are looking to understand their data to inform their strategy so that they can grow their business is the best fit for us.</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D615&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNGh4tEbt7N2DxlUm97jZBKJjgcFMA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=615" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 615">00:10:15</a></span>I see you know and I got to say is in all honesty, you know Kelly put on one of the best webinars the best presentations I've ever heard and that was recently in that entire WSI Community. Listen to it. That's really where I wanted to bring her on the program today was really outstanding and you know, she's got a lot of helpful background I think in the sister lot of people so if someone is listening, for example, how would they get ahold of you? And what do you think that they would be able to stay and get in touch with you? What would be some of the ways or the easiest way to get in touch?</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D648&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNGJCXXhxZhsUWZ8rf5RfPP6XxxThQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=648" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 648">00:10:48</a></span>Easiest way is I am on LinkedIn. I said Kelly Biggs just pretty easy to find a b i g g a s and or they can give me a call 404-682-2991 or they can shoot me an email Kelly. Diggs at WS <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://ourworld.com&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNHBKIO_xWXjdjMRkUs2vX54T39pOQ" href="http://ourworld.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">ourworld.com</a>. Love to have the conversation got to start with somewhere and I always tell people, you know, it's got to start with a conversation you got to reach out now is the time 57 Buick special has turned over you made here at the background. So what that means I'm going to be driving some more podcast episodes to you. If you want to hear some more great things like how he was able to share Today Show interviews are coming out of this time. Some other topics that I think you're helpful in any case make sure if you have not already subscribe to a mailing list that is that Nick is in Jagger, except. He's got more money mix. Smith.</div><div class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_-2599170894403698284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t%3D708&source=gmail&ust=1619023471305000&usg=AFQjCNEmr3X4daGPWRNFbEnEgy2LHXJy_Q" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-133-kelly-biggs-pFd3x4giXw9/?t=708" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 708">00:11:48</a></span>USI World by the internet. Com. Also 3636 smash that like button wherever podcasts are free to be hauled on all the major platform. It's very difficult. You just can't hide for me. I'm on them all the free life at what length episodes have a quiz make sure you get a hold of that and see what you doing on the quiz. You can answer a question and I will be able to help you out there on some digital marketing tips. This is it for this particular at podcast episode. Thanks for listening. And again, thanks for Kelly was a great job. And also, please get ahold of her because she is extraordinarily helpful. This is signing off the doctor's digital podcast like cotton candy for your ears. Take care. Have a great day Deus vult. </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="yj6qo"></div><div class="adL"></div></div><div class="adL"></div></div></div><div class="hi" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); border-bottom-left-radius: 1px; border-bottom-right-radius: 1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div></div>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-29701779055727311292021-04-19T15:49:00.004-04:002021-04-19T16:03:25.513-04:00Episode #135 Chuck Bankoff Interview - The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD https://www.spreaker.com/show/g-mick-smith-phds-tracks<p><a href="https://www.spreaker.com/show/g-mick-smith-phds-tracks">The Doctor of Digital Podcast</a> </p><p><a href="Episode #135 Chuck Bankoff Interview - The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD">https://www.spreaker.com/episode/43741314</a><br /></p><p>This is an unedited transcript and may not be completely accurate.</p><p><br /></p><table style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_3923861521134342284paragraph" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/%23transcript&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNF1fmpGmMtVrPZbJgtvL9X9mVq5kg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/#transcript" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><strong>Episode #135 Chuck Bankoff Interview - The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD</strong></a> from The Doctor of Digital, G.Mick Smith, PhD</td></tr><tr><td class="m_3923861521134342284paragraph" style="color: #939393; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;">P.S.: Please note that the transcript was generated by algorithms, so it won't be 100% accurate.</td></tr><tr><td class="m_3923861521134342284paragraph" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;">Full transcript:</td></tr><tr><td class="m_3923861521134342284paragraph" style="font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D0&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNFHo-3pt0SLmhYCN2SgpCd5Gk_ebw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=0" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 0">00:00:00</a></span>Oh, I will I will again once again that doesn't sound of the Bell. So this is a doctor of digital podcast, and I have my special guest today check bank off, and I'm really looking forward to this interview, and hopefully you are as well to just give you a little bit of background check and what an expert that he is. He's been a part of creative web works for 21 years in Baxley a little bit over 21 years. He also has an MBA from Keller Graduate School of Management, and I see if actually is background Long Island University. I grew up across the pond there across that River there in new. Joisey. We used to say in any case he's also not here on the West Coast, so I'm not following up. But yeah, it's kind of odd small world. So had a really great project digital marketing blueprint for schools, and I thought it would be a phenomenal chance I can get them interview. So that's where the background a little bit so I want to introduce Chuck and thank you so much check for being on the podcast today. Can you tell me a little bit about your back?</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D60&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNG1V8DpAhBBVMLSNies_j24cw9XbQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=60" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 60">00:01:00</a></span>And actually how did you get into digital marketing in the first place?</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D72&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNEEhN7uJHmr7U7hCIDE_SNtn8QWYw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=72" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 72">00:01:12</a> -</span><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D118&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNHu6XWYh20RriaXPEsHPMM_lBMgoQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=118" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 118">0:01:58</a></span></div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">“Over 20 years ago
just when NAFTA became a thing and I was just high enough on the corporate totem
pole to realize that since I was in special projects that I was in the process
of outsourcing my own job. Everyone else I knew was just waiting for that
inevitability to happen. I started looking into different options and at that
time there was this thing called the internet. And at that time it was the very
early days.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Internet was just
kind of getting started as a matter fact. I remember making fun of the name
like Google. I wanted something that looked like it had a future and not
something that was just kind of on the downward slope. It appeared to have so
much potential so I started off as a website development company back when
websites were a unique skill-set and it grew from there. I mean, I would
basically say that I've been rather lucky. I just made a good choice for luck.
Well, right play for the right time.”</span></p></div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D178&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNEk2Ci2I7M9_vc7V-3acVRqsqs0TA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=178" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 178">00:02:58</a></span>The things I was curious about wonder if you could address this since you've been in there for a while what are some of the biggest changes that you've seen based on your experience and overtime?</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D190&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNFbx0FNfTNcDT3QC610xdXWmG4U_w" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=190" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 190">00:03:10</a></span>Well, can you remember we're talking instead of 21 years. So just been quite a few changes, but</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D196&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNFDKYZgSOr0p8DTM8UT8sw1yeEuFg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=196" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 196">00:03:16</a></span>I'm saying that I started off with developing websites, right? And I remember my biggest challenge was to actually convinced. I would literally get very early on a website.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D218&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNGus3n2CPnHiXsw6SHqGZCRicvXkA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=218" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 218">00:03:38</a></span>Website, we don't need a website. We've been doing this for 40 years. We have a fax machine.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D230&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNES_b8amEpuR3s4oYUJ0b7Pd2pRVA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=230" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 230">00:03:50</a></span>the internet Facebook</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D253&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNHxK650iuFeDfTK0P1ATwnE72h13w" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=253" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 253">00:04:13</a></span>other things that like</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D263&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNG-BV-QfhXBmLh97hkC4ZNCUNg9Bg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=263" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 263">00:04:23</a></span>Chanel personalized information you need to you based on some options are choices. You may have a segmented other changes which you know, just an app for everything now and there's so many different ways to monetize a nap and it were advertised on the app. And so I mean like 20 20 years plus sure you were thinking about things cuz I mean yet hopefully we don't have people with fax machines are not using them too much business like right now, but if you had to summarize or give us some of the audience some idea what will be the hot growth areas currently since we looked a little bit about the pack. What would you say or some of the</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D323&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNEGl8wxBjgCWULz3RcS0YZk9Jv35Q" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=323" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 323">00:05:23</a></span>Growth areas that a business owner or someone interested in your services would be interested in marketing today.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D335&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNFWjKfYaa1QHH59d0A0w5jg7eCuhw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=335" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 335">00:05:35</a></span>Rampart</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D339&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNFKZgS64x9TQEH2I-zFW558tE_1QQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=339" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 339">00:05:39</a></span>Focus I think they</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D347&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNFYd5Tco8irLSsCB6JaIMvRfX8TeA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=347" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 347">00:05:47</a></span>kids are not really a Facebook. Maybe there aren't Instagram and now they're they're heading towards Tik Tok which is something interesting that we're looking into one of the things that are really kind of dominating likes it customer service is like chat, you know how to use it for lead generation for the combined with likes a Facebook Messenger. Right? Right right video for your full length.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D398&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNFB2ut35mf-9qK8a6iTLFutUnCKLQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=398" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 398">00:06:38</a></span>Videos on the website integrated into your your Plex at your Facebook and Instagram ads on Facebook. For example, we're finding a 400% increase.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D414&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNFIuOYRtDX0avRP46WjB9NVgEwhOQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=414" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 414">00:06:54</a></span>Adesa</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D422&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNHKle7xeCFOQdgf39LJvSzov-50Ug" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=422" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 422">00:07:02</a></span>pay attention to today or content marketing, of course, he's always going to matter but that is more emphasis on</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D444&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNEaiQzaIMAsbEIpM7IoxOkcCNFCeg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=444" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 444">00:07:24</a></span>Eric Lee written by spring for a very granular target audience</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D454&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNEwoiMFyjhz_GM4QUQ33LEMjb0uug" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=454" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 454">00:07:34</a></span>nobody</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D459&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNHoq47nU4OJUFikx7gLgC_psp_7Aw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=459" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 459">00:07:39</a></span>billions of email sent to every day, right?</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D467&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNFJ_1_fNyIkTh8_AUahP9YMiZED6g" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=467" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 467">00:07:47</a></span>generic effective spring constant contact</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D486&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNFT_h0mlug05QJ-15iRcAO6DCnSsw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=486" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 486">00:08:06</a></span>football games</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D499&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNG0funph-XQ1UdS4lXybrH3QE8Qvg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=499" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 499">00:08:19</a></span>another Hot Topic is interactive content and I was going to be</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D505&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNEThFBjLb-V9w0z-_Kci6EB4IoWHw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=505" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 505">00:08:25</a></span>it's like anything you can click on Swipe or interact with online.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D515&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNENIXYory9nv_zI1jawL0xZqTDWgA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=515" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 515">00:08:35</a></span>Like that Marketing in messenger messaging apps will become more.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D520&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNG9bETwO583WuOnU873Y09tAHRb6A" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=520" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 520">00:08:40</a></span>All the time WhatsApp is popular worldwide.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D529&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNF7b7D3lMZi5lEt4HcDJHUqULMdgw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=529" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 529">00:08:49</a></span>I would say it's something else for people to Lookout to lookout for his marketing across multiple platforms Yellow Pages in Billboard's whatever radio TV and newspaper stuff like that a little bit of time in a lot of different places websites.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D555&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNGU-vBKpAqQ1pg-a2f9y5-Xq5aUqQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=555" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 555">00:09:15</a></span>Those are some of the things that come to mind pretty readily.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D561&source=gmail&ust=1618947776492000&usg=AFQjCNG_kl1LhKay9xh_lst0kqlcI4h_FA" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=561" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 561">00:09:21</a></span>Yeah, yeah, that's that's pretty interesting. It's a nice summary of what are some of the hot areas and you know, you had mentioned school cuz I know that you work with schools but schools and business owners, would you provide for our listeners some of those things that you would generally recommend for schools or business owners? And what should they consider when they think of digital marketing?</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D585&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNHpWikTBmZVEQuquNxWbNqJnRSf0g" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=585" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 585">00:09:45</a></span>It doesn't matter whether it's a school or business took the place to start as far as I'm concerned is strategy first, right don't spend money optimization or pay-per-click or any of those things until you do the strategy guide for regular business and make recommendations messaging and above all that you putting the strategy together.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D629&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNEXC5Isqkuj4LCBAuKpcf2FQztwUw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=629" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 629">00:10:29</a></span>Right before you at spend any money on actually, you know, what advertising so I would say strategy first is is my number one recommendation far and away. Okay, I see what types of digital marketing expertise if you were going to specialize in something in what type of digital marketing expert expertise the offer business owners. How are you best able to assist them to you think?</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D657&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNH8hF0GlYkKIqzUTeh1kOHHKrQ7SQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=657" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 657">00:10:57</a></span>Well, yeah, I guess I was just mentioning we can really help with the strategy. You know what we put together.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D665&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNE0OSgQOInEXT8lrd7-QUMifWknyw" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=665" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 665">00:11:05</a></span>Work with us. You know, they own the blueprint they paid for it. They're free to work with their own internal teams shop it around but we hope they want to work with us and everything from branding rebuilding the brand website development everything related to driving.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D689&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNFoeaYP1OtA72hdKbEO4M685Fytww" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=689" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 689">00:11:29</a></span>pay-per-click social media Facebook</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D703&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNGrF2IYB2-xV9Vgns757Tces744Pg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=703" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 703">00:11:43</a></span>Want to work with us or someone else have a solid strategy strategy first, and then maybe if I summarize what you're saying tactics thereafter.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D715&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNG0h5TOfP5Gapf3YjI4IX1QhANZ1g" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=715" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 715">00:11:55</a></span>Absolutely, right. Sounds good, you know, I was really appreciate all the things that you've shared today. I've learned a lot and I'm sure my listeners well have as well to know one of the things I was curious about then would you be willing then to share us where they get hold of you because there are some good ideas here. I'm really thrilled that you were able to take some time out from your busy schedule, but how would a person get a hold of you if some of these things resonated with them and they say, you know, that's what I need.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D745&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNHIwxMkgw0caXWqAIxA36LKkQKgHg" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=745" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 745">00:12:25</a></span>I'm actually pretty easy to find on the internet. I mean, you can just Google my name Chuck bankoff Bank like where you put your money off like not on and I'm going to show up all over the creative web <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://works.com&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNHQO7q_YOfLvjZjFEiGEfKIi5Q_pg" href="http://works.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">works.com</a>, but it's created with a k w e b works works. Com.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D785&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNG-njNicDkkxeU8aCRmK0NE58KojQ" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=785" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 785">00:13:05</a></span>Alright outstanding ideas that you have learned over the past so many years and then more recently as well, you know, if the Bell Rings folks that you know that they've drilled that's about the end of the doctor digital podcast for today. But if you want to get ahold of me and Eden for insurance information get ahold of me. 619-389-0036 is 36 36 or also Nick as in Jagger, except. He's got more money Mick. Smith at <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://wsj.com&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNFsuTgxXvgXqXCkcAGyRUKTmdMlQA" href="http://wsj.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">wsj.com</a>. And you know that it's about that time that 1957 Buick special has turned over to everyone knows what that means. That means I'm driving more episodes your way. Keep the cards and letters coming keep the email come and get a hold of me call to check if you want to get a follow up on all the things that you heard. If you're listening make sure you smash that subscribe button to whatever podcast you're listening to I like Chuck and basically you can't hide from me. I'm out there.</div><div class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-segment" style="padding-bottom: 16px;"><span class="m_3923861521134342284ln-transcription-time" style="margin-right: 8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t%3D845&source=gmail&ust=1618947776493000&usg=AFQjCNFzX3AUyNm3TN3P9Gfz3v6yBDW08w" href="https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-doctor-of/episode-135-chuck-bankoff-mqSsYZXIjw8/?t=845" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank" title="Click to play at 845">00:14:05</a></span>All the major podcast and all my podcast places. So once again going to have a great day day is full.</div></td></tr></tbody></table>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-5713320811935299102021-01-17T00:46:00.004-05:002021-01-17T00:46:51.552-05:00The Doctor of Digital Podcast <p><a href="https://www.spreaker.com/show/g-mick-smith-phds-tracks">The Doctor of Digital Podcast </a> </p>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-10672458839763602082020-04-14T00:38:00.001-04:002020-04-14T00:38:51.008-04:00 The first documentary movie on CCP virus, Tracking Down the Origin of the Wuhan Coronavirus<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bXWGxhd7ic">Wuhan Chinese Virus</a><a href="http://"></a>Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-72848306075790332952020-01-26T15:52:00.001-05:002020-02-15T14:45:28.436-05:00Smith Consulting: Elite College Application Service 精英大學申請服務<h2>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Accomplishment Stories #14 HWD
Devastated to Leading Enrollment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">● What was
the problem, need, or challenge?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">HWD
experienced devastating losses:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> From
2005 until I came on board the campus was underutilized at only 42.7% of its
planned<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">use
capacity projected into 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> In 04/09
the significant decline began at around +4,000 Child Half Days per week (CHD),
in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">02/10
downward to 3,000 (CHD), thereafter at 01/11 consistently half the previous CHD
at<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2,000.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The
campus has lost entire grades and is down to only offering Preschool-4 th
grade. First<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">grade is
negatively impacted with only one large section and can’t grow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Reverse
the loss of enrollment, the negative trend, and positively turn the campus
around as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">measured
by enrollments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Improve
the inquiries to conversion rate, yield, and number of tours: efficiently
handle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">campus
inquiries, and lower the Open Inquiry percentage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> What did
you do about it?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The
tasks I earmarked for improvement were to transition the problematic culture to
a school<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">sales
environment by setting daily, weekly, and monthly enrollment goals. The result
is that<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">in terms
of enrollment HWD came in 2 nd regionally for Elementary and 1 st in Preschool
new<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">enrollments
in the region. I improved the campus enrollment performance to rise from<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">August
through December, the length of the bonus enrollment period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">● How did
you do it, specifically?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">I
increased the number of PS (Preschool), Kindergarten (K), and Elementary
monthly tours<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">leading to
increased enrollment in three categories:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> 2018
August–December PS tours: 13.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">K 2.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">EL 2.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> 2019
August–December PS tours: 16.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">K 1.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">EL 1.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">● What
positive, tangible results did you produce? (Quantify if possible)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The
Preschool enrollment led the region at 1 st and a 10% increase in enrollment;
the second<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">category
for campus leadership came in 2 nd for 2.37% growth; and, K/EL 3 rd place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">advanced
0.3%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> I
improved HWD enrollment 11.2% higher than the previous year; the region
increase from<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">the year
before was only 2.2%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">● What
skills did you demonstrate? List 3-4 skill words for each story<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Management
Leadership Team-Building<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-5156133443360897642018-09-05T14:07:00.002-04:002018-09-17T20:20:31.004-04:00HUM 111 Week 11 Summer 2018<br />
The presentation may contain content that is deemed objectionable to a particular viewer because of the view expressed or the conduct depicted. The views expressed are provided for learning purposes only, and do not necessarily express the views, or opinions, of Strayer University, your professor, or those participating in videos or other media.<br />
<br />
Break: 8:00 pm.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/Connect%20on%20LinkedIn:%20https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith">Connect</a> on LinkedIn: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
Review<br />
<br />
How many ships were in the Spanish Armada?<br />
<br />
Four Great Women And A Manicure (<a href="https://youtu.be/yYsfX0xxTl8">part 1</a>), <br />
<br />
The Spanish Armada (Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, literally "Great and Most Fortunate Navy") was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from La Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England. The strategic aim was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England and the Tudor establishment of Protestantism in England, with the expectation that this would put a stop to English interference in the Spanish Netherlands and to the harm caused to Spanish interests by English and Dutch privateering.<br />
<br />
The Armada chose not to attack the English fleet at Plymouth, then failed to establish a temporary anchorage in the Solent, after one Spanish ship had been captured by Francis Drake in the English Channel. The Armada finally dropped anchor off Calais.[22] While awaiting communications from the Duke of Parma's army, the Armada was scattered by an English fireship attack. In the ensuing Battle of Gravelines the Spanish fleet was damaged and forced to abandon its rendezvous with Parma's army, who were blockaded in harbour by Dutch flyboats. The Armada managed to regroup and, driven by southwest winds, withdrew north, with the English fleet harrying it up the east coast of England. The commander ordered a return to Spain, but the Armada was disrupted during severe storms in the North Atlantic and a large number of the vessels were wrecked on the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Of the initial 130 ships over a third failed to return.[23] As Martin and Parker explain, "Philip II attempted to invade England, but his plans miscarried, partly because of his own mismanagement, unfortunate weather, and partly because the opportunistic defensive naval efforts of the English and their Dutch allies (the use of ships set afire and sailed into the anchored Armada to create panic) prevailed."[24]<br />
<br />
The expedition was the largest engagement of the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). The following year, England organised a similar large-scale campaign against Spain, the Drake–Norris Expedition or "counter-Armada of 1589", which was unsuccessful and resulted in serious economic consequences and the loss of many English lives and ships.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgMUODqLPBW4U29ZzGlOpUAOy4df7St-G-jGVf3sC4Ko0MAo1o_Ol0VuFrorPPWC-U6XhjaEVnC6oA7hbW7G_5BONK0dBtoq_Bv6If0ZTpX4CM51Y1QmCTxjLrm88EQXgfIETwiw/s1600/Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="756" data-original-width="415" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgMUODqLPBW4U29ZzGlOpUAOy4df7St-G-jGVf3sC4Ko0MAo1o_Ol0VuFrorPPWC-U6XhjaEVnC6oA7hbW7G_5BONK0dBtoq_Bv6If0ZTpX4CM51Y1QmCTxjLrm88EQXgfIETwiw/s640/Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif" width="351" /></a></div>Technological revolution <br />
<br />
The outcome vindicated the English naval battle strategy and resulted in a revolution in naval battle tactics of the era – using weather gage advantage and line-to-line cannon battle from windward (revealing the opponent ship's hull and rudder as targets) – with the promotion of heavier, more numerous naval cannon gunnery, which until then had played a supporting role to the principal tactics of ramming and crew boarding. The clear choice of sink or capture. <br />
Most military historians hold that the battle of Gravelines reflected a lasting shift in the balance of naval power in favour of the English, in part because of the gap in naval technology and cannon armament it confirmed between the two nations,[54] which continued into the next century. In the words of Geoffrey Parker, by 1588 'the capital ships of the Elizabethan navy constituted the most powerful battlefleet afloat anywhere in the world.'[55] The English navy yards were leaders in technical innovation, and the captains devised new battle formations and tactics. Parker argues that the sleeker full-rigged ship, amply cannoned, was one of the greatest technological advances of the century and permanently transformed naval warfare. <br />
In 1573 English shipwrights introduced designs, first demonstrated in Dreadnought, that allowed the ships to sail faster and manoeuvre better and permitted heavier guns.[56] Whereas before warships had tried to grapple with each other so that soldiers could board the enemy ship, now they more often stood off and fired broadsides that could sink the enemy vessel. Superior English ships and seamanship had foiled the invasion. The English also took advantage of Spain's overly complex strategy that required coordination between the invasion fleet and the Spanish army on shore. But the poor design of the Spanish cannon meant they were much slower in reloading in a close-range battle, allowing the English to take control. Spain still had numerically larger fleets, but England was catching up. <br />
How did women feel about kings marrying numerous women? <br />
<br />
The short answer is simple: we don't know exactly; however, historians have inferred that early feminist writers decried the practice but until the Enlightenment women would not express these dangerous ideas: at least not publicly. <br />
An early feminist writer may be instructive. <br />
<br />
Christine de Pizan (b. 1365 - d. 1430) <br />
<br />
Christine <b>de Pizan</b> was a French Renaissance writer who wrote some of the very first feminist pieces of literature. During the Renaissance, Christine de Pizan <b>broke with the traditional roles assigned to women in several ways during a time when women had no legal rights and were considered a man's property. Because she was one of the few women of the time period that were educated, she was able to write. When she was unexpectedly left to support herself and her family on her own, she became the first woman in Europe to successfully make a living through writing.</b> She wrote in many different genres and styles depending on her subject and patron. Eventually, she began to address the debate about women that was happening during her life through works like Letters to the God of Love (1399), The Take of the Rose (1402), and Letters on the Debate of the Romance of the Rose (1401-1403). Her writing finally culminated in her most famous book, The Book of the City of Ladies (1404-05) and its sequel Book of the Treasury of Ladies (1405). <br />
Christine de Pizan's early life left her well prepared for the challenges that she would later face. <b>Born in Italy, she moved to France</b> at a young age when her father, Thomas de Pizan, became the astrologer of King Charles V. Her father assured it that she had the best education possible. <b>She was married at the age of fifteen</b> to Etienne de Castel. <b>Though an arranged marriage, they were very happy together.</b> Etienne was a nobleman and a scholar who encouraged Christine to continue her studies while they were married. <br />
Soon after their marriage, <b>tragedy struck</b> Christine 's life. When <b>Charles V died</b> in 1380, her <b>father lost his position at the court. he became ill and eventually died</b> in 1385. She and her husband assumed the care for her family after this. Then, in 1389, Etienne suddenly took ill while he was abroad with Charles VI. <b>Christine was left alone to support her mother and her three small children.</b> <br />
<br />
Despite wishing for death, Christine persevered and <b>turned to writing as a way to support her family</b>. She began to write both prose and poetry that she sent to various members of the court. As was the custom, they began to send her money in return. She would make copies of poems and send them to multiple people. Eventually, they started commissioning work from her and she was able to pull herself out of debt and save her family. Christine 's ability to write for specific audiences helped build her popularity with her patrons. After her children grew up and became independent from her, Christine was once again able to read and study along with her writing. <br />
As her life progressed, she began to deal directly with the cause of women in her writing. Her most important work, The Book of the City of Ladies, was written to combat the current ideas that existed about woman's nature. City of Ladies is divided into three sections in which Christine builds her symbolic city for women. She includes all the famous women who have ruled in history, women who have honored their parents, guarded their chastity, been faithful to their husbands, and all of those women who have become martyrs for their faith. Her book honored all kinds of great women and gave them a place to be safe from the attacks of men. Christine's book stood as a testimony to the greatness and accomplishments of women, putting them on the same level as men. <br />
Christine's life was remarkable because of the age she was living in. Women were not allowed to have a voice or be independent, but she managed both. Her writing allowed her family to survive and gave her the means to create not just for money, but for her own purposes. She worked to refute the negative ideas that scholars were spreading about women in the Renaissance and showed at least the elite women of her time how they could navigate successfully in what was a man's world. <br />
<br />
Did Elizabeth I marry and have children? What was the succession after her death? <br />
<br />
What was the relationship between Elizabeth, Mary, and their brother, Edward? <br />
<br />
Marriage question <br />
<br />
Elizabeth and her favourite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, c. 1575. Pair of stamp-sized miniatures by Nicholas Hilliard. The Queen's friendship with Dudley lasted for over thirty years, until his death. <br />
From the start of Elizabeth's reign, it was expected that she would marry and the question arose to whom. Although she received many offers for her hand, she <b>never married and was childless</b>; the reasons for this are not clear. Historians have speculated that Thomas Seymour had put her off sexual relationships, or that she knew herself to be infertile. She considered several suitors until she was about fifty. Her last courtship was with Francis, Duke of Anjou, 22 years her junior. While risking possible loss of power like her sister, who played into the hands of King Philip II of Spain, marriage offered the chance of an heir. However, the choice of a husband might also provoke political instability or even insurrection. <br />
<br />
Elizabeth's senior adviser, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, died on 4 August 1598. His political mantle passed to his son, Robert Cecil, who soon became the leader of the government. One task he addressed was to prepare the way for a smooth succession. Since Elizabeth would never name her successor, Cecil was obliged to proceed in secret. He therefore entered into a <b>coded negotiation with James VI of Scotland</b>, who had a strong but unrecognised claim. <br />
<br />
<b>This is reasonable in light of the fact that Elizabeth was childless and unmarried despite being courted consistently.</b> <br />
<b>In historian J. E. Neale's view, Elizabeth may not have declared her wishes openly to James, but she made them known with "unmistakable if veiled phrases".</b> <br />
<br />
She died on 24 March 1603 at Richmond Palace, between two and three in the morning. A few hours later, Cecil and the council set their plans in motion and proclaimed James VI of Scotland as James I of England. <br />
<br />
Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine. The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was England's first monarch to be raised as a Protestant. During his reign, the realm was governed by a Regency Council because he never reached his majority. <br />
In February 1553, at age 15, Edward fell ill. When his sickness was discovered to be terminal, he and his Council drew up a "Devise for the Succession", attempting to prevent the country's return to Catholicism. Edward named his first cousin once removed, Lady Jane Grey, as his heir and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. This decision was disputed following Edward's death, and Jane was deposed by Mary nine days after becoming queen. During her reign, Mary reversed Edward's Protestant reforms, which nonetheless became the basis of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559. <br />
<br />
Edward himself opposed Mary's succession, not only on religious grounds but also on those of legitimacy and male inheritance, which also applied to Elizabeth. He composed a draft document, headed "My devise for the succession", in which he undertook to change the succession, most probably inspired by his father Henry VIII's precedent. He passed over the claims of his half-sisters and, at last, settled the Crown on his first cousin once removed, the 16-year-old Lady Jane Grey, who on 25 May 1553 had married Lord Guilford Dudley, a younger son of the Duke of Northumberland. <br />
<br />
In his document Edward provided, in case of "lack of issue of my body", for the succession of male heirs only, that is, Jane Grey's mother's male heirs, Jane's or her sisters'. As his death approached and possibly persuaded by Northumberland, he altered the wording so that Jane and her sisters themselves should be able to succeed. Yet Edward conceded Jane's right only as an exception to male rule, demanded by reality, an example not to be followed if Jane or her sisters had only daughters. <b>In the final document both Mary and Elizabeth were excluded because of bastardy; since both had been declared bastards under Henry VIII and never made legitimate again</b>, this reason could be advanced for both sisters. The provisions to alter the succession directly contravened Henry VIII's Third Succession Act of 1543 and have been described as bizarre and illogical. <br />
<b>The upshot is that both half sisters were considered illegitimate as bastards, they were not male, and despite their claim to their mutual father he, or his advisors, passed them over deliberately to find a male heir outside their immediate circle.</b> <br />
<b>Due to domestic unrest and the unresolved religious issue the succession was unusually complicated.</b> <br />
<br />
Civilization: The West and the Rest by Niall Ferguson, Penguin Books (2012), Edition: Reprint, Paperback, 432 pages<br />
<br />
Just why, beginning around 1500, did a few small polities on the western end of the Eurasian landmass come to dominate the rest of the world?” One of the most intriguing questions is why the West suddenly dominated the World after the 1500s which is the crucial question Ferguson addresses here. Ferguson has written one of the best of his several works. He artfully dissects reasons why the West dramatically increased its power and strength over the rest of the world. At present, he says, we are experiencing “the end of 500 years of Western predominance,” and he foresees the possibility of a clash between the declining and rising forces. He wonders “whether the weaker will tip over from weakness to outright collapse.”<br />
<br />
Several of Ferguson's works are relevant to his concerns here. <br />
<br />
In Empire, Ferguson showed how the Americans lacked manpower for their overseas military efforts, the Americans suffered from an attention deficit and would not pull for their country over the long haul, and perhaps most importantly, the Americans were plagued with a financial deficit.<br />
<br />
In Colossus, Ferguson demonstrates that Chimerica, the idea that America can fund its deficit infinitely without severe repercussions, was seriously flawed.<br />
<br />
In the Ascent of Money, Ferguson shows the world-wide financial crisis was brought on by a complex of factors but old-fashioned liquidity was the problem during the era of supposedly more secure financial networks.<br />
<br />
For his work here, there are six civilizations: Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Islamic, Jewish, and Western (following Melko and Eisenstadt, p. 3). These entities are remarkably resilient despite outside influences and extensive interactions between cultures.<br />
<br />
Yet, beginning around 1500, something remarkable happened that has not occurred like anything before or since. The West exploded. In 1500, the West accounted for only 10 percent of the land and 16 percent of the world's population. By 1913, Western nations controlled nearly three fifths of all territory and population and a staggering 79 percent of global economic output (p. 5). "The rise of the United States saw the gap between West and East widen still further. By 1990 the average American was seventy-three times richer than the average Chinese" (p. 5). Both the models of governance and economics were Western, whether the civilization was Eastern or Western.<br />
<br />
Imperialism does not explain Western dominance. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Ming dynasties existed at the same time while the West and non-Western empires practiced various forms of imperialism thus this does not account for the West's dominance. An important factor to consider are institutions: consider the test cases of Germany, China, and Korea. In each case, if you impose communist institutions on a culture, people suffer; on the other hand, if Western capitalism flourishes, the very same culture flourishes and prospers. <br />
<br />
According to Jared Diamond, the monolithic Chinese empire stifled competition whereas in Europe competition bred excellence and advances. According to Ferguson, this is an "appealing" but not a "sufficient" explanation (p. 12). <br />
<br />
According to Ferguson, there are six "mainsprings of global power": 1) competition; 2) science; 3) property rights; 4) medicine; 5) the consumer society; and 6) the work ethic. He calls these the "killer apps" (p. 12) of Western dominance. <br />
<br />
Property Rights<br />
Property rights are key. Locke argues that if even seven people are gathered together and their beliefs coincide; they constitute a church. Therefore, all beliefs should be tolerated and through the reasonableness of Christianity some may see the truth (p. 113). In the tolerant example provided, in North America, the United States grew in liberty and expanded. In South America though, the area was characterized by "division, instability, and underdevelopment. . . . " (p. 115) "conflict, poverty, and inequality (p. 119). Ferguson addresses the issue of difference. At root is the issue of land. In his early career as a South American Washington, the Liberator Simon Bolivar failed to appeal to non-whites and they rallied to the royalist cause. It was only after two unsuccessful attempts at forming a Republic that Bolivar developed a strategy to unite all people of color. In his efforts he found unlikely supporters among Irish and British freedom fighters. 7,000 U.K. supporters were attracted with promises of freedom and land (p. 121). <br />
<br />
Three difficulties plagued Bolivar even after he successfully repulsed royalist forces. South Americans had had no practical experience running their own affairs as the American colonists had enjoyed for decades before their Revolution. Peninsulares had so controlled governance that the creoles had little experience (p. 123). At one point, Bolivar is quoted by Ferguson as stating that the American experiment could never work in Latin America. He states that there is little in common between the English American and the Spanish American (p. 124). Bolivar's vision was not a land-owning Republic with the rule of law but a life-long dictatorship of Bolivar. <br />
<br />
The second problem was the unequal distribution of land. A creole elite, merely 10,000 people, 1.1% of the people, owned nearly all the land (p. 124). In 1910, on the eve of the Mexican revolution, only 2.4% of the rural population owned any land (p. 124). In contrast, in 1900, the rural population in the United States owned 75% of the land. Throughout the British Empire the same general statistic of land ownership remains consistent. Up the present, it continues to be one of the primary distinctions between British-influenced areas and Latin America. <br />
<br />
Finally, racial antagonism and division doomed Latin America from unity (p. 125). Creoles resented former slaves and vice versa. The indigenous peoples made up a larger component of Latin America than in North America and they were not integrated, or displaced as in North America, into Latin American governance. <br />
<br />
Bolivar's grand vision disintegrated into factional disputations and the unity achieved by the United States never occurred. Bolivar depressingly but accurately described the future of Latin America and it was bleak. "The newly independent states began their lives without a tradition of representative government, with a profoundly unequal distribution of land and with racial cleavages that closely approximated to that economic inequality" (p. 127). Unfortunately, when Hugo Chavez celebrates his connection to Bolivar, the dictatorial, sham democracy, and his nationalizing pursuits, Chavez is on sound historical grounds. Bolivar did not create a republic and he was no Washington. <br />
<br />
Medicine<br />
Those contemplating the evils of imperialism might consider the advance in medicine assisting the world's people's to live longer. For example, in 1800 the average life expectancy was 28.5 years, and in 2001, Western medicine lengthened life expectancy globally to 66.6 (p. 146). During the colonialist period life expectancy increased during occupation and has declined in the post-colonial period (p. 147). <br />
<br />
One of the most dangerous books ever was Rousseau's insistence in The Social Contract that the Noble Savage should not be restrained and he advocated for the General Will. Edmund Burke had early on seen the danger in the French Revolution and consequently wrote against it. "Revolutions devour their own children" (p. 153). Tocqueville pointed out how France was not America: "in sum, they chose Rousseau over Locke" (p. 154). <br />
<br />
Work<br />
One of the most intriguing aspects of China's rise according to Ferguson is the simultaneous popularity of Christianity (pp. 277-88). The Chinese authorities have long been wary of religious movements but Christianity is making significant inroads among the population. According to one scholar, the Communists looked into why the West was pre-eminent, and various reasons were advanced: guns, politics, economics, "but in the past twenty years, we have realized that the heart of your culture is your religion: Christianity. That is why the West has been so powerful" (p. 287). Christianity and transcendence leads society to understand tolerance, equality, environmental protection, among the leading ideas advanced by the West. "The XIVth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Part was presented with a report specifying three requirements for sustainable economic growth: property rights as a foundation, the law as a safeguard and morality as a support" (p. 288). It is the West that has lost faith in itself. <br />
<br />
To illustrate his points in the conclusion, Ferguson invokes "The Course of Empire" which is a five-part series of paintings created by Thomas Cole in 1833-36 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire). Paul Kennedy (The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 by Paul M. Kennedy, http://www.librarything.com/work/12599/27116122) develops this American concern, that the Republic is at an end and Ferguson deals with current ideas about the decline and fall of civilization. Kennedy identified "imperial overstretch" as the issue to contend with (p. 298). Then there is Green theorist Jared Diamond's Collapse to consider as well (Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond: http://www.librarything.com/work/1070881/27115644). Ferguson disagrees with Diamond's long-term, catastrophic Green collapse; in contrast, Ferguson states civilizations can collapse over night. <br />
<br />
This is the most alarming aspect of Ferguson's work: civilizations, as in nature, are complex systems which can collapse quickly and virtually overnight. He illustrates this point with numerous examples from the Roman Empire to the fall of Great Britain. Civilizations collapse. <br />
<br />
Contra Diamond, Ferguson maintains that "The civilizational supercycle of birth, growth, and eventual death is a misrepresentation of the historical process (p. 299)." Civilizations are complex systems (p. 299) and "to understand complexity, it is helpful to examine how natural scientists use the concept" (p. 300). Ferguson employs a useful analogy, "To use the jargon of modern physics, a forest before a fire is in a state of `self-organized criticality'" (p. 300). It is teetering on the edge of disaster but no one knows the size nor distribution the fires. Consider how a smallish event, the subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S. led to a worldwide economic phenomenon (p. 301; or, in the case of a large conflict-ridden Empire, the Soviet Union, persisted for decades but then with no warning or insight by any pundits collapsed in six months (p. 303). Supporting Ferguson's point, the Ottoman Empire likewise flourished for centuries but then collapsed quickly with the beginning of the Turkish Republic. <br />
<br />
Most importantly, the story of the West and the rest is explained by Ferguson's six killer apps: "mainsprings of global power" (pp. 305-306). Once the killer apps are downloaded, as in the case of Japan, other economies took off as well. India, once its abysmal socialist experiment ended, invoked free-market principles and benefited tremendously as a result. <br />
<br />
According to Ferguson, "the financial crisis that began in the summer of 2007 should therefore be understood as an accelerator of an already well-established trend of relative Western decline" (p. 308). The financial situation of the United States is blinking red and according to Ferguson a relatively minor impetus could plunge the entire system into an immediate tailspin. Our debt is held in foreign hands, primarily China, and other nations such as Japan could pull themselves out of a crisis since they have held onto their own liabilities.<br />
<br />
China will consume more, import more, invest more abroad, and innovate more (p. 316). Just as crucial is what could go wrong for China and there are four hypotheses. China could decline as Japan did although before the last two decades Japan was predicted by some to surpass the U.S. Second, China may be plagued with social unrest. A third possibility is that the middle class may demand a bigger piece of the political pie. And finally, China's aggression may drive neighbors into the hands of the U.S.<br />
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Other nations have selectively chosen parts of the six killer apps:<br />
<br />
"The Chinese have got capitalism. The Iranians have got science. The Russians have got democracy. The Africans are (slowly) getting modern medicine. And the Turks have got the consumer society. But what this means is that Western modes of operation are not in decline but are flourishing nearly everywhere, with only a few remaining pockets of resistance. A growing number of Resterners [Ferguson's name for non-Westerners] are sleeping, showering, dressing, working, playing, eating, drinking and travelling like Westerners. Moreover, as we have seen, Western civilization is more than just one thing; it is a package. It is about political pluralism (multiple states and multiple authorities) as well as capitalism; it is about the freedom of thought as well as the scientific method; it is about the rule of law and property rights as well as democracy. Even today, the West still has more of these institutional advantages than the Rest. The Chinese do not have political competition. The Iranians do not have freedom of conscience. They get to vote in Russia, but the rule of law there is a sham. In none of these countries is there a free press. These differences may explain why, for example, all three countries lag behind Western countries in qualitative indices that measure 'national innovative development’ and ‘national innovation capacity’."<br />
<br />
Although other civilizations have portions of the killer apps Ferguson believes that the West may still have an advantage over them.<br />
<br />
As Ferguson pointed out earlier, civilizations collapse quickly and although the West no longer maintains a monopoly on advantageous cultural developments there is an endurable package of Western ways of being. <br />
<br />
"This Western package still seems to offer human societies the best available set of economic, social and political institutions--the ones most likely to unleash the individual human creativity capable of solving the problems the twenty-first century world faces" (p. 324). It is this package that has done the best job of finding and highlighting talent. "The big question is whether or not we are still able to recognize the superiority of that package" (p. 324). <br />
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The Western texts that should be most instructive and promoted in the schools are:<br />
<br />
The King James Bible<br />
Shakespeare<br />
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations and Moral Sentiments<br />
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government<br />
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France <br />
Isaac Newton, Principia<br />
Charles Darwin, Origin of Species<br />
Abraham Lincoln<br />
Winston Churchill <br />
<br />
“The biggest threat to Western civilization is posed not by other civilizations, but by our own pusillanimity — and by the historical ignorance that feeds it” (p. 325). Ferguson calls for a return to traditional education, since “at its core, a civilization is the texts that are taught in its schools, learned by its students and recollected in times of tribulation” (p. 324) — by which he means Great Books, and especially Shakespeare. The greatest dangers facing us are probably not “the rise of China, Islam or CO2 emissions,” he writes, but “our own loss of faith in the civilization we inherited from our ancestors” (p. 325).<br />
<br />
"Can the West endure any democracy achieved by enemies who in no way resemble them?"<br />
Orhan Pamuk<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk<br />
<br />
Trump: <a href="https://youtu.be/n1Notlc9s7U">Western civilisation is under threat</a>, 2:18<br />
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https://youtu.be/n1Notlc9s7U<br />
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<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n1Notlc9s7U?rel=0" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
<h1 class="watch-title-container"><br />
<span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Civilization Part 1 - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson"><br />
</span></h1><br />
What is civilization? Why has the West dominated the rest? <br />
<ul></ul><br />
What are the six "killer apps" of Western Civilization?<br />
<br />
Competition, Science, Property Rights (Democracy-Rule of Law), Medicine, Consumerism, Work ethic<br />
<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/VaKQHpqnRMA">Civilization Part 1</a> - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 46:57<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/VaKQHpqnRMA<br />
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<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VaKQHpqnRMA" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPkxx0mjH7s">Part 2</a><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPkxx0mjH7s<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaDH7Vv37ss">Part 3</a><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaDH7Vv37ss<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myUPIh0UnEo">Part 4</a><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myUPIh0UnEo<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUXqSm3TWrI&t=1s">Part 5</a><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUXqSm3TWrI&t=1s<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc6oRobKg8g">Part 6</a><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc6oRobKg8g<br />
<br />
<br />
BBC blocked <br />
<br />
Civilization <a href="https://youtu.be/Yc1me9jOxgk?list=PLJA4Jys7jT0LR-Ze9Joi2OHsC6_BbY-Hp">Part 2</a> - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 46:54<br />
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https://youtu.be/Yc1me9jOxgk?list=PLJA4Jys7jT0LR-Ze9Joi2OHsC6_BbY-Hp<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Yc1me9jOxgk?list=PLJA4Jys7jT0LR-Ze9Joi2OHsC6_BbY-Hp" width="560"></iframe> <br />
Civilization <a href="https://youtu.be/XGV1jAQVnBU">Part 3</a> - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 47:33<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/XGV1jAQVnBU<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XGV1jAQVnBU" width="560"></iframe> <br />
Civilization <a href="https://youtu.be/myUPIh0UnEo">Pt4</a> - BBC Series, 46:52<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/myUPIh0UnEo<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/myUPIh0UnEo" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<br />
Civilization <a href="https://youtu.be/xUXqSm3TWrI">Part 5</a> - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 47:00<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/xUXqSm3TWrI<br />
<br />
Civilization <a href="https://youtu.be/WtSGWciDg04">Part 6</a> - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 14:45<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/WtSGWciDg04<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WtSGWciDg04" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<br />
Civilization <a href="https://youtu.be/Hcu-feea2jk">Part 6.2</a> - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 14:22<br />
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https://youtu.be/Hcu-feea2jk<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Hcu-feea2jk" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<br />
Civilization Part <a href="https://youtu.be/giqxIxAgpE4">6.3</a> - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 12:44<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/giqxIxAgpE4<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/giqxIxAgpE4" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<br />
Civilization Part <a href="https://youtu.be/qcnCn8Kt2Ig">6.4</a> - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 4:58<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/qcnCn8Kt2Ig<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qcnCn8Kt2Ig" width="560"></iframe> Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-68494283521852614172018-09-05T14:07:00.000-04:002018-09-05T14:13:16.867-04:00HUM 111 Week 10 Summer 2018<br />
The presentation may contain content that is deemed objectionable to a particular viewer because of the view expressed or the conduct depicted. The views expressed are provided for learning purposes only, and do not necessarily express the views, or opinions, of Strayer University, your professor, or those participating in videos or other media.<br />
<br />
Break: 8:00 pm, Discussion, 9:30, Dismiss.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/Connect%20on%20LinkedIn:%20https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith">Connect</a> on LinkedIn: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith</a> <br />
<br />
Review<br />
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When Cortes defeated the Aztec civilization how many survivors became Spanish slaves?<br />
<br />
Prior to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>, some <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples had been practicing various forms of slavery and serfdom</a>.<br />
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In fact, previous to the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs practiced slavery as well.<br />
<br />
Aztec slavery, within the structure of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> or Mexica society, where <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaves" title="Slaves">slaves</a> (<i>tlacotin</i>) constituted an important class. <i>Tlacotin</i> were distinct from war captives.<br />
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Cortez used a native woman, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">Doña Marina</a>, as an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter" title="Interpreter">interpreter</a>; she would later give birth to his first son.<br />
<br />
Among other women was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a>, his future <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistress_%28lover%29" title="Mistress (lover)">mistress</a> and mother of his son Martín. Malinche knew both the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> language and Chontal Maya, thus enabling Cortés to communicate with the Aztecs through Aguilar.<br />
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ScuttleFleetNHMDF.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1959" data-file-width="3432" height="366" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ScuttleFleetNHMDF.JPG/250px-ScuttleFleetNHMDF.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br />
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Cortés scuttling his own fleet off the coast of Veracruz in order to eliminate the possibility of retreat.<br />
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In July 1519, his men took over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. By this act, Cortés dismissed the authority of the Governor of Cuba to place himself directly under the orders of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">King Charles</a>. In order to eliminate any ideas of retreat, Cortés <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a> his ships.<br />
<br />
Moreover, Cortés's Spanish wife Catalina Súarez arrived in New Spain from sometime around summer 1522 but we know little about what happened to his indigenous wives.<br />
<br />
<br />
We know about the conquered Aztec point of view from accounts written by the Spanish; there are no indigenous accounts. <br />
<br />
In any case, two lengthy accounts from the defeated indigenous viewpoint were created under the direction of Spanish friars, Franciscan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a> and Dominican <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a>, using indigenous informants.<br />
<br />
The Spanish governor did not set up a slave society, which did happen later, but another type of system.<br />
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The <i><b>encomienda</b></i> was a labor system, rewarding conquerors with the labor of particular groups of people. It was first established in Spain during the Roman period, but used also following the Christian reconquest of Muslim territory. It was applied on a much larger scale during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Conquered peoples were considered vassals of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_monarch" title="Spanish monarch">Spanish monarch</a> and the award of an encomienda was a grant from the crown to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the sixteenth century, the grants were considered to be a monopoly on the labor of particular Indians, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the <i>encomendero</i>, and his descendants.<br />
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The encomienda labor system was analogous to the Medieval vassal arrangement that was common in Europe until the widespread rise of capitalism. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><br />
</sup><br />
<br />
In pop music, "Cortez the Killer" is a song by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a> from his 1975 album, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuma_%28album%29" title="Zuma (album)">Zuma</a></i>. It was recorded with Young's band <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Horse_%28band%29" title="Crazy Horse (band)">Crazy Horse</a>. It has since been ranked #39 on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_World" title="Guitar World">Guitar World's</a></i> 100 Greatest Guitar Solos and #329 on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone's</a></i> list of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time" title="500 Greatest Songs of All Time">500 Greatest Songs of All Time</a>.<br />
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What can be said about <span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="mw-headline" id="D.C3.BCrer_and_the_Reformation">Dürer's image of Protestantism and "One Mind Linking All Powers?"</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="mw-headline" id="D.C3.BCrer_and_the_Reformation">Dürer's connection to Protestantism is problematic. There are those who said he was a Lutheranism but other scholars disagree since there was no formal break with Roman Catholicism. </span></span> <br />
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="D.C3.BCrer_and_the_Reformation">Dürer and the Reformation</span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durerhaus-nbg.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="531" data-file-width="379" height="640" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Durerhaus-nbg.jpg/220px-Durerhaus-nbg.jpg" width="457" /></a> <br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%27s_House" title="Albrecht Dürer's House">Albrecht Dürer's House</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></div>
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Dürer's writings suggest that he may have been sympathetic to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s ideas, though it is unclear if he ever left the Catholic Church. Dürer wrote of his desire to draw Luther in his diary in 1520: "And God help me that I may go to Dr. Martin Luther; thus I intend to make a portrait of him with great care and engrave him on a copper plate to create a lasting memorial of the Christian man who helped me overcome so many difficulties."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><br />
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In a letter to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Kratzer" title="Nicholas Kratzer">Nicholas Kratzer</a> in 1524, Dürer wrote "because of our Christian faith we have to stand in scorn and danger, for we are reviled and called heretics." Most tellingly, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibald_Pirckheimer" title="Willibald Pirckheimer">Pirckheimer</a> wrote in a letter to Johann Tscherte in 1530: "I confess that in the beginning I believed in Luther, like our Albert of blessed memory...but as anyone can see, the situation has become worse." Dürer may even have contributed to the Nuremberg City Council's mandating Lutheran sermons and services in March 1525. Notably, Dürer had contacts with various reformers, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Erasmus</a> and Cornelius Grapheus from whom Dürer received Luther's <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">Babylonian Captivity</a></i> in 1520.<br />
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberger_Feldschlange.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1475" data-file-width="2198" height="430" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/N%C3%BCrnberger_Feldschlange.JPG/220px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Feldschlange.JPG" width="640" /></a> <br />
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<i>The Cannon</i>, Dürer's largest etching, 1518</div>
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Dürer's later works have also been claimed to show <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> sympathies. For example, his woodcut of <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Supper" title="The Last Supper">The Last Supper</a></i> of 1523 has often been understood to have an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> theme, focussing as it does on Christ espousing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, as well the inclusion of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharistic</a> cup, an expression of Protestant <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utraquist" title="Utraquist">utraquism</a>, although this interpretation has been questioned. The delaying of the engraving of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">St Philip</a>, completed in 1523 but not distributed until 1526, may have been due to Dürer's uneasiness with images of Saints; even if Dürer was not an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a>, in his last years he evaluated and questioned the role of art in religion.<br />
<br />
My guess, and it is speculation since we have no definitive information, is that <span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="mw-headline" id="D.C3.BCrer_and_the_Reformation">Dürer attempts with his idea of "One Mind Linking All Powers" is his personal idea uniting both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. It is a movement that subsequently has occurred however the differences in denominations at the time were fighting, and indeed killing words. Thus, </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="mw-headline" id="D.C3.BCrer_and_the_Reformation">Dürer's vagueness about his religious sympathies makes perfect, and safe, sense at the time. </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Is Protestantism an umbrella-like figure over all Christian religions?<br />
<br />
No, unlike Roman Catholicism, the Reformation tradition is book oriented, individual and considers the earlier ecclesiastical institutions as corrupt and therefore need to be replaced.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Lutheranism was constituted by two basic reactions to the authority of Jesus Christ and the ensuing crisis of authority within the church. On the one hand, it found the (re)discovery of the faithful authority of the Scriptures in witnessing to the authority of Christ. The Scriptures are the only reliable source and norm of the church's teaching and life, the authoritative content that tells us Who and what Christ, his Father, and their Spirit are all about. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">There is no other normative source: not tradition, not experience, not reason, and not science. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Hence the (Lutheran) Formula of Concord: </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">"We believe, teach, and confess that the only rule and guiding principle according to which <i>all teachings and teachers</i> are to be evaluated and judged are the prophetic and apostolic writings of the Old and New Testaments alone."<sup><a href="https://www.elca.org/JLE/Articles/192#_edn1" name="_ednref1">1</a></sup> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">The same conviction is found in the elca (Lutheran) constitution: </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">"This church accepts the canonical Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the inspired Word of God and the authoritative source and norm of its proclamation, faith, and life."<sup><a href="https://www.elca.org/JLE/Articles/192#_edn2" name="_ednref2">2</a></sup></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Against all falsehoods, power struggles, and doubts, the Scriptures have the authority in this world to speak faithful words of and about God.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">On the other hand, and at the very same time, Lutheranism realized that the Scriptures can be ignored or distorted at anyone's hands, not least of all bishops and other "authorities" invoking the church or Scriptures' authority. Councils can err, Luther said — we might add today, so can conventions. I will use "bishop" as shorthand for ecclesiastical authorities here since that is the main human authority the Lutheran Confessions were dealing with. This difficulty — the distortion of Scripture — is intrinsic to the nature of the church itself. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Jesus Christ is the ultimate authority; because they speak about him and indeed speak him, the Scriptures have authority deriving from Christ; but the chain of authority continues on, since Christ sent his apostles to be the ministers of reconciliation and draw sinners back to him. The ministers are given authority to bind and loose in his name, to baptize, and to preach the good news.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><sup>Cf. </sup>https://www.elca.org/JLE/Articles/192</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">In Lutheranism, what would happen if someone was atheist? Was there punishment?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Publically, given the overwhelmingly Christian nature of European society at the time, atheism was not expressed publically. </span></span><br />
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<h4>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Renaissance_and_Reformation">Renaissance and Reformation</span></span></h4>
During the time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, criticism of the religious establishment became more frequent in predominantly Christian countries, but did not amount to atheism, <i>per se</i>.<br />
The term <i>athéisme</i> was coined in France in the sixteenth century. The word "atheist" appears in English books at least as early as 1566.<br />
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The concept of atheism re-emerged initially as a reaction to the intellectual and religious turmoil of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and the Reformation, as a charge used by those who saw the denial of god and godlessness in the controversial positions being put forward by others.<br />
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During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the word 'atheist' was used exclusively as an insult; nobody wanted to be regarded as an atheist. Although one overtly atheistic compendium known as the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus_redivivus" title="Theophrastus redivivus">Theophrastus redivivus</a></i> was published by an anonymous author in the seventeenth century, atheism was an epithet implying a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">lack of moral restraint</a>.<br />
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The Dutch philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> contended in the 17th century that God did not interfere in the running of the world, but rather that natural laws explained the workings of the universe.</div>
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According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>, the Reformation in Europe had paved the way for atheists by attacking the authority of the Catholic Church, which in turn "quietly inspired other thinkers to attack the authority of the new Protestant churches". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> gained influence in France, Prussia and England, and proffered belief in a noninterventionist deity, but "while some deists were atheists in disguise, most were religious, and by today's standards would be called true believers". <br />
<br />
The<sup> </sup>scientific and mathematical discoveries of such as Copernicus, Newton and Descartes sketched a pattern of natural laws that lent weight to this new outlook Blainey wrote that the Jewish Dutch philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> was "probably the first well known 'semi-atheist' to announce himself in a Christian land in the modern era".<br />
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Spinoza had been expelled from his synagogue for his protests against the teachings of its rabbis and for failing to attend Saturday services. He believed that God did not interfere in the running of the world, but rather that natural laws explained the workings of the universe. In 1661 he published his <i><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Short_Treatise_on_God&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Short Treatise on God (page does not exist)">Short Treatise on God</a></i>, but he was not a popular figure for the first century following his death: "An unbeliever was expected to be a rebel in almost everything and wicked in all his ways", wrote Blainey, "but here was a virtuous one. He lived the good life and made his living in a useful way. . . . It took courage to be a Spinoza or even one of his supporters.<br />
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If a handful of scholars agreed with his writings, they did not so say in public".<br />
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How dangerous it was to be accused of being an atheist at this time is illustrated by the examples of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Dolet" title="Étienne Dolet">Étienne Dolet</a>, who was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangling" title="Strangling">strangled</a> and burned in 1546, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Vanini" title="Giulio Cesare Vanini">Giulio Cesare Vanini</a>, who received a similar fate in 1619. In 1689 the Polish nobleman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_%C5%81yszczy%C5%84ski" title="Kazimierz Łyszczyński">Kazimierz Łyszczyński</a>, who had denied the existence of God in his philosophical treatise <i>De non existentia Dei</i>, was imprisoned unlawfully; despite <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation" title="Warsaw Confederation">Warsaw Confederation</a> tradition and king Sobieski's intercession, Łyszczyński was condemned to death for atheism and beheaded in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> after his tongue was pulled out with a burning iron and his hands slowly burned.<br />
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Similarly in 1766, the French nobleman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Jean_de_la_Barre" title="François-Jean de la Barre">François-Jean de la Barre</a>, was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a>, beheaded, and his body burned for alleged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a> of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, a case that became a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a> because <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> tried unsuccessfully to have the judgment reversed.<br />
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The English philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> (1588–1679) was also accused of atheism, but he denied it. His theism was unusual, in that he held god to be material.<br />
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Even earlier, the British playwright and poet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a> (1563–1593) was accused of atheism when a tract denying the divinity of Christ was found in his home. Before he could finish defending himself against the charge, Marlowe was murdered.<br />
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In early modern times, the first explicit atheist known by name was the German-languaged Danish critic of religion <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Knutzen" title="Matthias Knutzen">Matthias Knutzen</a> (1646–after 1674), who published three atheist writings in 1674.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_atheism#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_%C5%81yszczy%C5%84ski" title="Kazimierz Łyszczyński">Kazimierz Łyszczyński</a>, a Polish philosopher (executed in 1689, following a hasty and controversial trial pressed by the Catholic Church) demonstrated strong atheism in his work <i>De non existentia Dei</i>:<br />
<blockquote class="templatequote">
II - the Man is a creator of God, and God is a concept and creation of a Man. Hence the people are architects and engineers of God and God is not a true being, but a being existing only within mind, being chimaeric by its nature, because a God and a chimaera are the same.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_atheism#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></blockquote>
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<blockquote class="templatequote">
IV - simple folk are cheated by the more cunning with the fabrication of God for their own oppression; whereas the same oppression is shielded by the folk in a way, that if the wise attempted to free them by the truth, they would be quelled by the very people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_atheism#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_atheism#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></blockquote>
<h4>
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Age_of_Enlightenment">Long after Luther, during the Age of Enlightenment became a period in which religious toleration was more widespread and explicit atheism publicly pronounced by academics.<sup> </sup></span></span></b></h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9RUEPm64GpFVkpjN5jFJKHepauO1Vk63fWxdXMceH2zc16dtoShzScJpcM8S8nEhOUhXujBvpRoBxjFaNJ2HVVaY8LBQQwoLPYD7PSn5bx92WGDsB6TIEQ4xJ4huOS97yD3o4kQ/s1600/HUM+111+Week+10+Notes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="640" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9RUEPm64GpFVkpjN5jFJKHepauO1Vk63fWxdXMceH2zc16dtoShzScJpcM8S8nEhOUhXujBvpRoBxjFaNJ2HVVaY8LBQQwoLPYD7PSn5bx92WGDsB6TIEQ4xJ4huOS97yD3o4kQ/s640/HUM+111+Week+10+Notes.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<ul>
<li>Complete and submit Week 10 Quiz 9: Chapters 17 and 18</li>
<li>Read the following from your textbook: <ul>
<li>Chapter 19: England in the Tudor Age – Henry VIII to Shakespeare</li>
<li>Chapter 20: The Early Counter-Reformation and Mannerism – Italy and Spain</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>View the Week 10 <i>Would You Like to Know More?</i> videos</li>
<li>Explore the Week 10 Music Folder</li>
<li>Do the Week 10 Explore Activities</li>
<li>Participate in the Week 10 Discussion (choose only one (1) of the discussion options)</li>
<li>Complete and submit Week 10 Assignment 3</li>
</ul>
19 England in the Tudor Age “THIS OTHER EDEN” 635<br />
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THINKING AHEAD<br />
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19.1 Explain how Henry VIII transformed England.<br />
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19.2 Outline the flourishing of the arts under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I.<br />
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19.3 Characterize the Elizabethan stage and the contributions to it of both Marlowe and Shakespeare.<br />
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19.4 Describe the unique features of the English colonization of the Americas.<br />
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<b> </b><br />
HUM111 Music for Week 10<br />
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In this week's readings (chaps. 19 and 20), there are four musical compositions mentioned. These (or decent equivalents) can be found on YouTube or elsewhere on the internet. Watch and give these a listen. Here below are some background descriptions of each work--and the links to the YouTubes or online presentations (and sometimes other helps).<br />
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-------------------------- Fyre and Lightning (by Thomas Morley) (Chap. 19, p. 650) http://classical-music-online.net/en/production/11501<br />
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(The short lyrics are on p. 650.)<br />
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Read carefully pp. 650-1 in chap. 19 before listening to this.<br />
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Then, listen for the two voices copying each other in rapid succession.<br />
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Morley wrote this secular madrigal around 1595 AD.<br />
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Verily, verily, I say unto you (by Thomas Tallis) (chap. 19, pp. 650-651)<br />
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http://vimeo.com/22477250<br />
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English text : Verily, verily I say unto you, except ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, ye have not life in you. Whoso eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood hath eternal life, and I will raise him up at the last day (bis) For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed. Het that eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood dwelleth in me, and I in him.<br />
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Read pp. 650-1 in chap. 19, and then give this a listen.<br />
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This was composed by Thomas Tallis in the mid to late 1500s AD.<br />
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This is an example of a verse anthem written for the Anglican Communion Service. <br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="512" mozallowfullscreen="" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/22477250" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="640"></iframe> <br />
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<a href="https://vimeo.com/22477250">Verily, verily I say unto you-Thomas Tallis</a> from <a href="https://vimeo.com/parafraza">PARAFRAZA choir</a> on <a href="https://vimeo.com/">Vimeo</a>.<br />
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(Based on English translation of John 6:53-56;<br />
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See lyrics at http://www.free-scores.com/download-sheet-music.php?pdf=12214; This next links shows lyrics and sheet music:<br />
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English text : Verily, verily I say unto you, except ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, ye have not life in you. Whoso eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood hath eternal life, and I will raise him up at the last day (bis) For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed. Het that eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood dwelleth in me, and I in him. Source / Web : http://www.choralwiki.org <br />
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<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaQ_DRvHqr8)<br />
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Read pp. 650-1 in chap. 19, and then give this a listen.<br />
<br />
This was composed by Thomas Tallis in the mid to late 1500s AD.<br />
<br />
This is an example of a verse anthem written for the Anglican Communion Service.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/wuDAOrd4mr8">Missa Papae Marcelli</a>, Credo (Palestrina) (chap. 20, pp. 665-667)<br />
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuDAOrd4mr8<br />
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Solemnity of Sts Peter and Paul Papal Mass - Holy Mass and imposition of the Pallium on new Metropolitan Archbishops Vatican Basilica, 29 June 2013<br />
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https://youtu.be/wuDAOrd4mr8<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wuDAOrd4mr8" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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(for Latin text and translation, go to http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W747_66266 .<br />
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<div class="hyp-sungtext-text">
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826601_2_6">Kyrie eleison.<br />
Christe eleison.<br />
Kyrie eleison.</span></div>
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826601_2_1">Lord, have mercy.<br />
Christ, have mercy. <br />
Lord, have mercy.</span><br />
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<br />
<div class="hyp-sungtext-text">
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826603_2_6">Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem,<br />
factorem coeli et terrae,<br />
visibilium omnium, et invisibilium.<br />
Et in unum Dominum Iesum Christum,<br />
Filium Dei unigenitum.<br />
Et ex Patre natum ante omnia saecula.<br />
Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, <br />
Deum verum de Deo vero,<br />
genitum non factum, consubstantialem Patri,<br />
per quem omnia facta sunt.<br />
Qui propter nos homines, et propter nostram<br />
salutem descendit de coelis, et incarnatus est<br />
de Spiritu Sancto ex Maria virgine,<br />
et homo factus est. Crucifixus etiam pro nobis<br />
sub Pontio Pilato, passus et sepultus est.<br />
Et resurrexit tertia die, secundum<br />
scripturas. Et ascendit in coelum: <br />
sedet ad dexteram Patris.<br />
Et iterum venturus est cum gloria, iudicare vivos<br />
et mortuos: cuius regni non erit finis.<br />
Et in Spiritum Sanctum Dominum et vivificantem:<br />
qui ex Patre Filioque procedit,<br />
qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur<br />
et conglorificatur: qui locutus est per prophetas.<br />
Et unam sanctam catholicam<br />
et apostolicam ecclesiam. Confiteor unum<br />
baptisma in remissionem peccatorum.<br />
Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum, <br />
et vitam venturi saeculi. Amen.</span></div>
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826603_2_1">I believe in one God, the Father almighty,<br />
maker of heaven and earth,<br />
and of all things visible and invisible.<br />
And in one Lord Jesus Christ,<br />
the only-begotten son of God.<br />
Born of his Father before all worlds.<br />
God of God, light of light,<br />
very God of very God,<br />
begotten not made, being of one substance with the<br />
Father, by whom all things were made.<br />
Who for us men, and for our salvation,<br />
came down from heaven, and was incarnate<br />
by the Holy Ghost of the virgin Mary,<br />
and was made man. And was crucified also for us<br />
under Pontius Pilate, he suffered and was buried.<br />
And the third day he rose again according to <br />
the scriptures. And ascended into heaven:<br />
and sitteth on the right hand of the Father.<br />
And he shall come again with glory to judge the quick<br />
and the dead: whose kingdom shall have no end. <br />
And in the Holy spirit, Lord and giver of life:<br />
who proceedeth from the Father and Son,<br />
who with the Father and Son is worshipped<br />
and glorified: who spoke by the prophets.<br />
And in one, holy, catholic <br />
and apostolic church. I acknowledge one <br />
baptism for the remission of sins.</span><br />
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826603_2_1"><span class="" id="GBAJY8826603_2_1">And I look for the resurrection of the dead,<br />
and the life of the world to come. Amen.</span></span><br />
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<div class="hyp-sungtext-text">
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826604_2_6">Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus <br />
Dominus Deus sabaoth. <br />
Pleni sunt coeli et terra gloria tua. <br />
Hosanna in excelsis.</span></div>
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826604_2_1">Holy, Holy, Holy<br />
Lord God of hosts.<br />
Heaven and earth are full of thy glory.<br />
Hosanna in the highest.</span><br />
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<br />
<div class="hyp-sungtext-text">
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826605_2_6">Benedictus qui venit<br />
in nomine Domini.<br />
Hosanna in excelsis. </span></div>
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826605_2_1">Blessed is he who cometh <br />
in the name of the Lord.<br />
Hosanna in the highest.</span><br />
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<div class="hyp-sungtext-text">
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826606_2_6">Agnus Dei, qui tollis<br />
peccata mundi, miserere nobis.</span></div>
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826606_2_1">O Lamb of God, that takest away <br />
the sins of the world, have mercy upon us.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="hyp-sungtext-text">
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826607_2_6">Agnus Dei, qui tollis <br />
peccata mundi, dona nobis pacem. </span></div>
<span class="" id="GBAJY8826607_2_1">O Lamb of God, that takest away <br />
the sins of the world, grant us peace.</span><br />
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<span class="" id="GBAJY8826603_2_1"><span class="" id="GBAJY8826603_2_1"> </span> </span><br />
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<br />
The story of the Missa Papae Marcelli is difficult to fix down in fact. The myth holds that the cardinals attending the Council of Trent were about to decide that singing polyphony in church services was unacceptable, for reasons ranging from the inaudibility of the texts to the complaint that polyphony was too sensuous and too intellectualized (quite a complaint!). There was a move to reinstate plainchant as the only permissible church music. One of the leading figures in the debate was the man who became Pope Marcellus II in 1555 and it is probable, given the title of the eventual composition, that Marcellus asked Palestrina to write a piece which would show the world that part-music could be both concise and musically valuable. Certainly in two of its movements—the Gloria and Credo—the Missa Papae Marcelli has a precision of word-setting which was innovative, though the other three movements are much more elaborate and the second Agnus Dei possibly the most mathematically complex movement Palestrina ever wrote. The evidence is rather confused, then, though it is surely significant that the syllabic style of the Gloria and Credo was recognized at the time as being novel: when the Mass came to be published in 1567 it was prefaced with the words ‘novo modorum genere’ (broadly speaking ‘a new form of expression’).<br />
<br />
Once there, click on the tab “Latin” and then by the tab “English” next to the listing of each movement—for movements 1 through 5b).<br />
<br />
Kyrie eleison. Christe eleison. Kyrie eleison. Peter Phillips © 2007 Lord, have mercy. Christ, have mercy. Lord, have mercy. <br />
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<br />
Read pp. 665-7 in chap. 20 carefully, then give this a listen.<br />
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Missa Papae Marcelli means "Mass for Pope Marcellus" and was composed by Palestrina in 1567.<br />
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The YouTube selection above shows a setting in Rome’s St. Peters Basilicas.<br />
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Palestrina composed many works for Catholic masses; this polyphonic mass example fits very well the Counter-Reformation mandates of the Council of Trent.<br />
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The Credo (=creed) is one section of the mass, and the words are based on the ancient Nicene Creed, a profession of faith.<br />
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Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis. Laudamus te. Benedicimus te. Adoramus te. Glorificamus te. Gratias agimus tibi propter magnam gloriam tuam. Domine Deus, rex coelestis, Deus Pater omnipotens, Domine Fili unigenite, Iesu Christe. Domine Deus, agnus Dei, Filius Patris, qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis; qui tollis peccata mundi, suscipe deprecationem nostram: qui sedes ad dexteram Patris, miserere nobis. Quoniam tu solus sanctus. Tu solus Dominus. Tu solus altissimus, Iesu Christe. Cum Sancto Spiritu, in gloria Dei Patris. Amen. Peter Phillips © 2007 Glory be to God on high and on earth peace, good will towards men. We praise thee. We bless thee. We worship thee. We glorify thee. We give thanks to thee for thy great glory. Lord God, heavenly king, God the Father almighty, Lord the only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ. Lord God, lamb of God, Son of the Father, that takest away the sins of the world, have mercy on us; that takest away the sins of the world, receive our prayer; that sittest at the right hand of the Father, have mercy on us. For thou only art holy. Thou only art the Lord. Thou only art most high, Jesus Christ. With the Holy Ghost, in the glory of God the Father. Amen.<br />
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Movement 3: Credo[9'43] Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem coeli et terrae, visibilium omnium, et invisibilium. Et in unum Dominum Iesum Christum, Filium Dei unigenitum. Et ex Patre natum ante omnia saecula. Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero, genitum non factum, consubstantialem Patri, per quem omnia facta sunt. Qui propter nos homines, et propter nostram salutem descendit de coelis, et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto ex Maria virgine, et homo factus est. Crucifixus etiam pro nobis sub Pontio Pilato, passus et sepultus est. Et resurrexit tertia die, secundum scripturas. Et ascendit in coelum: sedet ad dexteram Patris. Et iterum venturus est cum gloria, iudicare vivos et mortuos: cuius regni non erit finis. Et in Spiritum Sanctum Dominum et vivificantem: qui ex Patre Filioque procedit, qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur: qui locutus est per prophetas. Et unam sanctam catholicam et apostolicam ecclesiam. Confiteor unum baptisma in remissionem peccatorum. Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum, et vitam venturi saeculi. Amen. Peter Phillips © 2007<br />
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I believe in one God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten son of God. Born of his Father before all worlds. God of God, light of light, very God of very God, begotten not made, being of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made. Who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the virgin Mary, and was made man. And was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate, he suffered and was buried. And the third day he rose again according to the scriptures. And ascended into heaven: and sitteth on the right hand of the Father. And he shall come again with glory to judge the quick and the dead: whose kingdom shall have no end. And in the Holy spirit, Lord and giver of life: who proceedeth from the Father and Son, who with the Father and Son is worshipped and glorified: who spoke by the prophets. And in one, holy, catholic and apostolic church. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins. And I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen. Peter Phillips © 2007 <br />
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Super Flumina Babylonis (Palestrina) (chap. 20, pp. 665-667) (based on a Psalm; see the Latin text with English translation of the Psalm at<br />
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http://www.latinvulgate.com/verse.aspx?t=0&b=21&c=136)<br />
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Read pp. 665-667 in chap. 20 carefully, then give this a listen.<br />
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Super Flumina Babylonis means "By the Rivers of Babylon", derived from Psalm 137 (=Psalm 136 in some versions of the Bible).<br />
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This polyphonic motet was (and is) sung during Catholic worship. Palestrina composed it in 1581.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/0ueBuANB4tU">Super Flumina Babylons</a> - The Sixteen, 4:03<br />
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Super Flumina Babylons - The Sixteen 4:03 from the BBC Documentary "The God's Composer"<br />
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https://youtu.be/0ueBuANB4tU<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0ueBuANB4tU" width="560"></iframe> <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0ueBuANB4tU" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Boney M <a href="https://youtu.be/vz6LRBLPKSM">Rivers of Babylon</a> Lyrics HQ, 4:40<br />
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https://youtu.be/vz6LRBLPKSM<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vz6LRBLPKSM" width="560"></iframe> <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vz6LRBLPKSM" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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<span style="color: #990000;">Week 10 Explore</span> </h3>
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<i>Shakespeare</i><br />
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<li>Chapter 19 (pp. 650-656), selections 19.11a and 19.11b. Soliloquy defined on p. 653; review Week 10 Music Folder</li>
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An utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself or herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in drama to disclose a character's innermost thoughts): Hamlet's soliloquy begins with “To be or not to be.”. <br />
<i>Counter-Reform and Mannerism</i><br />
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<li>Chapter 20 (pp. 665-681), Mannerist art; (see also p. 591 in Chapter 17); review Week 10 Music folder</li>
<li>Tintoretto's <i>Last Supper</i> at <a href="http://www.wga.hu/html_m/t/tintoret/5_1580s/3lastsup.html" target="_blank">http://www.wga.hu/html_m/t/tintoret/5_1580s/3lastsup.html</a> (click on the image to enlarge); also at Fig. 20.9 on p. 674</li>
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The church of San Giorgio Maggiore was built on the San Giorgio Island between 1566 and 1600 using the design of Palladio. After 1590 the workshop of Tintoretto was commissioned to paint big canvases for decorating it. Due the large number of commissions, Tintoretto in his late years increasingly relied on his coworkers. However, three surviving paintings placed in a chapel consacrated in 1592 - The Jews in the Desert, The Last Supper and The Entombment - were certainly painted by Tintoretto himself.<br />
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Tintoretto painted the Last Supper several times in his life. This version can be described as the fest of the poors, in which the figure of Christ mingles with the crowds of apostles. However, a supernatural scene with winged figures comes into sight by the light around his head. This endows the painting with a visional character clearly differentiating it from paintings of the same subject made by earlier painters like Leonardo.<br />
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The curious diagonal position of the table for the Last Supper is explained by the installation of the painting on the right wall of the presbytery of San Giorgio Maggiore. The table was to be perceived by visitors to the church as an extension in perspective of the high altar, or conversely the high altar was to be seen as a prolongation of the table for the Last Supper. The priestly bearing of Christ and the liturgical utensils on the small side table play on the same connection. The winged apparitions characterize the Eucharist as the "bread of angels" (St Thomas Aquinas) and in their non-material, other-worldly nature indicate the mystery of transubstantiation (the transformation of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ). While the composition of The Last Supper as a whole follows a wall hanging by Giulio Romano depicting the Passover, the detail of the eerily flickering candlestick was suggested by a Crowning with Thorns by Titian (Alte Pinakothek, Munich), which Tintoretto had acquired from the master's estate when he died. <br />
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<li>Tintoretto’s <i>Last Supper</i>, video, at <a href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/jacopo-tintorettos-last-supper.html" target="_blank">http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/jacopo-tintorettos-last-supper.html</a></li>
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Jacopo Tintoretto, Last Supper, 1594, oil on canvas, 12 x 18 feet, 8 inches (San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris & Dr. Steven Zucker. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker. <br />
Jacopo Tintoretto, <a href="https://youtu.be/YhsjS5CtCTE">Last Supper</a>, 4:55<br />
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https://youtu.be/YhsjS5CtCTE<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YhsjS5CtCTE" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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<li>Chapter 14 (p. 491), <i>Leonardo’s Last Supper</i> (Fig. 14.25)</li>
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<li>Leonardo’s <i>Last Supper</i> at <a href="http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/LeonardoLastSupper.htm" target="_blank">http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/LeonardoLastSupper.htm</a></li>
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http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/LeonardoLastSupper.htm <br />
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<li>Chapter 20 (pp. 678-680 with Fig. 20.16), "Last Supper" painting and Inquisition trial of the artist Veronese</li>
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<li>Trial of Veronese at <a href="http://members.efn.org/~acd/Veronese.html" target="_blank">http://members.efn.org/~acd/Veronese.html</a></li>
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Paolo Veronese Before the Inquisition in Venice Report of the sitting of the Tribunal of the Inquisition on Saturday July eighteenth, 1573 This is Charles Yriarte's translation from Italian, published, among other places in Francis Marion Crawford's Salve Venetia, New York, 1905. Vol. II: 29-34. This day, July eighteenth, 1573. Called to the Holy Office before the sacred tribunal, Paolo Galliari Veronese residing in the parish of Saint Samuel, and being asked as to his name and surname replied as above.<br />
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Being asked as to his profession: Answer. I paint and make figures. Question. Do you know the reasons why you have been called here? A. No. Q. Can you imagine what those reasons may be? A. I can well imagine. Q. Say what you think about them. A. I fancy that it concerns what was said to me by the reverend fathers, or rather by the prior of the monastery of San Giovanni e Paolo, whose name I did not know, but who informed me that he had been here, and that your Most Illustrious Lordships had ordered him to cause to be placed in the picture a Magdalen instead of the dog; and I answered him that very readily I would do all that was needful for my reputation and for the honor of the picture; but that I did not understand what this figure of the Magdalen could be doing here; and this for many reasons, which I will tell, when occasion is granted me to speak. Q. What is the picture to which you have been referring? A. It is the picture which represents the Last Supper of Jesus Christ with His disciples in the house of Simon. Q. Where is this picture? A. In the refectory of the monks of San Giovanni e Paolo. Q. Is it painted in fresco or on wood or on canvas? A. It is on canvas. Q. How many feet does it measure in height? A. It may measure seventeen feet. Q. And in breadth? A. About thirty-nine. Q. How many have you represented? And what is each one doing? A. First there is the innkeeper, Simon; then, under him, a carving squire whom I supposed to have come there for his pleasure, to see how the service of the table is managed. There are many other figures which I cannot remember, however, as it is a long time since I painted that picture. Q. How you painted other Last Suppers besides that one? A. Yes. Q. How many have you painted? Where are they? A. I painted one at Verona for the reverend monks of San Lazzaro; it is in their refectory. Another is in the refectory of the reverend brothers of San Giorgio here in Venice. Q. But that one is not a Last Supper, and is not even called the Supper of Our Lord. A. I painted another in the refectory of San Sebastiano in Venice, another at Padua for the Fathers of the Maddalena. I do not remember to have made any others. Q. In this Supper which you painted for San Giovanni e Paolo, what signifies the figure of him whose nose is bleeding? A. He is a servant who has a nose-bleed from some accident. Q. What signify those armed men dressed in the fashion of Germany, with halberds in their hands? A. It is necessary here that I should say a score of words. Q. Say them. A. We painters use the same license as poets and madmen, and I represented those halberdiers, the one drinking, the other eating at the foot of the stairs, but both ready to do their duty, because it seemed to me suitable and possible that the master of the house, who as I have been told was rich and magnificent, would have such servants. Q. And the one who is dressed as a jester with a parrot on his wrist, why did you put him into the picture? A. He is there as an ornament, as it is usual to insert such figures. Q. Who are the persons at the table of Our Lord? A. The twelve apostles. Q. What is Saint Peter doing, who is the first? A. He is carving the lamb in order to pass it to the other part of the table. Q. What is he doing who comes next? A. He holds a plate to see what Saint Peter will give him. Q. Tell us what the third is doing. A. He is picking his teeth with a fork. Q. And who are really the persons whom you admit to have been present at this Supper? A. I believe that there was only Christ and His Apostles; but when I have some space left over in a picture I adorn it with figures of my own invention.<br />
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Q. <b>Did some person order you to paint Germans, buffoons, and other similar figures in this picture? A. No, but I was commissioned to adorn it as I thought proper; now it is very large and can contain many figures.</b><br />
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Q. Should not the ornaments which you were accustomed to paint in pictures be suitable and in direct relation to the subject, or are they left to your fancy, quite without discretion or reason? A. I paint my pictures with all the considerations which are natural to my intelligence, and according as my intelligence understands them.<br />
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<b>Q. Does it seem suitable to you, in the Last Supper of our Lord, to represent buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs, and other such absurdities? A. Certainly not. Q. Then why have you done it? A. I did it on the supposition that those people were outside the room in which the Supper was taking place. Q. Do you not know that in Germany and other countries infested by heresy, it is habitual, by means of pictures full of absurdities, to vilify and turn to ridicule the things of the Holy Catholic Church, in order to teach false doctrine to ignorant people who have no common sense?</b><br />
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A. I agree that it is wrong, but I repeat what I have said, that it is my duty to follow the examples given me by my masters. Q. Well, what did your masters paint? Things of this kind, perhaps? A. In Rome, in the Pope's Chapel, Michelangelo has represented Our Lord, His Mother, St. John, St. Peter, and the celestial court; and he has represented all these personages nude, including the Virgin Mary, and in various attitudes not inspired by the most profound religious feeling.<br />
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<b>Q. Do you not understand that in representing the Last Judgment, in which it is a mistake to suppose that clothes are worn, there was no reason for painting any? But in these figures what is there that is not inspired by the Holy Spirit? There are neither buffoons, dogs, weapons, nor other absurdities. Do you think, therefore, according to this or that view, that you did well in so painting your picture, and will you try to prove that it is a good and decent thing? A. No, my most Illustrious Sirs; I do not pretend to prove it, but I had not thought that I was doing wrong; I had never taken so many things into consideration. I had been far from imaging such a great disorder, all the more as I had placed these buffoons outside the room in which Our Lord was sitting.</b><br />
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<b> These things having been said, the judges pronounced that the aforesaid Paolo should be obliged to correct his picture within the space of three months from the date of the reprimand, according to the judgments and decision of the Sacred Court, and altogether at the expense of the said Paolo</b>.<br />
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"Et ita decreverunt omni melius modo." (And so they decided everything for the best!) Crawford observed: "The existing picture proves that Veronese paid no attention to the recommendations of the Court, for I find that it contains every figure referred to."<br />
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Week 10 Explore <br />
Shakespeare <br />
Chapter 19 (pp. 650-656), selections 19.11a and 19.11b. Soliloquy defined on p. 653; review Week 10 Music Folder <br />
Counter-Reform and Mannerism <br />
Chapter 20 (pp. 665-681), Mannerist art; (see also p. 591 in Chapter 17); review Week 10 Music folder <br />
Tintoretto's Last Supper at http://www.wga.hu/html_m/t/tintoret/5_1580s/3lastsup.html (click on the image to enlarge); also at Fig. 20.9 on p. 674 <br />
Tintoretto’s Last Supper, video, at http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/jacopo-tintorettos-last-supper.html <br />
Chapter 14 (p. 491), Leonardo’s Last Supper (Fig. 14.25) <br />
Leonardo’s Last Supper at http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/LeonardoLastSupper.htm <br />
Chapter 20 (pp. 678-680 with Fig. 20.16), "Last Supper" painting and Inquisition trial of the artist Veronese <br />
Trial of Veronese at http://members.efn.org/~acd/Veronese.html <br />
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</b>The Reign of Henry VIII 638<br />
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THE REIGN OF HENRY VIII<br />
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How did Henry VIII transform England?<br />
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However controversial he may have been, Henry VIII brought England to a position of international prominence. By the end of his daughter Elizabeth’s reign in 1603, London could, with some justification, claim to be the very center of Western culture. It was Henry who first insisted the monarch be addressed as “Your Majesty,” rather than “Your Grace” or “Your Highness,” in accord with the air of magnificence that he cultivated in all things associated with his court.<br />
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Mini Bio: <a href="https://youtu.be/vGi2TYAQfXE">Henry VIII</a>, 2:59<br />
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Henry Tudor was born at Greenwich Palace in 1491. Following the death of his brother, he became Henry VIII, king of England. He married six times and initiated the English Reformation. His son, Edward VI, succeeded him after his death in 1547.<br />
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</b>Humanism in Tudor England: Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More 638<br />
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The same year Henry assumed the throne, in 1509, Desiderius Erasmus wrote In Praise of Folly (see Chapter 17), the work that so influenced Martin Luther. Erasmus had an incalculable influence on Henry VIII’s thinking about kingship. For one thing, his attack on monastic life in In Praise of Folly certainly helped Henry justify the dissolution of the monasteries. In his Adages, written off and on from 1500 to 1533, Erasmus opened with a piece about the lessons of Homer’s Iliad (see Chapter 4) that Henry could only have understood as an admonition about his own behavior, particularly his predilection for changing wives at a whim, and the lavishness of his court (Reading 19.1):<br />
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Narration 9: "Erasmus of Rotterdam to his Dear Friend Thomas More on the Publication of Praise, 2:23<br />
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Hans Holbein and Portrait Painting 641</b><br />
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Hans Holbein was one of the most important portraitists of wealthy society in Europe, and he painted hundreds of works during his two extended visits to England (1526–28, 1532–43), including many of Henry (see Fig. 19.3), four of his six wives, scores of portraits of English courtiers and humanists, and just as many of the London German merchant community. Each portrait conveyed the sitter’s status and captured something of the sitter’s identity. The English taste for this genre of painting can be understood as an expression of the culture’s general humanist emphasis on individualism.<br />
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Hans <a href="https://youtu.be/TYhy6BQUPBc">Holbein's Art</a> - The Younger, 3:14<br />
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Hans Holbein the Younger (c. 1498 — between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style.<br />
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He is best known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century. He also produced religious art, satire and Reformation propaganda, and made a significant contribution to the history of book design. He is called "the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, Hans Holbein the Elder, an accomplished painter of the Late Gothic school. Born in Augsburg, Holbein worked mainly in Basel as a young artist. At first he painted murals and religious works and designed for stained glass windows and printed books.<br />
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He also painted the occasional portrait, making his international mark with portraits of the humanist Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. When the Reformation reached Basel, Holbein worked for reformist clients while continuing to serve traditional religious patrons. His Late Gothic style was enriched by artistic trends in Italy, France, and the Netherlands, as well as by Renaissance Humanism.<br />
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The result was a combined aesthetic uniquely his own.<br />
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Holbein travelled to England in 1526 in search of work, with a recommendation from Erasmus. He was welcomed into the humanist circle of Thomas More, where he quickly built a high reputation. After returning to Basel for four years, he resumed his career in England in 1532. This time he worked for the twin founts of patronage, Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell. By 1535, he was King's Painter to King Henry VIII. In this role, he produced not only portraits and festive decorations but designs for jewellery, plate, and other precious objects.<br />
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His portraits of the royal family and nobles are a vivid record of a brilliant court in the momentous years when Henry was asserting his supremacy over the English church. Holbein's art was prized from early in his career. The French poet and reformer Nicholas Bourbon dubbed him "the Apelles of our time". Holbein has also been described as a great "one-off" of art history, since he founded no school. After his death, some of his work was lost, but much was collected, and by the 19th century, Holbein was recognised among the great portrait masters. Recent exhibitions have also highlighted his versatility. He turned his fluid line to designs ranging from intricate jewellery to monumental frescoes. Holbein's art has sometimes been called realist, since he drew and painted with a rare precision. His portraits were renowned in their time for their likeness; and it is through Holbein's eyes that many famous figures of his day, such as Erasmus and More, are now "seen". Holbein was never content, however, with outward appearance. He embedded layers of symbolism, allusion, and paradox in his art, to the lasting fascination of scholars. In the view of art historian Ellis Waterhouse, his portraiture "remains unsurpassed for sureness and economy of statement, penetration into character, and a combined richness and purity of style".<br />
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</b>Henry’s Marriages and His Defiance of Rome 642<br />
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One of Holbein’s most challenging tasks was painting the portraits of Henry’s succession of wives. These portraits were politically sensitive, as Henry’s marriages posed a serious threat to his position as “Defender of the Faith.” His marriage to Katharine of Aragon forced the issue. By 1527, Katharine had endured many miscarriages and stillbirths, and had successfully delivered only two children, one of whom survived, Mary, born February 18, 1516. Henry, who desperately wanted a male heir, had also fallen in love with one of Katharine’s ladies-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn. He could not marry Anne unless the pope agreed to annul his marriage to Katharine, and the pope might not see Henry’s side of the argument. Not only had Katharine borne two children during their 18-year marriage, but she was also the aunt of Charles V, who happened to be holding Pope Clement VII hostage in 1527 after the Sack of Rome. Furthermore, Henry’s marriage to Katharine had required a special papal dispensation in the first place (since Katharine had first been married to Henry’s now-deceased brother Arthur). When Henry’s annulment was denied, he convened what became known as the Protestant Parliament, which quickly recognized Henry, not the pope, as head of the Church of England. England was now in open defiance of the papacy, and Henry no longer its “Defender of the Faith,” although he continued to claim the title for the English crown. In January 1533, he married the pregnant Anne Boleyn.<br />
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<b> </b> <b>2:25 The <a href="https://youtu.be/Gqs0HBcdc74">Six Wives Of Henry VIII</a></b><br />
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England, Apr 21 1509, Henry VIII became King. Bolded bios of wifes were killed.<br />
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He was determined to create a Tudor dynasty. Catherine Of Aragon - 1st Wife Born: Dec 16 1485 Married: June 11 1509 Divorced/Annulled: 1533 Died: Jan 7 1536 Catherine was born in Madrid, Spain, daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon & Queen Isabella I of Castile. She married Henry's older brother Arthur, Nov 14 1501, but Apr 2 1502 he died of "sweating sickness". Henry VII did not want to return Catherine Of Aragon's dowry, so arranged for her to marry Henry. He was 5 years younger than her. Henry VII, then left it on hold, keeping the dowry. After Henry VIII was crowned, he married Catherine. Although she bore Henry 6 children, only 1 survived. She would become Queen Mary, known as "Bloody Mary". Henry believed the reason for the lack of a male heir was a cursed marriage as Catherine of Aragon was his brother, Prince Arthur's widow. After 24 years of marriage, he declared it illegal. Catherine was banished from court dying 2 years later.<br />
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<b>Anne Boleyn - 2nd Wife Born: c1500 Married: Jan 1533 Divorced/Annulled: 1536 Executed: May 19 1536 When Henry VIII noticed Anne, her sister was his mistress. Anne was stylish & an accomplished musician. Henry attempted to seduce her, but she rejected him. His solution was to annull his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, & wed Anne. Pope Clement refused to grant this, so Henry broke the church in England away from Rome. He granted his own annulment & married Anne. She gave birth to a girl who would reign as Queen Elizabeth I, followed by 3 miscarriages. Anne Boleyn had a bad temper, argued with Henry & made enemies at court. Henry became impatient with her behaviour & lack of a male heir. He also wanted to marry Jane Seymour. Henry said he had been seduced into marriage by sorcery. Anne was sent to the Tower of London, accused of adultery & plotting the king's death. Found guilty she was beheaded on Tower Green. </b><br />
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Jane Seymour - 3rd Wife Born: c1509 Married: 30 May 1536 Died: 24 Oct 1537 A day after Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry VIII became engaged to Jane Seymour, who had served in Anne Boleyn's household. They married 10 days later. Jane was very different to Anne Boleyn. She was fair & her household was strictly run. Oct 12 1537, Jane gave birth to a boy. Henry was overjoyed. He had a male heir! The boy would become King Edward VI, but die aged just 15. Jane died 12 days later from an infection. Henry mourned her death & did not remarry for 3 years. Jane Seymour was Henry VIII's favourite wife. He is buried next to her.<br />
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Anne of Cleves - 4th Wife Born: 1515 Married: Jan 6 1540 Divorced: July 1540 Died: July 16 1557 After Henry VIII decided to marry again, Anne of Cleves & her sister Amelia were considered. Hans Holbein the Younger, was sent to Germany to paint them & told to make the paintings realistic. Marriage was agreed, however Anne was not as described, looking old for her age. Henry called her a "Flanders Mare". The feeling was mutual. But the marriage went ahead to preserve England's relations with Germany. After just six months it was annulled. In gratitude to her consenting to the annulment, Henry gave Anne land & property. They became good friends.<br />
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<b>Catherine Howard - 5th Wife Born: c1521 Married: July 28 1540 Executed: February 13 1542 Catherine Howard was a lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves. Henry married her a few weeks after his divorce. She was frivolous, a dangerous trait to have being married to Henry VIII. He showered Catherine with expensive gifts. However, he was 30 years older & she found him unattractive beginning an affair with Thomas Culpeper, a favourite of Henry VIII. Soon news reached Henry. After being shown a love letter, Catherine was charged with treason, adultery & for not informing Henry VIII of affairs she had before the marriage. She was executed aged either 20 or 21.</b><br />
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Catherine Parr - 6th Wife Born: 1512 Married: July 12 1543 Widowed: Jan 28 1547 Died: Sept 5 1548 Catherine, probably the most influential of Henry VIII's wives, worked in the household of his daughter Mary. She was a widow in a relationship with Thomas Seymour (1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley). After Henry VIII proposed, she was obliged to marry him. Catherine had good relations with all of Henry VIII's children, helping to reconcile him with daughters, Mary & Elizabeth. July-Sept 1544 Catherine was made regent effectively ruling the country. This was whilst Henry was on his last military campaign. It has been speculated Catherine's character & religious beliefs were a big influence on her stepdaughter Elizabeth I. Henry VIII was sick & Catherine was more nurse than wife. Henry VIII died Jan 28 1547 & was buried in Windsor next to his third wife, Jane Seymour. Catherine Parr then married Thomas Seymour, but soon died from childbirth complications.<br />
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-NEW- <a href="https://youtu.be/zoCoxOBsBvw">I'm Henry VIII I Am</a> Herman's Hermits HD {Stereo}<br />
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1965.......#1 U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #27 Australia<br />
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Herman's Hermits - - - <a href="https://youtu.be/4cly_2pGTNw">I'm Henry VIII I Am</a> - - 1964, 1:56<br />
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</b>Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth: The Continuing Religious Conflict 643<br />
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Edward VI was only 10 years of age when he became king in 1547. A Protestant himself, and influenced by his Protestant regents, Edward ordered the removal of images and altars from churches, decreed salvation by faith alone and the supremacy of the Bible, and overturned Catholic doctrines that his father had upheld even as he had revolted from the Church itself.<br />
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The changes were short-lived, for when Edward died at age 16 in 1553, his half-sister Mary I (Fig. 19.6), a devout Catholic, assumed the throne. She quickly restored Catholic doctrine and practice. She also made a political marriage with the militant Prince Philip of Spain in 1554—making the Catholic Philip king of England (he would become King Philip II of Spain in 1556—see Chapter 22). Mary executed 282 Protestants by burning them at the stake, and forced hundreds of others into exile in Germany and Switzerland. Mary died only five years into her reign, and Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558. Like Edward, she had been raised a Protestant, but Elizabeth strove to find a middle ground by merging, in her new Anglican Church—more formally known as the Church of England—traditional Catholic ritual and a broadly defined Protestant doctrine.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/m6wXXG3a2GQ">Tudor Religious Rollercoaster</a>, 6:01<br />
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The Tudors changed the way religion, especially Christianity, was and is today, following their fluctuation from Protestantism and Catholicism in a so called 'Religious Roller-coaster'. Henry did reform the Church to Protestantism, but he had a Catholic funeral, so it's widely believed that he was still slightly Catholic, and his motives to reform the Church were simply based on ease of mind. Edward however, had clearer incentive, in that he completely 'Protestantised' the Church, finishing his dad's job with extreme bans on Catholic virtues. Mary I, commonly known as Bloody Mary was brought up as a Catholic, and she was a deep believer in Catholicism, brutally attacking and punishing Protestants, by burning them on the stake. Elizabeth I was a comitted Protestant, but unlike Mary I, wanted to stay popular with the public, even Catholics. She did press higher charges and taxes on Catholics, so she was a Protestant, but not all the way as she wanted to keep her people happy.<br />
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</b>Elizabethan England 646<br />
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How did the arts flourish under Queen Elizabeth I?<br />
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England flourished under Elizabeth I, even though it remained religiously divided, sometimes beset by rebellion, mired in personal and political intrigue, and threatened by Catholic Europe. What held English society together was a common sense of destiny and purpose, a shared belief in the greatness of England itself, and a booming national economy. Some in England soon came to see it as the center of culture, or even of the world, with London as its shining light. We find these feelings of national pride articulated by the princely character John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, in the historical play Richard II, written by William Shakespeare (1564–1616) a mere six years after the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English navy (Reading 19.3):<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/_kDKZeLPqJ0">Elizabethan England</a>, 4:49<br />
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A short screencast about the Daily Life in Elizabethan England. Including clothing, food, social status, warfare, role of religion and work.<br />
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</b>Elizabeth I and the Arts: Painting and Poetic Forms 647<br />
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Shakespeare was the direct beneficiary of a monarchy that championed the arts, especially the literary arts. Elizabeth I could speak Latin, French, and Italian, and was reasonably competent in Greek. In painting, she favored portraiture, like her father, and was herself the subject of many portraits. Her Armada Portrait (see Fig. 19.7) is typical of post-Holbein portraiture in the Elizabethan court. Few English painters could match Holbein’s skill in depicting volume, texture, and light. Most tended to concentrate on elaborate decorative effects. Set behind the flat patterning of her lace collar, pearl necklaces, and jewel-encrusted dress, Elizabeth appears almost bodiless—the exact opposite of Holbein’s emphatically embodied portrait of Henry VIII (see Fig. 19.3). This sense of two-dimensionality appears, too, in the elaborate detail of Elizabeth’s gown in the so-called Darnley Portrait of Elizabeth I (Fig. 19.8), with its repetitive interlace of intricate pattern and rich texture.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/twqgDABJtfg">Elizabethan Portraiture</a>: Iconography of Ubiquity, 3:38<br />
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Queen Elizabeth never looks quite real in her portraits... I propose a couple reasons why. Please subscribe for more Art History Videos. Written, Edited, and narrated by James Earle with the help of Dr. Lesley Peterson<br />
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</b>Music in the Elizabethan Age 650<br />
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Elizabeth was an accomplished musician and an avid fan of the madrigal. Her enthusiasm for this musical form probably accounts for its popularity in England during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. A madrigal is a complex polyphonic unaccompanied song based on a secular text (see Chapter 15). In 1588, Music from across the Alps, an anthology of 57 Italian madrigals translated into English, was published in London. Two years later, Italian Madrigals Englished appeared. But English composers were not to be outdone. Thomas Morley, the organist at Saint Paul’s Cathedral, complained about the English public’s penchant for liking “whatever cometh from beyond the seas (and specially from Italy) be it ever so simple, [while] condemning that which is done at home though it be never so excellent.” Morley was owner of the monopoly on publishing music in England, so his sentiments were obviously self-serving. Nevertheless, he wrote and published more madrigals than any other English composer, many of them inspired by Italian sources. In 1601, he also published an anthology of madrigals honoring Elizabeth, The Triumphs of Oriana, named for a mythological shepherd queen, Oriana, who personified Elizabeth.<br />
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Great <a href="https://youtu.be/q_RcMug23po">Music from the court of Elizabeth</a> 1 by the Elizabethan Consort.wmv, 4:17<br />
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Elizabeth I's court was a great place to be a musician, and opportunities to make music were all around, whether for use in religious services, or for pleasurable moments during entertainment and relaxation. William Byrd was the queen's particular musical favourite, but this did not exclude others such as Morley or Allison from getting a hearing. This album concentrates on the secular rather than the sacred, and, from music in praise of the Queen, and of England, to dance tunes and songs, it presents a selection of many of the types of music which a courtier in late sixteenth century London would have heard and known. (from album description) I claim no right to this song; and this video is not 'monetized.' The video was simply created for a class to showcase Elizabethan music, and I happen to have bought the CD of Elizabethan Consort when I was in Oxford as a Study Abroad Program student.<br />
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</b>The Elizabethan Stage 651<br />
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What are the characteristics of the Elizabethan stage and what were Marlowe’s and Shakespeare’s contributions to it?<br />
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The most remarkable cultural characteristic of Elizabethan England was the rise of drama as a popular art form. The rise of theater coincided with the growth of the middle and upper classes, who now had the leisure time to enjoy an occasional play or two. For centuries, the English had adored theatrical pageantry—minstrels and acrobats passing through town, guild pageants traveling through city streets (pageant literally means “movable stage” in Middle English), and especially religious plays. Chief among the last of these are the so-called miracle and morality plays.<br />
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In a strict sense, miracle plays are nonscriptural dramas based upon the legend of some saint or of a miracle performed by some saint or sacred object. In a broader sense, they include scriptural dramas. Miracle plays became very popular in the early fourteenth century. Easter and Christmas plays were joined into cycles representing the whole course of sacred history from the Creation to the Last Judgment. They were performed at a number of locations around the city in a single day, generally by townspeople. Four such cycles survive—the Towneley, Chester, York, and Coventry plays. The morality plays developed out of the miracle plays in the fifteenth century. In these dramatized allegories, abstract virtues and vices or other human qualities appear in human form (a device known as personification) and either struggle for the human soul or act out some moral truth or lesson.<br />
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Early in Elizabeth’s reign, government authorities banned performances of most of these religious plays, fearing that the Catholic origins and sentiments of these dramas might stir up religious tensions. But the court itself was extremely supportive of theater in general. Henry VIII had loved what were called revels, large-scale entertainments that depicted mythological or chivalric themes in an allegorical manner organized by the king’s Master of the Revels. Henry often participated in them himself. He also employed traveling bands of players to perform interludes during breaks in the larger entertainments. Often written in doggerel verse, interludes were generally comical or allegorical. “Pyramus and Thisbe,” the play-within-a-play in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer’s Night Dream, is just such an interlude.<br />
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Until 1576, no permanent theater existed in England. Amphitheaters in Southwark, on the south bank of the Thames (see Map 19.2), were used for bear-baiting, and many inns made for natural playhouses, as they were designed around inner courtyards with upstairs rooms looking in. Companies of actors were officially adopted by noblemen, wore their patron’s feudal livery, and were officially his servants. James Burbage belonged to a troupe adopted by the earl of Leicester, known as Leicester’s Men. In the spring of 1576, Burbage opened the Theater of Shoreditch, just outside the walls of London, and the relationship between actors and patrons changed. Troupes of actors no longer depended completely on their masters; now they could also rely on the popularity of their plays to bring in profits and support themselves.<br />
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The basic price of admission to Burbage’s Theater was one penny, which in 1600 could buy one chicken or two tankards of ale. A laborer’s wage was three or four pence, or pennies, a day. Burbage’s Theater was thus affordable, which partly accounts for its success; one penny soon became the standard base price of admission for all London theaters. Although public playhouses varied, in general they were open-air structures consisting of three tiers of covered galleries (in which seats cost between three and six pence). In front of the stage, an open courtyard area held the groundlings. These theatergoers paid the one-penny base price of admission, stood throughout the performance, and wandered in and out at will, eating and drinking as they enjoyed the play. A rectangular stage, about 40 feet wide, projected into the courtyard. Behind it were exits to dressing rooms and balconies where players might look out on the action beneath them on the stage proper. Out of a trap door, in center stage, a ghost might rise.<br />
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In 1598, Burbage’s company, now headed by James’s son Richard, tore down the Shoreditch theater, in a dispute over the lease, and rebuilt it across the river in Southwark at Bankside, in the neighborhood previously associated with bear-baiting. He re-named it “The Globe” (Figs. 19.9 and 19.10). It could seat 3,000 people. The Swan and the Rose, large theaters that were already established at Bankside, could seat about the same. Watermen who transported London audiences across the river to the theaters claimed to carry 3,000 to 4,000 theatergoers to Bankside every afternoon. Including those arriving by foot across London Bridge, as many as 9,000 Londoners descended on the playhouses each day.<br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/o978_nEhyMM">Theater in Shakespeare's Time</a> (clip), 2:32<br />
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The many facets and traditions of the Elizabethan theater and the unique characteristics of the stage are visualized within the context of the society of Shakespeare's time. Shakespeare wrote his plays for the stage on which they were performed, for the actors, and for an audience which represented a cross-section of the citizens of London. Produced by Seabourne Enterprises, Ltd.<br />
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</b>Christopher Marlowe: The Legend of Faustus 653<br />
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The relationship between illusion and reality, and our inability to distinguish between the two, is, in fact, the focus of one of the most important pre-Shakespearean plays performed in London, The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus by Christopher Marlowe (1564–93). It was first performed in 1588, with great success. We know very little about Marlowe’s life, although it is clear that he served the throne in some capacity. At the time of his death, rumors surfaced that he was a spy. We do know, from a coroner’s report discovered in 1923, that he was stabbed in the eye in a brawl over a bar tab on June 1, 1593.<br />
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Dr. Faustus owes a great debt to the morality plays of the previous century. Faustus is a German professor at Luther’s Wittenberg, dissatisfied with what traditional scholarship can teach him. He turns to black magic when Mephistopheles, Lucifer’s assistant, reveals its power to him in a vision. In a scene deeply indebted to the morality play, a Good Angel and a Bad Angel argue for control of Faustus’s conscience. He signs over his soul to Lucifer for what he believes will be 24 years of pleasure and intellectual power. Although Faustus is tempted to repent, Mephistopheles wins him for good with a mimed show of the Seven Deadly Sins, a scene that also derives directly from the example of the morality plays. In a series of interludes that the audience is to understand as taking place over the passage of a great deal of time, Faustus plays a practical joke on the papal court, presents the emperor Charles V with a vision of Alexander the Great and his lover, and makes the spirit of Helen of Troy appear in a debate with his students over the question “Who is the most beautiful woman in the world?” At his death he finally realizes his mistake, expressing his thoughts in a soliloquy, or interior monologue (Reading 19.10). (A soliloquy expresses a character’s innermost thoughts. On the stage, the character appears to be talking to him- or herself, oblivious to anyone present.)<br />
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Doctor Faustus - Marlowe - Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, 2:35<br />
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Doctor Faustus, restless for knowledge, forsakes scholarship for magic and makes a pact with the Devil: if the veil spirit Mephistopheles will serve him for 24 years, Faustus will yield his soul to the Devil after death. It isn't long before Faustus has doubts about the bargain, but Mephistopheles has plenty of entertainment at hand to distract Faustus from the terrifying reality of his position and the prospect of its agonizing conclusion. In Doctor Faustus, the greatest tragedy in English before Shakespeare, Marlowe puts some of the finest poetry ever written for the stage and a good deal of anarchic comedy at the service of a mythic tale illustrating mankind's insatiable desire for knowledge and power. Featuring Paul Hilton as Faustus and Arthur Darvill as Mephistopheles: 'elegant and intelligent verse speakers' The Times. Please visit http://www.kultur.com/Doctor-Faustus-...<br />
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Did <a href="https://youtu.be/ku4zOtYd-Is">Robert Johnson really sell his soul</a>? 5:57<br />
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Rock Expose arguing that Robert Johnson sold his soul to the Devil in exchange for guitar playing powers.<br />
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</b>William Shakespeare: “The play’s the thing!” 653<br />
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The Rose Theatre hosted the first of Shakespeare’s plays known to have been staged in London: Henry VI, Part I, and Titus Andronicus, both performed in 1592. We actually know almost nothing about Shakespeare’s preparation to be a playwright. When he was in his twenties, during the 1580s, he lived in almost total obscurity. But beginning in about 1590, two years before his first two plays were staged, he was active in the London theater. Shakespeare’s company was Burbage’s newly renamed Lord Chamberlain’s Players at the Globe, and he earned 10 percent of its profits. He wrote his plays with specific actors in the company in mind and played only minor roles himself. Richard Burbage was the leading man, playing the title role in Shakespeare’s major tragedies Richard II, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear. Though many of Shakespeare’s characters sing—and music plays an important role in the plays—none of the characters played by Burbage ever sing a note, because Burbage himself was tone-deaf.<br />
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William <a href="https://youtu.be/geev441vbMI">Shakespeare</a> - Mini Biography, 4:43<br />
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Watch a short video biography of William Shakespeare, The Bard of Avon best known for his plays "Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet," and "King Lear." Learn more about William Shakespeare: http://bit.ly/TPrqTS Watch more videos of William Shakespeare: http://bit.ly/UC7gxS<br />
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</b>The English in Virginia 656<br />
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What was unique about the English colonization of the Americas?<br />
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In one of his last plays, The Tempest, first performed in November 1611, Shakespeare created a work that many scholars find tempting to read as a parable of the colonial exploitation of the Americas. His chief protagonist, Prospero, once Duke of Milan, has been stranded on a remote island for 12 years with his daughter Miranda, the two having been left to die on a raft at sea by Prospero’s jealous brother. Over the years, Prospero has assumed control of the island and its spirits and nymphs, including Ariel, the chief agent of Prospero’s considerable magical powers, whom he has promised to one day free, and Caliban, his servant, described as a monster, a “thing of darkness … as disproportion’d in his manners / As in his shape.” Caliban rankles at his servitude. Told that he should be grateful for having learned language, he replies:<br />
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You taught me language; and my proft on’t<br />
Is, I know how to curse: the red plague rid you<br />
For learning me your language!<br />
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It is easy enough, then, to see Caliban as a figure for the Native American (it seems likely that Shakespeare was reading a new English translation of Montaigne’s essay “Of Cannibals” [see Reading 17.7 in Chapter 17] as he wrote the play), and Prospero as the embodiment of colonial overseer.<br />
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Whether Shakespeare intended this reading—or instead was interested only in exploring the faces of political power in more general terms—we can be certain that he was well aware of England’s colonial aspirations. Faced with the prospect of an ever more powerful and increasingly wealthy Hispanic Catholic presence in the Americas, England sought to establish its own colonial foothold in the New World as well. In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh (1552–1618) secured a charter from Queen Elizabeth giving him the right “to discover, search, find and view such remote heathen and barbarous lands, countries and territories, not actually possessed of any Christian Prince, nor inhabited by Christian people as to him, his heirs and assigns, to every or any of them shall seem good, and the same to have hold and occupy and enjoy, to him his heirs and assigns forever.” America, north of Florida at least, was Raleigh’s for the taking.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/YoXpLHwJH4c">Shakespeare's Brave New World: Virginia</a>, 4:31<br />
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Although Shakespeare's beastly Caliban, in the Tempest, is overtly compared to Native Americans, at play's end, the character confesses his errors and promises, thereafter "to seek for grace", leaving room in the audience's mind for the possibility of his redemption. Meanwhile, the Bard expresses the hopes of the best of Englishmen and Natives that something truly noble might come from the experiment: a biracial, or even a multi-racial, society. This ideal is movingly expressed by the virginal Miranda on her first encounter with the great variety of humanity: "O, Brave New World, that has such creatures in it!" The clips are from BBC’s The Shakespeare Plays: The Tempest (1980); The Tempest (2010); Prospero’s Books (1991); “Wishbone: The Tempest”; The Tempest (1983); The Tempest (1979); “Shakespeare Behind Bars: The Tempest”; Animated Shakespeare: “The Tempest”; “Doug”; “Sealab 2021”; O Brother, Where Art Thou (2000); ESPN SportsCenter; “Amistad II” (satire); The Tempest (1998); Forbidden Planet (1956); Star Trek: “Requiem for Methusela”; Shakespeare in Love (1998); The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders (1996).<br />
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</b>The Roanoke Colonies 656<br />
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An expedition led by two of Raleigh’s lieutenants determined that the best place to establish such a colony was the Outer Banks of present-day North Carolina. From there, they believed, it would be possible to raid Spanish settlements to the south, as well as explore the as yet uncharted territories inland. To those ends, Raleigh dispatched an expedition of 108 men in the spring of 1585, which was composed almost entirely of soldiers who had fought to establish English rule in Ireland. In June, seven vessels led by Sir Richard Greenville landed on an island they called Roanoke, after the word for “money” in the language of the Algonquin peoples whom they found living in the larger region, which they named Virginia, after Queen Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen.”<br />
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The first expedition was short-lived. For one, Greenville’s supply ship was grounded on a shoal off the Outer Banks, and almost all the company’s supplies were lost. Greenville returned to England in order to resupply the colony. In his absence, Algonquian Indians did at first come to their aid, but relations quickly deteriorated and within a year, the desperate settlers sailed home on board a ship commanded by Sir Francis Drake (1540–96), who stopped at Roanoke on his way home from the Caribbean on a mission, also financed by Raleigh, to capture Spanish treasure ships<br />
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Undaunted, Raleigh organized a second expedition, this one to be headed by a member of the original 1585 expedition, John White (ca. 1540–ca. 1593). White had returned from the 1585 expedition with watercolors that, in addition to recording the local flora and fauna of the region, chronicled the customs of the local Algonquian peoples as carefully as possible. In 1590, Theodore de Bry (1528–98), a Flemish engraver particularly dedicated to publishing accounts of the New World, issued A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia, an account of the 1585 Roanoke expedition written by White’s friend, the scientist Thomas Hariot (1560–1621). It was originally written in Latin, as a scientific text, and translated into English by Richard Hakluyt (1522/23–1616). Hakluyt was himself author of a lengthy memorandum personally delivered to Queen Elizabeth in 1584 in support of Raleigh’s request for a charter entitled A Particular Discourse concerninge the Greate Necessitie and Manifolde Commodyties That Are Like to Growe to This Realme of Englande by the Westerne Discoveries Lately Attempted. He readily understood the value in creating popular interest in and enthusiasm for settling the New World, and he encouraged de Bry to include in Hariot’s Brief and True Report illustrations based on White’s watercolors (all of White’s paintings survive, housed today in the British Museum).<br />
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The Lost <a href="https://youtu.be/ofhIJ1wMKtc">Roanoke</a> Colony, 2:58<br />
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One of the greatest mysteries still left unsolved is the mystery of The Lost Roanoke Colony. Join Cliff as he analyzes the facts and theories behind what might have happened to the missing colonists. That Was History is an educational, history channel with a laid back feel. TWH was founded by Cliff Langston and Jeremy Payne. Each episode contains a historical event and facts that correspond to a particular date. Join the That Was History community and start getting your daily history update, today!<br />
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</b>Jamestown 658<br />
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White’s second expedition arrived at Roanoke in July 1587 with about 100 colonists, many of them families from Devon who had been promised 500 acres apiece in return for settling the new colony. But the expedition was woefully undersupplied, and on August 25, White returned to England in order to reprovision the colony for the winter. England’s war with Spain, primarily a naval affair headed by Raleigh himself, left White unable to secure a relief expedition, and it was not until August 1590 that he returned to Roanoke. There he found no trace of any colonists, including his own daughter, Eleanor, her husband, Ananias Dare, and his granddaughter, Virginia Dare, who on August 18, 1587, had been the first child born of English parents in the New World.<br />
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The prospect of colonization seemed tenuous, until finally, in 1607, Captain John Smith (1580–1631) established the first successful British colony in Virginia at Jamestown on the James River, about 40 miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean and the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, both the settlement and the river named after Queen Elizabeth’s successor in England, King James I. This expedition was financed by a group of investors from London that came to be known as the London Company of Virginia. In order to recruit settlers, they inaugurated what historian Richard Hofstadter has called “one of the first concerted and sustained advertising campaigns in the history of the modern world.” Hakluyt, an original member of the London Company, published in 1609 a tract entitled Virginia Richly Valued, typical of the materials intended to promote the Company. Its purpose is summarized on the title page: “Wherein are truly observed the riches and fertilities of these parts, abounding with things necessary, pleasant, and profitable for the life of man.”<br />
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If descriptions of the horticultural prospects of the New World were designed to seem appealing, it seemed equally important to downplay the hostilities of the Indians. The famous story of Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, the chief of the Algonquian-speaking Powhatan tribes of the lower Chesapeake region, saving Captain Smith’s life was popularized in no small part to demonstrate the inherent goodness of the native peoples. If the story is, perhaps, apocryphal, and whatever her actual role in saving Smith’s life when her father threatened him, it seems certain that Smith wanted to associate himself more closely with the young woman who epitomized in the eyes of many the successes of the Jamestown colony and its “civilizing” mission. In 1613, Pocahontas had been captured by the Jamestown colonists in order to pressure Powhatan to release a number of English prisoners and stolen weapons. Negotiations between Powhatan and the English proved fruitless, and over the course of the next year, Pocahontas was instructed in English and Christianity, baptized and christened Rebecca, and married to the settler John Rolfe, who in 1611 had begun to farm tobacco successfully, creating the first real cash crop export from the New World. Their only child, Thomas Rolfe, was born in 1615, and the marriage apparently soothed relations between the colonists and the Powhatans.<br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/ZINHFyVDp3s">Jamestown</a> Colony, 4:58<br />
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Despite themselves, some of the first colonists in the United States survived. Here's how... Check out www.HippoCampus.org for more history lessons and other homework help.<br />
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https://youtu.be/ZINHFyVDp3s<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZINHFyVDp3s" width="560"></iframe> <b> </b><br />
<b><br />
</b> THINKING BACK19.1 Explain how Henry VIII transformed England.<br />
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In the sixteenth century, London would become one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, due in no small part to Henry VIII’s dissolution of the monasteries in 1536. Henry surrounded himself with humanist scholars, including Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More. How does More’s Utopia critique Henry’s England? Portraiture was the chief form of visual art supported by Henry’s court. How do you account for this taste? The chief portrait painter of the day was Hans Holbein. While Holbein’s paintings evidence the meticulous realism characteristic of the Northern Renaissance, how do they reflect larger concerns?<br />
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Henry’s reign was complicated by his unceasing desire to father a male heir and, as a consequence, his marriage to a succession of wives. These marriages forced him to break with the Church in Rome. Henry’s three heirs—Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth—were variously Protestant or Catholic. What strains did his heirs’ varying religious sympathies put on the court? How did Elizabeth finally secure England’s central place in world affairs?<br />
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19.2 Outline the flourishing of the arts under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I.<br />
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England flourished under Elizabeth’s rule, and the queen was a great supporter of the arts. How did portrait painting in her court differ stylistically from portrait painting under her father? How did Elizabeth’s taste manifest itself in poetry as well? What are the characteristics of one of the primary poetic forms of Elizabethan England, the sonnet? Elizabeth was also an accomplished musician, whose favorite form was apparently the madrigal, hundreds of which were written by Thomas Morley. The publication of The Book of Common Prayer encouraged composers to write motets in English that came to be known as anthems, a form in which the composer Thomas Tallis excelled. Perhaps the greatest composer of the day was William Byrd. Although he excelled in almost every form of musical composition, what did he particularly encourage?<br />
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19.3 Characterize the Elizabethan stage and the contributions to it of both Marlowe and Shakespeare.<br />
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Perhaps the greatest artistic achievement of the Elizabethan age was its drama. Thousands of people flocked daily to the playhouses on the south bank of the Thames. Christopher Marlowe’s Tragical History of Dr. Faustus introduced an important figure to the Elizabethan theater, the tragic hero who seeks the unattainable. But audiences were especially attracted to the plays of William Shakespeare, whose greatest achievement is, perhaps, the tragedy Hamlet. In what way is Hamlet unique in the early seventeenth century as a dramatic character?<br />
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19.4 Describe the unique features of the English colonization of the Americas.<br />
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Unwilling to cede control of the New World to the Spanish, Queen Elizabeth encouraged exploration and settlement of areas north of Spanish control. Unlike the Spanish, the English dispatched families intent on settling and making a new life in the New World. What was the primary motive for settlement? What were the obstacles that settlers faced?<b><br />
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<b></b><br />
<b><br />
</b>READINGS<br />
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19.1 from Desiderius Erasmus, The Adages of Erasmus (1500–33) 638<br />
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19.2 from Thomas More, Utopia, Book 2 (1516) 661<br />
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19.2a from Thomas More, Utopia, Book 2 (1516) 640<br />
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19.3 from William Shakespeare, Richard II, Act 2, Scene 1 (1594) 646<br />
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19.4 Elizabeth I, “On Monsieur’s Departure” (1582) 648<br />
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19.5 Thomas Wyatt, “List to Hunt” (first published 1557) 649<br />
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19.6 William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130 (1609) 649<br />
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19.7 William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18 (1609) 649<br />
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19.8 Edmund Spenser, Sonnet 75, from the Amoretti (1595) 650<br />
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19.9 from William Byrd, Psalms, Sonnets, & Songs (1588) 651<br />
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19.10 from Christopher Marlowe, The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, Scene 14 (1604) 653<br />
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19.11a from William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 2, Scene 2 (1623) 654<br />
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19.11b from William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 1 (1623) 655<br />
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19.12 from Thomas Hariot, A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1590) 657<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CONTEXT<br />
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The Tudor Genealogy 641<br />
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The Sonnet 648<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Holbein’s The Ambassadors 644<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The New Universe 659<br />
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20 The Early Counter- Reformation and Mannerism RESTRAINT AND INVENTION 663<br />
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THINKING AHEAD<br />
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20.1 Explain the rationale behind the Counter-Reformation, and the Council of Trent's effect on the arts.<br />
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20.2 Discuss the new stylistic directions introduced by Michelangelo in his late work.<br />
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20.3 Define Mannerism and describe its stylistic features.<br />
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20.4 Examine how the Inquisition affected the arts.<b> </b><br />
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<b><br />
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</b>The Counter-Reformation 665<br />
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What was the Counter-Reformation and how did it address the arts?<br />
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In 1493, the year after Columbus arrived in America, Pope Alexander VI decreed that the New World was the property of the Church, which he chose to rent in its entirety to Spain (he was himself Spanish). Alexander’s papal bull made clear that no other country could occupy any of these territories without the pope’s permission and, by extension, his direct financial benefit. Thus, the subsequent colonization of North America by France and England was, from the Church’s point of view, an act of piracy.<br />
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As King of Spain, Charles V was the direct beneficiary of the pope’s pronouncements. From his point of view, the Americas served but one purpose—to provide funds for his continuing war against Francis I of France. The two monarchs had been at war since 1521 but never with any clear outcome for any significant period of time. The papacy needed both of them as allies in its campaign against the Protestant Reformation. But it was Charles V whose troops, to his embarrassment, had sacked Rome in 1527 and imprisoned Pope Clement VII (Giulio de’ Medici), as a direct response to Clement’s alliance with Francis I and Henry VIII of England.<br />
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The enmity between Charles V and Francis I went back to the election of Charles as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1521. When, after the death of Emperor Maximilian, Charles out of courtesy informed Francis that he intended to seek election as emperor, Francis had replied, “Sire, we are both courting the same lady.” The pope backed Francis, but Charles secured a loan of 500,000 florins from a bank in Augsburg and literally bought the votes of the seven electors.<br />
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Charles’s empire was immense. By heredity and marriage, it included the Netherlands, where he had been born (in Ghent), the Iberian peninsula, southern Italy, Milan, Austria and parts of present-day Germany, and the Franche-Comté (see brown areas in Map 20.1). To this was added the lands of the Holy Roman Empire (outlined in red in Map 20.1), including all of Germany, Switzerland, and more of Italy. Because of its vast size, Charles’s territory was susceptible to attack from virtually all directions, as Suleiman the Magnificent, Emperor of the Ottoman Empire, demonstrated when, at Francis’s request, he defeated and killed Charles’s brother-in-law, Louis II of Hungary, in 1526. Thus embattled, Charles claimed to want peace so that the Church, and its Catholic kings, could turn their united attention to the threat of Protestantism. And finally, in 1544, Charles entered France from the Netherlands. Francis was sufficiently frightened, or sufficiently tired of the endless conflict, that he sued for peace. Together the two kings then turned to Pope Paul III and pressured him to call a general council to be held at Trento, in northern Italy, beginning December 3, 1545, to confront their common enemy, the Protestant challenge.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/BUcGO4yB9hg">Art Briefly: Caravaggio and the Counter-Reformation</a>, 2:35<br />
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Giulia briefly describes Caravaggio's importance as a Baroque artist. For more visit us at http://wonderfeast.com.<br />
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https://youtu.be/BUcGO4yB9hg<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BUcGO4yB9hg" width="560"></iframe> <b> </b><br />
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<b><br />
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</b>The Council of Trent 665<br />
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The resolution of the conflict between Charles and Francis marks a moment when historical urgency profoundly affected the direction of humanistic enterprise. The resulting Council of Trent was charged with reforming the Church. It met in three sessions, and owing to war, plague, and the political strategies of the papacy itself, it spanned the careers of four different popes over 18 years: 1545–47, 1551–52, and 1562–63. The Council concentrated on restoring internal Church discipline. It called a halt to the selling of Church offices and religious goods, a common practice used by clergy to pad their coffers. It required bishops, many of whom lived in Rome, to return to their dioceses, where, they were told, they needed to preach regularly, exert discipline over local religious practice, and be active among their parishioners. They were warned not to live ostentatiously:<br />
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It is to be desired that those who undertake the office of bishop shall understand … that they are called, not to their own convenience, not to riches or luxury, but to labors and cares, for the glory of God. … Wherefore … this Council not only orders that bishops be content with modest furniture and a frugal table and diet, but that they also give heed that in the rest of their manner of living and in their whole house there be nothing seen which is alien to this holy institution, and which does not manifest simplicity, zeal toward God, and a contempt of vanities.<br />
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The bishops were to maintain strict celibacy, which they had not been required to do before. And they were to construct a seminary in every diocese.<br />
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There is good reason to believe that the Council of Trent came to recognize, as Charles himself finally did, that there could be no military victory over Protestantism. Rather, if the Church were to be victorious, it had to win back the hearts and souls of the people themselves. So it did not give in to the Protestants on a single doctrinal point, reaffirming the role of good works in salvation, transubstantiation (in the Eucharist, the conversion of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ), the Eucharist itself as a ritual embodying the true presence of Christ, clerical celibacy, the reality of purgatory, the veneration of saints and relics, and letters of indulgence. In other words, even as the Council enforced a new standard of discipline among its bishops, it strongly reinforced traditional Roman Catholic doctrine.<br />
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The Council of Trent: Answering the Reformation and Reforming the Church, 5:42 After the separation of the Eastern and Western churches in 1054, the holding of councils by the pope became a way to give guidance to the church, both locally and ecumenically (for the entire church), on varying ecclesiastical matters. One of the most significant of these was the Council of Trent, held in the mid-1500s, which considered such weighty matters as the Lutheran Protestant Reformation and how to counter it, disciplinary reforms in the church, the definition of dogma, and ways to establish key tenets of Roman Catholicism. In fact, the growing complexities of the issues at stake grew so voluminous that it took 18 years, spanning the reigns of five popes, for the Council of Trent to actually convene. During the Council of Trent, both Scripture and tradition were declared authoritative for the Roman Catholic Church, with tradition just as authoritative as Scripture. Salvation by grace alone through faith alone, one of the Reformers’ rallying cries, was dumped overboard in favor of “sacramental” and “works” righteousness. There are seven sacraments instituted by Christ, according to the council: baptism, confirmation, communion, penance, unction, orders and marriage. The council condemned anyone who said sacraments were not necessary for salvation, or that through faith alone without any sacrament man can be justified. “Works” righteousness is the belief that one can win God’s favor by doing good things. The council also confirmed the belief in transubstantiation, that the substance of bread and wine given during communion (the “Eucharist”) is changed into the actual body and blood of Christ, while the appearance of bread and wine remains. Trent attendees stressed man’s incapacity to save himself, yet confirmed the necessity for the cooperation of his free will, including his resolve to receive baptism and begin a new life. They denied that predestination to salvation can be known with certainty (one rebuttal to this belief is found in Romans 8:28-30). Modern Roman Catholicism, in general, continues to hold to the beliefs put forward and accepted at Trent. -- Source: http://www.gotquestions.org <br />
<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/D6N3ngu28aM">What really happened at the Council of Trent</a>? In this 12-lecture video or audio program, renowned historian Fr. John O'Malley addresses misconceptions about the council and explores its colorful history. By discovering Trent's wide-reaching contributions to doctrine and reform, you will learn how its lasting legacy is vital to an understanding of the Catholic Church today.<br />
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https://youtu.be/D6N3ngu28aM<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/D6N3ngu28aM" width="560"></iframe> <b> </b><br />
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</b>Catholic Reform of the Arts: Palestrina and the Music of the Early Counter-Reformation 665<br />
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The Council of Trent’s injunction against luxury and its assertion of the principle of simple piety were directly translated to the arts. Contrary to many Protestant sects, the Council of Trent insisted on the use of religious imagery:<br />
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0:02 / 1:16 Pleni sunt coeli - Palestrina (c1525-1594) For Three High Voices<br />
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https://youtu.be/aOEwS7MB0Os<br />
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<br />
Michelangelo and the Rise of Mannerism 667<br />
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What new stylistic direction defines Michelangelo’s late work?<br />
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The demand for clarity and directness that marks the art and music of the Counter-Reformation did not constrain so original an artist as Michelangelo, who introduced a different, more inventive direction in sixteenth-century art. Raphael had already arrived at a new style in the last paintings he executed for the Vatican before his death in 1520. He replaced the clarity, restraint, and order of his School of Athens (see Chapter 15, Closer Look, pages 512–513) with a more active, dynamic, even physically distorted realization of the human figure, probably in response to Michelangelo’s own innovations in the same direction in the later frescoes for the Sistine Chapel ceiling—in the Libyan Sibyl, for instance, or the figures of Day and Night in the tomb of Giuliano de’ Medici (see Figs. 15.12 and 15.18 in Chapter 15). This new proto-Mannerist style, reflecting the virtuosity and sophistication of its practitioners, manifests itself in architecture in Michelangelo’s stairway for the Laurentian Library (see Fig. 15.19 in Chapter 15), which some believe to be among the style’s earliest examples. In painting and sculpture, it resulted in distorted, artificial poses, mysterious or obscure settings, and, very often, elongated proportions. It is marked by the rejection of the Classicizing tendencies of the High Renaissance and by the artist’s display of virtuosity through manipulations and distortions of the conventional figure.<br />
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Michelangelo’s Pietà, one of the artist’s last works, is a fully realized example of the new Mannerist artistic vocabulary (Fig. 20.3). The traditional contrapposto pose that evolved from Classical Greek sculpture in order to give a static figure the illusion of potential movement is here exaggerated by the dynamic, spiral turn of the Christ’s body as he falls to the ground. The result is what would become known as a serpentine figure, with no single predominant view. The right arm twists away from the body even as Christ’s right leg seems to fold forward to the right at a 90-degree angle.<b> </b><br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/t6TvfyL9vHc">Mannerism</a> - Overview - Goodbye-Art Academy, 4:56<br />
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https://youtu.be/t6TvfyL9vHc<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/t6TvfyL9vHc" width="560"></iframe> <b></b><br />
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</b>Mannerism in Art: A Matter of Decorum 669<br />
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<b> </b>What are the stylistic characteristics of Mannerism?<br />
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As long as painting confined itself to depicting nonreligious subjects for nonreligious venues, it was more or less free to do as it pleased. Even the nudity of Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel figures would have been tolerable if painted in some less holy place. The Roman cardinal Cirillo Franco summed up the general attitude in a letter: “I hold the painting and sculpture of Michelangelo to be a miracle of nature; but I would praise it so much more if, when he wants to show the supremacy of his art in all that posturing of naked limbs, and all those nudes … he did not paint it on the vault of the Pope’s Chapel, but in a gallery, or some garden loggia.” It was a matter of decorum, or propriety. What might be decorous and appropriate in a gallery or garden loggia was absolutely not so in a church.<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><br />
<br />
</b>Court Painting: Beyond the Church’s Reach 670<br />
<br />
In the private galleries of the princely courts throughout Europe, this more indecorous but highly inventive imagery thrived. Federico Gonzaga of Mantua, son of Isabella d’Este and nephew of Alphonso d’Este, commissioned a set of erotic paintings, perhaps intending to compete with the cycle decorating his uncle’s palace at Ferrara. The indecorous embodiment of what the Council of Trent would label “the lascivious or impure,” they were the work of the northern Italian artist Correggio (given name Antonio Allegri; ca. 1494–1534) and depicted the loves of Jupiter, or Zeus.<br />
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Jupiter and Io, painted in the early 1530s, is one of these (Fig. 20.6). The painting illustrates Jupiter consummating his love for Io, a priestess of Hera (Jupiter’s wife). Jupiter appears to Io in the guise of a cloud, his face barely visible behind her, kissing her lightly on the cheek. His bearlike arm embraces her as she abandons herself, quite visibly, to sensual pleasure. In addition to the unabashed sensuality of the presentation, the somewhat bizarre juxtaposition of Io’s fully lit and well-defined body with Jupiter’s dark and amorphous form is fully Mannerist in spirit.<br />
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This same theme occupied Titian in a series of paintings commissioned by Philip II of Spain in the late 1550s. Philip built a special room to house them in the Escorial (his palace complex near Madrid). In The Rape of Europa, Jupiter has assumed the form of a bull to abduct the nymph Europa as she adorns its horns with flowers (Fig. 20.7). What most distinguishes the work is this Venetian artist’s loose, sensual way of handling paint—a far cry from the crisp, even cold linearity of Correggio’s Mannerist technique in the drapery beneath Io and in the porcelain-like quality of Io’s skin. Titian’s lush brushwork mirrors the sensuality of the image. And yet, in the way that Europa falls across the bull’s back in a serpentine posture emphasized by the spiraling form of the red robe that flies from her hand, the painting demonstrates just how strongly Mannerist expression had entered the vocabulary of sixteenth-century painting as a whole. Like the Mannerists, the later Titian draws attention to his own virtuosity and skill, to the presence of his so-called hand, or stylistic signature through brushwork, in the composition. (The root of maniera, not coincidentally, is mano, “hand.”)<br />
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The French court was as eager to look at sexually charged Mannerist paintings as its Spanish counterpart. In fact, in his later years, Francis I had an enormous taste for erotic art. Statesmen often catered to this taste in the form of gifts as a way to build alliances (see Closer Look, pages 672–673).<b> </b><br />
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</b>Mannerist Religious Painting 671<br />
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Even when Mannerists did find themselves working in a religious context, they tended to paint works designed to unsettle the viewer. When, for instance, Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (1503–40), known as Parmigianino, was commissioned in 1535 to decorated a family chapel in the Church of Santa Maria dei Servi in his native Parma (where, not coincidentally, Correggio spent most of his career), the resulting Madonna and Child must have startled more than one viewer. Known as The Madonna with the Long Neck (Fig. 20.8), the painting seems, from the very first glance, oddly organized. How much space, for instance, is there between the Madonna and her attendants, compressed into the left three-quarters of the painting, and the figure of Saint Jerome reading a scroll in the distant, open space at the right? He appears to be standing just a short step below the Madonna’s chair, but because Parmigianino has not accounted for the wide gap between the saint and the foreground group, the space in which he stands is visually almost totally incoherent. In fact, he must be standing far below her. We know that Saint Jerome’s presence in the painting was a requirement of the commission—he was famous for his adoration of the Virgin, and Parmigianino had even painted a Vision of Saint Jerome in 1527, in which, oddly, the saint is sound asleep—but it is almost as if Parmigianino is scoffing at his patron’s wishes, or at least acceding to them in an almost flippant way. The painting, it is worth noting, is over 7 feet high, and thus the miniature Saint Jerome contrasts even more dramatically with the greater-than-life-size Virgin who rises above him almost as if she is analogous in size to the column beside which he stands. Indeed, the Virgin’s swanlike neck is a traditional conceit, found in medieval hymns, comparing her neck to an ivory tower or column, a sort of vernacular expression of the Virgin as the allegorical representation of the Church.<b> </b><br />
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</b>The Rise of Women Artists in Northern Italy 674<br />
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In the last half of the sixteenth century, in the context of this widespread emphasis on inventiveness and originality, a number of women were encouraged to display their artistic virtuosity. In northern Italy, particularly, women seem to have been better educated, and more likely to be artists, than women in the rest of Italy and Europe, perhaps due to the presence of powerful court ladies such as Isabella d’Este, Duchess of Mantua (see Chapter 15).<b><br />
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</b>Mannerist Sculpture: Focus on Individual Genius 676<br />
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The belief that an artist’s individual genius manifests itself in the virtuosity of the hand owes much to the influence of the Accademia del Disegno (“Academy of Design”) in Florence, founded by Giorgio Vasari in 1562 under the patronage of Cosimo de’ Medici. The Accademia emphasized history and theory, and Vasari’s own Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Architects, and Sculptors, published first in 1550 and then greatly expanded in a second edition in 1568, provided the historical framework. Vasari’s Lives (see Chapter 14) focuses on individual creative genius, hardly surprising given the biographical framework of the text (see Reading 14.5 in Chapter 14).<b> </b><br />
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</b>Inquisition and Innovation 678<br />
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What was the Inquisition and how did it affect the arts?<br />
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The liberty to invent is the hallmark of art and architecture throughout the middle years of the sixteenth century and the defining characteristic of Mannerist art. But if invention led to the kind of indecorous images produced in the courts of Europe, the Church could not tolerate it. Nor could it tolerate religious beliefs that did not strictly follow Church doctrine. Like Lavinia Fontana, artists working on religious subjects had to discover ways to blend their Mannerist style with properly decorous religious imagery. Muslims and Jews living in Catholic countries had to convert or be expelled. And Catholics inspired by a different kind of spirituality than the Church recognized were deemed a special threat and suffered greatly under repression or worse.<b> </b><br />
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</b>Art under the Italian Inquisition: Veronese 678<br />
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A clear example of the need to use invention decorously in art is provided by the fate of a Last Supper, now known as the Feast in the House of Levi, by the Venetian artist Paolo Veronese (1528–88). Veronese was born Paolo Cagliari and nicknamed after the city of his birth, Verona (Fig. 20.16). As early as 1542, Pope Paul III had initiated a Roman Inquisition—an official inquiry into possible heresy—and in 1573, Veronese was called before the Inquisition to answer charges that his Last Supper, painted with life-size figures for a Dominican monastery in Venice, was heretical in its inappropriate treatment of the subject matter. His testimony before the tribunal illuminates the aesthetic and religious concerns of the era (Reading 20.3):<b> </b><br />
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</b>The Spanish Inquisition 679<br />
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In Spain, the Church implemented the Inquisition in 1478, much earlier than in Italy, but not as a method of enforcing the strictures of the Counter-Reformation. Rather, it was used as a tool to expel or convert all non-Christian Spaniards. Its first target was the Muslims of Andalusia, the Islamic emirate in the south of Spain. In 1492, after the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella had finally succeeded in taking the Nasrid stronghold of Granada (see Chapter 9), the Church encouraged Muslims to convert by means of friendly persuasion, permitting them to retain the Mudéjar language and culture, and to use Arabic during religious services. By 1500, however, the clergy had begun to impose Christianity upon the Muslim population by force, systematically baptizing Muslims in mass ceremonies. Within the year, all Muslims were officially considered Christian—moriscos, they were called—and by royal decree in October 1501, a huge bonfire destroyed Arabic books in Granada, signaling the symbolic if not actual end of Muslim al-Andalus.<br />
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The second target of the Spanish Inquisition was Spaniards of Jewish origin who had converted to Christianity, known as conversos. Since 1480, the Inquisition had persecuted Jews whose conversion they deemed suspect and had executed scores of them on the charge of heresy. The fall of Granada inspired the inquisitors to bring about the conversion of all Jews. So on March 31, 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella issued an edict of expulsion, giving the Jews of Castile and Aragon until July 31 to accept baptism or leave the country. Over half the Jews of Spain chose to leave. (Over the course of the previous century, many thousands had already emigrated, as Spanish Christendom had become intolerant of their presence. In Barcelona, where more than 4,000 Jews had lived the century before, only 20 Jewish families remained in 1492.) The forcible conversion and expulsion of the conversos and moriscos reinforced the image of the Spanish monarchy as champions of Christianity, a role that both Charles V and Philip II would take very seriously.<br />
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The persecutions of the Inquisition were complicated further by the rise, in the sixteenth century, of a brand of religious mysticism that threatened the Church from within. The alumbrados, or “illuminated ones,” nuns, monks, and priests lit by the Holy Spirit, practiced an extremely individualistic and private brand of faith, which led to accusations that they also claimed to have no need of the sacraments of the Church. The alumbrados were therefore susceptible to charges of heresy. Chief among them were the Carmelite nun Teresa of Ávila (1515–82) and the Carmelite friar Juan de la Cruz (1542–91), known as John of the Cross. Teresa was from a converso family that lived in Ávila, the medieval center of Jewish mystical thought. Dissatisfied with the worldliness that had crept into her Carmelite order, Teresa campaigned to reform it, founding the Discalced (or shoeless) Carmelites, dedicated to absolute poverty and the renunciation of all property. Between 1567 and 1576, she traveled across Spain, founding Discalced convents and a reform convent for Carmelite men. Juan de la Cruz was one of the first two members, and the two would become close friends. Juan’s powers as a teacher, preacher, and poet served to strengthen the movement. Teresa’s writings, including an autobiography and The Way to Perfection, both written before 1567, and The Interior Castle, written in 1577, all describe the ascent of the soul to union with the Holy Spirit in four basic stages. In the final of these stages, “devotion of ecstasy or rapture,” consciousness of being in the body disappears and the spirit finds itself alternating between the ecstatic throes of a sweet, happy pain and a fearful, glowing fire.<br />
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In 1574, Teresa was denounced to the Inquisition as a restless wanderer who under the pretext of religion lived a life of dissipation. As a result, in 1576, she was confined in a convent. Juan de la Cruz suffered an even worse fate. Calced Carmelites arrested him in Toledo on the night of December 3, 1577. They held him in solitary confinement and lashed him before the community on a weekly basis until he escaped eight months later. Among the great works written following his escape is The Dark Night of the Soul, a book-length commentary on his eight-stanza poem “The Dark Night” (see Reading 20.4, pages 683–684), itself an account of the author’s mystical union with God.<b> </b><br />
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</b>The Counter-Reformation and Mannerism United: El Greco in Spain 680<br />
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The moral strictures of the Inquisition and the mysticism of the alumbrados are recognizable in the art of one of the most original sixteenth-century painters, El Greco, “The Greek” (born Domenico Theotokopulos; 1541–1614). He trained as an icon painter in his native Crete, in those days a Venetian possession. In 1567, he went to Venice, then three years later to Rome, and in 1576 to Spain, where he soon developed a style that wedded Mannerism with the elongated, iconic figures of his Byzantine training. He used painting to convey an intensely expressive spirituality.<br />
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Painted at the turn of the sixteenth century, El Greco’s Resurrection is decorous to the extent that draperies carefully conceal all inappropriate nudity (Fig. 20.17). The poses of the writhing Roman soldiers who surround the vision of the triumphant Christ are as artificial and contrived as any in Mannerist art. The verticality of the composition, popular since the time of Correggio, mirrors the elongated anatomies of El Greco’s figures. And yet, El Greco’s style is unique, singular in the angularity of its draperies, in the drama of the representation, and in its overall composition. The Roman soldiers rise and fall in figura serpentinata poses around Christ like petals on a blossom, with Christ himself as the flower’s stamen. If Christ’s sexuality has been repressed, the effect of his presence on the soldiers, who swoon in near-hysterical ecstasy, is unmistakable. Above all, this painting celebrates raw physicality, even as it presents the greatest spiritual mystery of the Christian faith. Here the aspirations of the Counter-Reformation and the inventiveness of the Mannerist style are fully united, as they would come to be in the Baroque art of the seventeenth century.<br />
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Toledo, Spain: The Art of <a href="https://youtu.be/ZrMjG3Hd24c">El Greco</a>, 3:05<br />
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No painter before or since has captured the mystery of the spiritual world like the painter El Greco. His unique style of painting developed in Toledo, Spain. Join Rick on a visit to the Santa Cruz Museum, which houses many of El Greco's 16th century works. For more information on the Rick Steves' Europe TV series — including episode descriptions, scripts, participating stations, travel information on destinations and more — visit http://www.ricksteves.com.<br />
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https://youtu.be/ZrMjG3Hd24c<br />
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</b>Cervantes and the Picaresque Tradition 680<br />
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In the last half of the sixteenth century, a literary genre originated in Spain that celebrated inventiveness, particularly suited to Spanish taste, and had a strong effect on literary events in the seventeenth century. This was the picaresque novel, a genre of prose that narrates, in a realistic way, the adventures of a picaro, a roguish hero of low social rank living by his wits in a corrupt society. The first book to introduce the picaresque tradition in Spain was Lazarillo de Tormes, published anonymously in 1554. Raised by beggars and thieves, Lazarillo is a frankly common man, particularly bent on ridiculing and satirizing the Catholic Church and its officials. For that reason and probably because its hero was not highborn, the Spanish crown banned the book and listed it in the Index of Forbidden Books of the Inquisition. A much more complex picaro and undoubtedly the greatest hero of the picaresque tradition in Spanish literature is Don Quixote, the creation of novelist, poet, and playwright Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616).<b> </b><br />
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<b> <a href="https://youtu.be/-YCnGR4Qcys">Don Quixote</a> - </b>Don Quixote of La <b></b>Mancha-by the Spanish Author, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra 4:33<br />
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Don Quixote The original title of this novel is “Don Quixote of La Mancha”. Arabs used to wrongly call it “Donkishot”. The Novel was written by the Spanish Author, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, and consists of two volumes. The first volume was published in 1605, where as the second volume was published in 1615, following the success of the first one. Don Quixote is considered by critics as the most influential work of literature and the number one European novel. The story of Don Quixote is that of an individual who lives in the past through his words and tools and refuses to live according to the modern lifestyle or understand its changes. He also refuses transformations and does not recognize them. Therefore, he enters into battles whose reasons are found only in his mind, and fights windmills. For this reason, his life is full of humorous and ridiculous ironies. The events of this novel are centered on a retired country gentleman named Alonso Quixano who decides to leave his house and become a gallant knight. He dons an old suit of armor and a worn helmet. Herides an exhausted horse named "Rocinante", and convinces a simple farmer named “Sancho Panza” to become his companion and carry his weapons for him on his quests to fight oppression around the world. The funny irony here is that the Knight’s size is half that of his giant assistant who rides a donkey while Don Quixote rides a horse. In the novel, Don Quixote represents a human model with a high moral character, a dreamy and adventurous personality that is irrational in its decisions and confrontation methods. When Don Quixote fights the windmills he pictures their sails as the arms of the devils and attacks them with his spear. His assistant Sancho Panza warns him, but Don Quixote never listens. His lance gets caught in the windmill’s sail, throwing him and Rocinante to the ground. In another event, Don Quixote attacks and fights a large group of enemies; his friend shouts trying to dissuade his master, but all in vain. The battle was actually with a herd of sheep that Don Quixote mistook for an army. At the end of the battle Don Quixote had killed a number of sheep. As a result, shepherds attacked him by throwing stones on him. They broke his jaw and teeth. Later on, Don Quixote attacks small houses thinking they were military castles. He also attacks priests in a funeral. This is just some of the many acts of heroism that ended up by having Don Quixote tied up with ropes by his neighbors who take him back to his village. In the second volume, Don Quixote continues waging his imaginary battles and promises Sancho Panza that he would appoint him as the ruler of an island after he wins the battle. At the end of the novel, Don Quixote declares he is recovered from his madness, and dies among his family and neighbors who cry upon his death out of compassion and grief.<br />
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https://youtu.be/-YCnGR4Qcys<b> </b><br />
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</b> THINKING BACK<br />
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20.1 Explain the rationale behind the Counter-Reformation and the Council of Trent's effect on the arts.<br />
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The Counter-Reformation was the Roman Catholic Church’s conscious attempt to reform itself in reaction to the Protestant Reformation. To that end and under the urging of Charles V and Francis I, Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in 1545. What guiding principles did the Council adopt? How did these principles affect art and music?<br />
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20.2 Discuss the new stylistic directions introduced by Michelangelo in his late work.<br />
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The edicts of the Council of Trent did not constrain Michelangelo, who introduced a different direction in sixteenth-century art. With its virtuoso manipulations and distortions, his new style is already evident in the inventiveness of his design for the stairway of the Laurentian Library, and anticipates what has come to be called Mannerism. In what ways does his sculpture of the Pietà, or his painting of the Last Judgment, exaggerate the Classicizing tendencies of the Renaissance?<br />
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20.3 Define Mannerism and describe its stylistic features.<br />
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Many had found the nudity in Michelangelo’s Last Judgment inappropriate for religious painting, but this lack of decorum was acceptable outside a religious context. In the private galleries of the princely courts throughout Europe, a more lascivious imagery thrived. How would you describe this less decorous Mannerist style? If words like “surprising,” “odd,” and “unorthodox” seem appropriate, how do they manifest themselves in more formal ways, in both painting and sculpture? How does the style manifest itself in religious painting? Why do invention and experimentation come to be so valued in Mannerist art? How did women artists respond to the possibilities offered by Mannerism?<br />
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20.4 Examine how the Inquisition affected the arts.<br />
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In the art of Veronese and El Greco, Mannerist inventiveness sought to accommodate itself to the more conventional aspirations of the Counter-Reformation and to the Roman Catholic Church’s Inquisition in Italy and Spain, dedicated to rooting out heresy. How did Veronese accommodate the Inquisition? The Inquisition prosecuted the Spanish mystics Teresa of Ávila and Juan de la Cruz because of their intensely personalized faith. Nevertheless, both composed written accounts of their mystical unions with the divine. Finally, in what many consider the Western world’s first great novel, Don Quixote, the writer Miguel de Cervantes captured the complexities of the era in a picaresque character whose imagination isolates him from reality. How would you define the picaresque?<br />
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READINGS<br />
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20.1 from Pietro Aretino, Letter to Michelangelo (1545) 669<br />
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20.2 from Benvenuto Cellini, Life (1728) 678<br />
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20.3 from The Trial of Veronese (1573) 678<br />
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20.4 from John of the Cross, The Dark Night of the Soul, “The Dark Night” 683<br />
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20.5 from Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, Part 1, Chapter 8 (1605) 684<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Bronzino’s Allegory with Venus and Cupid 672<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Frenzy of Inspiration 682</b><br />
<b>Assignment 3: Cultural Activity Report</b><br />
Due Week 10 and worth 100 points<br />
As a way of experiencing the Humanities beyond your classroom, computer, and textbook, you are asked to do a certain type of “cultural activity” that fits well with our course and then report on your experience. Your instructor will require you to propose an activity and get instructor approval before you do it and report on it (students should look for any instructions in that respect). Every effort should be made to ensure that this is a hands-on experience (not a virtual one), that this activity fits the HUM 111 class well, and that the activity is of sufficient quality for this university course. The two (2) key types of activities are a museum visit or a performance. <b>Note:</b> This must not be a report on the same activity (and certainly not the same report) as done for another class, like HUM 112. For instance, one might go to the same museum as done for HUM 112, but this HUM 111 report will focus on entirely different works and displays.<br />
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<ol>
<li>Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater or musical performance before the end of Week 10. The activity (museum or performance) should have content that fits our course well. Have fun doing this.</li>
<li>Write a two to three (2-3) page report (500-750 words) that describes your experience.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li>Clearly identify the event location, date attended, the attendees, and your initial reaction upon arriving at the event.</li>
<li>Provide specific information and a description of at least two (2) <b>pieces</b> (e.g., art, exhibits, music, etc.).</li>
<li>Provide a summary of the event and describe your overall reaction after attending the event.</li>
<li>Use at least the class text as a reference (additional sources are fine, not necessary unless required by your content). Your report should include connections you make between things observed in your activity and things learned in the course and text.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<b>Note:</b> Submit your cultural activity choice to the instructor for approval before the end of Week 5 (earlier is even better). Look for guidance from the instructor for how or where to make your proposal. You may also seek advice from your instructor (provide your town/state or zip code) for a good activity in your general area.<br />
<i>Visiting a Museum</i><br />
<ul>
<li>It makes sense to approach a museum the way a seasoned traveler approaches visiting a city for the first time. Find out what there is available to see. In the museum, find out what sort of exhibitions are currently housed in the museum and start with the exhibits that interest you.</li>
<li>If there is a travelling exhibition, it’s always a good idea to see it while you have the chance. Then, if you have time, you can look at other things in the museum.</li>
<li>Every effort should be made ahead of time to identify a museum that has items and works one can easily connect to our HUM 111 class and book. Since HUM 111 covers from ancient times to the 1500s AD, it makes more sense to focus on items from that time frame. In general, museums with artistic cultural artifacts and fine arts work better than history museums.</li>
<li>Any questions about whether a museum-visit activity fits the course and assignment well enough will be decided by the instructor when the student seeks approval for the activity. Any alternative activity outside the normal ones listed here, such as for those limited by disability or distance, will be determined by the instructor. Generally, we do not expect students to travel over an hour to get to an approved activity.</li>
<li>Take notes as you go through the museum and accept any handouts or pamphlets that the museum staff gives you. While you should not quote anything from the printed material when you do your report, the handouts may help to refresh your memory later.</li>
<li>The quality of your experience is not measured by the amount of time you spend in the galleries or the number of works of art that you actually see. The most rewarding experiences can come from finding two (2) or three (3) pieces of art or exhibits which intrigue you and then considering those works in leisurely contemplation. Most museums even have benches where you can sit and study a particular piece.</li>
<li>If you are having a difficult time deciding which pieces to write about, ask yourself these questions: (1) If the museum you are visiting suddenly caught fire, which two (2) pieces of art or exhibits would you most want to see saved from the fire? (2) Why would you choose those two (2) particular pieces?</li>
</ul>
<i>Attending a Performance</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Check your local colleges to see if there are any free or low-cost performances or student recitals. Student performances are generally of almost the same quality as professional performances, but typically cost much less. However, performances of high school level or lower will not meet this requirement.</li>
<li>A performance that is relevant to a HUM 111 course is more difficult to find than a performance that would be relevant to HUM 112 (which covers from 1600 to the present). However, our course does cover Shakespeare and Greek tragedy and drama, so any performances of those will work. <b>Note:</b> One can sometimes find music performances of music from the Renaissance or Reformation period, or even earlier.</li>
<li>Any questions about whether a performance activity fits the course and assignment well enough will be decided by the instructor when the student seeks approval for an activity. Any alternative activity outside the normal ones listed here, such as for those limited by disability or distance, will be determined by the instructor. Generally, we do not expect students to travel over an hour to get to an approved activity.</li>
<li>Unlike visiting a museum, where you can wear almost anything, people attending performances are often expected to “dress up” a bit.</li>
<li>Take a pen or pencil with you and accept the program you are offered by the usher; you will probably want to take notes on it during or after the performance.</li>
<li>Turn off your cell phone before entering the auditorium. Do not use your phone to record the music or to take pictures or videos. To play it safe, turn the phone off.</li>
<li>Most long musical performances have at least one (1) intermission. If the lights start blinking, it is a sign that the performance is about to begin.</li>
<li>Look for very specific things (such as a particular <b>piece</b> of music or the way certain instruments sounded at a specific time) which tend to stand out as either enjoyable or not enjoyable. Be sure to take notes of the things which you find enjoyable as well as the things which are not enjoyable.</li>
</ul>
<i>If a student is unable to attend a cultural event in person due to circumstances beyond the student’s control, then the instructor will recommend an alternate event / activity for the student to “attend” online. The “virtual” event / activity is usually only for students who, due to their physical location, cannot possibly attend an event / activity in person; typically, these students are stationed overseas or have no means of transportation. Experience shows most museums and activities are modest in cost and manageable for students, and you will often see students from other universities there on similar course projects. If you are facing financial hardship, keep in mind that many museums have a free day each week and performance discounts are often available for students and veterans, among others. Feel free to ask your instructor to help with finding low-cost options. If you believe that you have a legitimate reason for attending a “virtual” activity, you must contact the instructor no later than Week 5 for your request to be considered.</i><br />
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:<br />
<ul>
<li>Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA style format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. (<b>Note:</b> Students can find APA style materials located in the course shell for reference).</li>
<li>Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.</li>
</ul>
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:<br />
<ul>
<li>Explain the importance of situating a society’s cultural and artistic expressions within a historical context.</li>
<li>Examine the influences of intellectual, religious, political, and socio-economic forces on social, cultural, and artistic expressions</li>
<li>Use technology and information resources to research issues in the study of world cultures.</li>
<li>Write clearly and concisely about world cultures using proper writing mechanics.</li>
</ul>
<b>19 England in the Tudor Age “THIS OTHER EDEN” 635<br />
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The Reign of Henry VIII 638<br />
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Humanism in Tudor England: Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More 638<br />
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Hans Holbein and Portrait Painting 641<br />
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Henry’s Marriages and His Defiance of Rome 642<br />
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Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth: The Continuing Religious Conflict 643<br />
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Elizabethan England 646<br />
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Elizabeth I and the Arts: Painting and Poetic Forms 647<br />
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Music in the Elizabethan Age 650<br />
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The Elizabethan Stage 651<br />
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Christopher Marlowe: The Legend of Faustus 653<br />
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William Shakespeare: “The play’s the thing!” 653<br />
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The English in Virginia 656<br />
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The Roanoke Colonies 656<br />
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Jamestown 658<br />
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READINGS<br />
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19.1 from Desiderius Erasmus, The Adages of Erasmus (1500–33) 638<br />
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19.2 from Thomas More, Utopia, Book 2 (1516) 661<br />
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19.2a from Thomas More, Utopia, Book 2 (1516) 640<br />
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19.3 from William Shakespeare, Richard II, Act 2, Scene 1 (1594) 646<br />
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19.4 Elizabeth I, “On Monsieur’s Departure” (1582) 648<br />
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19.5 Thomas Wyatt, “List to Hunt” (first published 1557) 649<br />
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19.6 William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130 (1609) 649<br />
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19.7 William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18 (1609) 649<br />
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19.8 Edmund Spenser, Sonnet 75, from the Amoretti (1595) 650<br />
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19.9 from William Byrd, Psalms, Sonnets, & Songs (1588) 651<br />
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19.10 from Christopher Marlowe, The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, Scene 14 (1604) 653<br />
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19.11a from William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 2, Scene 2 (1623) 654<br />
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19.11b from William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 1 (1623) 655<br />
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19.12 from Thomas Hariot, A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1590) 657<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CONTEXT<br />
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The Tudor Genealogy 641<br />
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The Sonnet 648<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Holbein’s The Ambassadors 644<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The New Universe 659<br />
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20 The Early Counter- Reformation and Mannerism RESTRAINT AND INVENTION 663<br />
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The Counter-Reformation 665<br />
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The Council of Trent 665<br />
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Catholic Reform of the Arts: Palestrina and the Music of the Early Counter-Reformation 665<br />
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Michelangelo and the Rise of Mannerism 667<br />
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Mannerism in Art: A Matter of Decorum 669<br />
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Court Painting: Beyond the Church’s Reach 670<br />
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Mannerist Religious Painting 671<br />
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The Rise of Women Artists in Northern Italy 674<br />
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Mannerist Sculpture: Focus on Individual Genius 676<br />
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Inquisition and Innovation 678<br />
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Art under the Italian Inquisition: Veronese 678<br />
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The Spanish Inquisition 679<br />
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The Counter-Reformation and Mannerism United: El Greco in Spain 680<br />
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Cervantes and the Picaresque Tradition 680<br />
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READINGS<br />
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20.1 from Pietro Aretino, Letter to Michelangelo (1545) 669<br />
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20.2 from Benvenuto Cellini, Life (1728) 678<br />
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20.3 from The Trial of Veronese (1573) 678<br />
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20.4 from John of the Cross, The Dark Night of the Soul, “The Dark Night” 683<br />
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20.5 from Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, Part 1, Chapter 8 (1605) 684<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Bronzino’s Allegory with Venus and Cupid 672<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Frenzy of Inspiration 682</b><br />
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">
Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why after August 8, 1588, could Elizabeth I claim English supremacy in world affairs?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada</div>
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</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada</div>
</div>
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</td> </tr>
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</ol>
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<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190647482_1"><input id="points__190647482_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190647482_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
</div>
<div class=" " id="_190647483_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">
Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What does the lute with the broken string probably symbolize in The Ambassadors?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The break between Protestants and Catholics</div>
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</div>
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<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The break between Protestants and Catholics</div>
</div>
</div>
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</td> </tr>
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<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824395_1">
</div>
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</ol>
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<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190647483_1"><input id="points__190647483_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190647483_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<div class=" " id="_190647484_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">
Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
How was London's government unique in Renaissance Europe?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It was both self-governing and under royal rule</div>
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<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It was both self-governing and under royal rule</div>
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</td> </tr>
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</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
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<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824399_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190647484_1"><input id="points__190647484_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190647484_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<div class=" " id="_190647485_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">
Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did King Henry VIII order the execution of his friend Thomas More?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
For claiming that Anne Boleyn's child was not a legitimate heir to the English throne</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
For claiming that Anne Boleyn's child was not a legitimate heir to the English throne</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
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<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824393_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190647485_1"><input id="points__190647485_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190647485_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
</div>
<div class=" " id="_190647486_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">
Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why does Marlowe's Dr. Faustus turn to black magic?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Dissatisfaction with traditional scholarship</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Dissatisfaction with traditional scholarship</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824418_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190647486_1"><input id="points__190647486_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190647486_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
</div>
<div class=" " id="_190647487_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Spain institute an Inquisition in 1478?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To convert all non-Christian Spaniards</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To convert all non-Christian Spaniards</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824424_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190647487_1"><input id="points__190647487_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190647487_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
</div>
<div class=" " id="_190647488_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">
Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why was Veronese's Last Supper so offensive to the Roman Inquisition that he changed its title to Feast in the House of Levi?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It features buffoons and drunkards</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It features buffoons and drunkards</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824447_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190647488_1"><input id="points__190647488_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190647488_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
</div>
<div class=" " id="_190647489_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">
Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What type of novel is Cervantes' Don Quixote?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Picaresque</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Picaresque</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824445_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190647489_1"><input id="points__190647489_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190647489_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
</div>
<div class=" " id="_190647490_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">
Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why does Bronzino paint Venus holding a golden apple in Allegory with Venus and Cupid? </div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To reference the golden apple Paris gave to Venus</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To reference the golden apple Paris gave to Venus</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824438_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190647490_1"><input id="points__190647490_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190647490_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
</div>
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What human feature do many Mannerist artists emphasize to draw attention to their skill?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Hands</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Hands</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class=" " id="_190543749_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">
Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why is Hamlet the most desired role and the most often performed character in the history of the English stage?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
His openness and complexity</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
His openness and complexity</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824408_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190543749_1"><input id="points__190543749_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190543749_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_190543750_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">
Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did drama become so popular during the Elizabethan period?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The middle and upper classes had more leisure time</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The middle and upper classes had more leisure time</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824416_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190543750_1"><input id="points__190543750_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190543750_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_190543751_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">
Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What event began sixteenth-century London's construction and population growth?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The Dissolution Act of 1536</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The Dissolution Act of 1536</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824410_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190543751_1"><input id="points__190543751_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190543751_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_190543752_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">
Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Which of the following is NOT one of the popular themes in Shakespeare's romantic comedies?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Epic battle scenes</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Epic battle scenes</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824405_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190543752_1"><input id="points__190543752_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190543752_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_190543753_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">
Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why after August 8, 1588, could Elizabeth I claim English supremacy in world affairs?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824412_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190543753_1"><input id="points__190543753_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190543753_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_190543754_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why is the Escorial of a square, severe style?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To reflect official Catholic taste of the day</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To reflect official Catholic taste of the day</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824421_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190543754_1"><input id="points__190543754_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190543754_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_190543755_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">
Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why in Consecration of the Virgin did Lavinia Fontana paint not her patrons but their children?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To show family continuity in the Church</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To show family continuity in the Church</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824439_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190543755_1"><input id="points__190543755_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190543755_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_190543756_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">
Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Which of the following was NOT ordered by the Council of Trent?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Cessation of infant baptism</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Cessation of infant baptism</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824426_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190543756_1"><input id="points__190543756_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190543756_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_190543757_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">
Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9">
<ol role="presentation">
<li> <div class="field">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why is Michelangelo's Victory called a serpentine figure?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It has no single predominant view</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It has no single predominant view</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
<div class="alignPanel">
<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824432_1">
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190543757_1"><input id="points__190543757_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190543757_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why in The Madonna with the Long Neck does Parmigianino paint Mary withdrawing from the Christ child?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
She knows what will befall him</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
She knows what will befall him</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class=" " id="_172400008_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">
Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why is Hamlet the most desired role and the most often performed character in the history of the English stage?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
His openness and complexity</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
His openness and complexity</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172400008_1"><input id="points__172400008_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172400008_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172400009_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">
Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Henry VIII write a tract condemning Luther and his religious reforms?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To earn a "Defender of the Faith" title from the pope</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To earn a "Defender of the Faith" title from the pope</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172400009_1"><input id="points__172400009_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172400009_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172400010_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">
Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What does the lute with the broken string probably symbolize in The Ambassadors?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The break between Protestants and Catholics</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The break between Protestants and Catholics</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172400010_1"><input id="points__172400010_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172400010_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172400011_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">
Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Where in an English sonnet is the resolution or explanation?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The last couplet</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The last couplet</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172400011_1"><input id="points__172400011_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172400011_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172400012_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">
Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What form became known as "Marlow's mighty line"?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Blank verse</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Blank verse</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172400012_1"><input id="points__172400012_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172400012_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172400013_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why in The Madonna with the Long Neck does Parmigianino paint Mary withdrawing from the Christ child?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
She knows what will befall him</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
She knows what will befall him</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172400013_1"><input id="points__172400013_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172400013_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172400014_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">
Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why was Benvenuto Cellini imprisoned in 1557?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Repeated sodomy</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Repeated sodomy</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172400014_1"><input id="points__172400014_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172400014_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172400015_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">
Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Spain institute an Inquisition in 1478?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To convert all non-Christian Spaniards</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To convert all non-Christian Spaniards</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172400015_1"><input id="points__172400015_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172400015_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172400016_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">
Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Charles V direct his son to construct the Escorial?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To function as the tomb for all the Spanish kings</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To function as the tomb for all the Spanish kings</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172400016_1"><input id="points__172400016_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172400016_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did the Council of Trent insist on the use of religious imagery?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To move the faithful to adore and love God</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To move the faithful to adore and love God</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class=" " id="_172485270_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">
Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Mary I order mass executions of Protestants when she assumed the throne in 1553?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Like her mother, Mary was a devout Catholic</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Like her mother, Mary was a devout Catholic</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172485270_1"><input id="points__172485270_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172485270_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172485271_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">
Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Hans Holbein paint Thomas More with beard stubble and sagging skin?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To emphasize More's tireless service to the king</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To emphasize More's tireless service to the king</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172485271_1"><input id="points__172485271_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172485271_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172485272_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">
Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Which of the following would NOT be part of Thomas More's ideal society or utopia?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Individualism is the highest value</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Individualism is the highest value</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172485272_1"><input id="points__172485272_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172485272_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172485273_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">
Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Where in an English sonnet is the resolution or explanation?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The last couplet</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The last couplet</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172485273_1"><input id="points__172485273_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172485273_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172485274_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">
Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
With what character from antiquity did Erasmus in his Adages seem to equate Henry VIII?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Achilles</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Achilles</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172485274_1"><input id="points__172485274_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172485274_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172485275_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why would the Church permit Cellini's creation of such an erotic piece as the Saltcellar?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It was a private commission</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It was a private commission</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172485275_1"><input id="points__172485275_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172485275_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172485276_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">
Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Which of the following was NOT ordered by the Council of Trent?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Cessation of infant baptism</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Cessation of infant baptism</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172485276_1"><input id="points__172485276_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172485276_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172485277_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">
Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What does the Italian word maniera, from which Mannerist derives, mean?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Style</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Style</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172485277_1"><input id="points__172485277_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172485277_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172485278_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">
Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why was Veronese's Last Supper so offensive to the Roman Inquisition that he changed its title to Feast in the House of Levi?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It features buffoons and drunkards</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It features buffoons and drunkards</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172485278_1"><input id="points__172485278_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172485278_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What did the Council of Trent decide about the use of music in the liturgy?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To clarify the text</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To clarify the text</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b> </b> <br />
<ul></ul>
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Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct What form became known as "Marlow's mighty line"? Given Answer: Correct Blank verse Correct Answer: Blank verse out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did English families agree to colonize Roanoke Island in 1587? Given Answer: Correct In exchange for land Correct Answer: In exchange for land out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Incorrect Which of the following is NOT one of William Byrd's reasons for people to learn to sing? Given Answer: Incorrect It strengthens the lungs Correct Answer: It makes people more pleasant out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Where in an English sonnet is the resolution or explanation? Given Answer: Correct The last couplet Correct Answer: The last couplet out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Tales of what land inspired in part Thomas More's ideas about an ideal society? Given Answer: Correct America Correct Answer: America out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why might Michelangelo in the Last Judgment have included his self-portrait on the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew? Given Answer: Incorrect Bartholomew is the largest of his painted saints Correct Answer: Michelangelo felt martyred by papal commissions out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why was Benvenuto Cellini imprisoned in 1557? Given Answer: Correct Repeated sodomy Correct Answer: Repeated sodomy out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Bronzino paint Venus holding a golden apple in Allegory with Venus and Cupid? Given Answer: Correct To reference the golden apple Paris gave to Venus Correct Answer: To reference the golden apple Paris gave to Venus out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Spain institute an Inquisition in 1478? Given Answer: Correct To convert all non-Christian Spaniards Correct Answer: To convert all non-Christian Spaniards out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct Why was Veronese's Last Supper so offensive to the Roman Inquisition that he changed its title to Feast in the House of Levi? Given Answer: Correct It features buffoons and drunkards Correct Answer: It features buffoons and drunkards <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Henry have his marriage with Anne of Cleves annulled? Given Answer: Correct She resembled a horse Correct Answer: She resembled a horse out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Henry VIII write a tract condemning Luther and his religious reforms? Given Answer: Correct To earn a "Defender of the Faith" title from the pope Correct Answer: To earn a "Defender of the Faith" title from the pope out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Marlowe's Dr. Faustus turn to black magic? Given Answer: Correct Dissatisfaction with traditional scholarship Correct Answer: Dissatisfaction with traditional scholarship out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct What did the sale of church lands enable England's Parliament to do? Given Answer: Correct Not raise taxes Correct Answer: Not raise taxes out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why did Henry VIII break away from Rome and start his own Church of England? Given Answer: Incorrect To support Martin Luther's Reformation Correct Answer: To annul his marriage to Katherine of Aragon out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why is Rape of the Sabine Women considered sculptural genius? Given Answer: Correct It unites three figures in a single spiral Correct Answer: It unites three figures in a single spiral out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why was Veronese's Last Supper so offensive to the Roman Inquisition that he changed its title to Feast in the House of Levi? Given Answer: Correct It features buffoons and drunkards Correct Answer: It features buffoons and drunkards out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Incorrect How did Palestrina's Missa Papae Macellus conform to the Council of Trent's requirements? Given Answer: Incorrect It allows the entire congregation to sing Correct Answer: The words are clear above the restrained music out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Incorrect What is the distinction of Cellini's Life? Given Answer: Incorrect The instruction manual for Mannerist art Correct Answer: One of the first secular autobiographies out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why is the Escorial of a square, severe style? Given Answer: Incorrect To avoid detracting from the inside glories Correct Answer: To reflect official Catholic taste of the day <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Mary I order mass executions of Protestants when she assumed the throne in 1553? Given Answer: Correct Like her mother, Mary was a devout Catholic Correct Answer: Like her mother, Mary was a devout Catholic out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why was portraiture so popular in Tudor England? Given Answer: Correct Portraits show the humanist emphasis on individualism Correct Answer: Portraits show the humanist emphasis on individualism out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Marlowe's Dr. Faustus turn to black magic? Given Answer: Correct Dissatisfaction with traditional scholarship Correct Answer: Dissatisfaction with traditional scholarship out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Where in an English sonnet is the resolution or explanation? Given Answer: Correct The last couplet Correct Answer: The last couplet out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct How was London's government unique in Renaissance Europe? Given Answer: Correct It was both self-governing and under royal rule Correct Answer: It was both self-governing and under royal rule out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why might Michelangelo in the Last Judgment have included his self-portrait on the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew? Given Answer: Correct Michelangelo felt martyred by papal commissions Correct Answer: Michelangelo felt martyred by papal commissions out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Charles V direct his son to construct the Escorial? Given Answer: Correct To function as the tomb for all the Spanish kings Correct Answer: To function as the tomb for all the Spanish kings out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Which of the following was NOT ordered by the Council of Trent? Given Answer: Correct Cessation of infant baptism Correct Answer: Cessation of infant baptism out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Incorrect What type of novel is Cervantes' Don Quixote? Given Answer: Incorrect Travelogue Correct Answer: Picaresque out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What does the Italian word maniera, from which Mannerist derives, mean? Given Answer: Correct Style Correct Answer: Style <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct What form became known as "Marlow's mighty line"? Given Answer: Correct Blank verse Correct Answer: Blank verse out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Henry VIII write a tract condemning Luther and his religious reforms? Given Answer: Correct To earn a "Defender of the Faith" title from the pope Correct Answer: To earn a "Defender of the Faith" title from the pope out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Marlowe's Dr. Faustus turn to black magic? Given Answer: Correct Dissatisfaction with traditional scholarship Correct Answer: Dissatisfaction with traditional scholarship out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Henry have his marriage with Anne of Cleves annulled? Given Answer: Correct She resembled a horse Correct Answer: She resembled a horse out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct As reported in the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, why in 1616 did the Catholic Church declare Copernicus's On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres heretical? Given Answer: Correct For arguing that Earth was not the center of the universe Correct Answer: For arguing that Earth was not the center of the universe out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why is Rape of the Sabine Women considered sculptural genius? Given Answer: Correct It unites three figures in a single spiral Correct Answer: It unites three figures in a single spiral out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why was Benvenuto Cellini imprisoned in 1557? Given Answer: Correct Repeated sodomy Correct Answer: Repeated sodomy out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Charles V direct his son to construct the Escorial? Given Answer: Correct To function as the tomb for all the Spanish kings Correct Answer: To function as the tomb for all the Spanish kings out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why is the Escorial of a square, severe style? Given Answer: Correct To reflect official Catholic taste of the day Correct Answer: To reflect official Catholic taste of the day out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What does the Italian word maniera, from which Mannerist derives, mean? Given Answer: Correct Style Correct Answer: Style Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-47406157200229464512018-09-05T14:01:00.001-04:002018-09-05T14:08:04.364-04:00HUM 111 Week 9 Summer 2018<br />
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Break: 8:00 pm, Discussion, 9:30, Dismiss, 10:00.<br />
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Review<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhETFv5UegKC9aithhZ7JtEwuWjungkCfjeSZfohWLkb6hR4C5MMgnaLyvrAByUkjuPiddJLP64vN-8ek7BxztpegQE_3r3IueeUIMthoZa7ItF0KzSw-WKskGyTTvp-3Y7a_0Ikw/s1600/HUM+111+Week+9+Notes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1196" data-original-width="1600" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhETFv5UegKC9aithhZ7JtEwuWjungkCfjeSZfohWLkb6hR4C5MMgnaLyvrAByUkjuPiddJLP64vN-8ek7BxztpegQE_3r3IueeUIMthoZa7ItF0KzSw-WKskGyTTvp-3Y7a_0Ikw/s640/HUM+111+Week+9+Notes.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Week 9 Checklist</div>
<ul>
<li>Complete and submit Week 9 Quiz 8: Chapters 15 and 16</li>
<li>Read the following from your textbook: <ul>
<li>Chapter 17: The Reformation – Protestantism rises in Europe</li>
<li>Chapter 18: Encounter and Confrontation: The Impact of Increasing Global Interaction –the Americas, Africa, Asia</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>View the Week 9 <i>Would You Like to Know More?</i> videos</li>
<li>Explore the Week 9 Music Folder</li>
<li>Do the Week 9 Explore Activities</li>
<li>Participate in the Week 9 Discussion (choose only one (1) of the discussion options)</li>
</ul>
What will I do to prepare for Week 10? <br />
Chapter 19: England in the Tudor Age – Henry VIII to Shakespeare <br />
Chapter 20: The Early Counter-Reformation and Mannerism – Italy and Spain <br />
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<a href="https://share.nearpod.com/vsph/6vk52qHYMu">Reformation: Continent and England</a> <br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week9/WYLTKM-Reformation/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about the Reformation.</a></span><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week9/WYLTKM-Reformation/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W9_Reformation_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
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<a href="https://www.youvisit.com/tour/rome">You Visit: Rome</a><br />
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https://www.youvisit.com/tour/rome<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Europe's Leap to Pluralism: Learn how the printing press and the Protestants pave a path to a new future.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week9/WYLTKM-Reformation/story.html</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week10/WYLTKM-Cortes/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about Cortez and the conquest of Mesoamerica.</a></span><br />
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<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week10/WYLTKM-Cortes/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W9_Cortez_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Going for the Gold: Spain's conquest of the Aztecs and Inca.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week10/WYLTKM-Cortes/story.html</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week10/WYLTKM-Mughal/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about the Mughal Empire and the Taj Mahal.</a></span><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week10/WYLTKM-Mughal/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W9_Taj%20Mahal_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">The World's Great Monument to Romantic Love: Shah Jahan's Taj Mahal.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week10/WYLTKM-Mughal/story.html</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://online.hillsdale.edu/courses/western-heritage-2017/lecture-09/lecture-9">lecture-9</a><br />
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Reformation and Counter-Reformation</h1>
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Overview</h3>
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Martin Luther—who published his 95 theses in 1517—did not see himself as a reformer. Rather, he believed that he was proclaiming the true word of God. The Catholic Church convened the Council of Trent in part to respond to Luther’s challenge.</div>
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Recommended Readings</h3>
<ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="Martin Luther, Address to Christian Nobility" href="http://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-09/Address-to-Christian-Nobility-Luther.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Martin Luther, <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Address to Christian Nobility</i></a></li>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </i><i><b>To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</b></i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i><span lang="de">An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation</span></i>) is the first of three <b>tracts</b> written by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in 1520. </div>
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<div>
In this work, he defined for the first time the signature doctrines of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">two kingdoms</a>. The work was written in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_language" title="Vernacular language">vernacular language</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and not in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.</div>
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<ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="Martin Luther, On Christian Liberty" href="http://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-09/On-Christian-Liberty-Luther.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Martin Luther, <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">On Christian Liberty</i></a></li>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </i><br />
<i><b>On the Freedom of a Christian</b></i> (Latin: <i>"De Libertate Christiana"</i>; German: <i>"Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen"</i>), sometimes also called <i><b>"A Treatise on Christian Liberty"</b></i> (November 1520), was the third of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>’s major reforming treatises of 1520, appearing after his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation"><i>Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</i></a> (August 1520) and the work <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church"><i>Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</i></a> (October 1520).<br />
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The work <b>appeared in a shorter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and a more elaborate <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language">Latin</a> form</b>.<br />
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There is no academic consensus whether the German or the Latin version was written first.<br />
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The treatise developed the concept that as fully forgiven children of God, Christians are no longer compelled to keep God's law; however, they freely and willingly serve God and their neighbors.<br />
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Luther also further develops the concept of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_by_faith" title="Justification by faith">justification by faith</a>.<br />
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In the treatise, Luther stated, "A Christian is a perfectly free lord of all, subject to none. A Christian is a perfectly dutiful servant of all, subject to all." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_a_Christian#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><br />
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<ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="John Calvin, The Institutes of the Christian Religion" href="http://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-09/The-Institutes-Calvin.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">John Calvin, <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Institutes of the Christian Religion</i></a><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </i></li>
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<i><b>Institutes of the Christian Religion</b></i> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i><span lang="la">Institutio Christianae Religionis</span></i>) is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s seminal work of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">systematic theology</a>.<br />
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Highly influential in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and still widely read by theological students today, it was <b>published in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></b> in 1536 (at the same time as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a>) and in his native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> in 1541, with the definitive editions appearing in 1559 (Latin) and in 1560 (French).<br />
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The book was written as an <b>introductory textbook on the Protestant faith</b> for those with some previous knowledge of theology and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church" title="Protestant Church">church</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification by faith alone</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_liberty" title="Christian liberty">Christian liberty</a>.<br />
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It vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">unorthodox</a>, particularly <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>, to which Calvin says he had been "strongly devoted" before his conversion to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<br />
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The <i>Institutes</i> is a highly regarded secondary reference for the system of doctrine adopted by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_churches" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a>, usually called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>.<br />
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<ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="The Council of Trent, Canons and Decrees" href="http://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-09/Canons-and-Decrees-Council-of-Trent.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Council of Trent, <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Canons and Decrees</i></a><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </i></li>
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<ul>
<li><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </i>The <b>Council of Trent</b> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i><span lang="la">Concilium Tridentinum</span></i>), held between 1545 and 1563 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trent</a>, or Trento, in northern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>.<br />
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It was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<br />
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Prompted by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, it has been described as the embodiment of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>.<br />
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The Council issued condemnations of what it defined to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresies</a> committed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and key statements and clarifications of the Church's doctrine and teachings, including <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripture" title="Scripture">scripture</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">sacred tradition</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">sacraments</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration of saints</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_History_4-0"> </sup><br />
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The Council met for twenty-five sessions between 13 December 1545 and 4 December 1563.<br />
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The consequences of the Council were also significant as regards the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Church's liturgy</a> and practices.<br />
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During its deliberations, the Council made the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> the official example of the Biblical canon and commissioned the creation of a standard version, although this was not achieved until the 1590s.<br />
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In 1565, a year after the Council finished its work, Pius IV issued the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession_of_faith_(Catholic_Church)" title="Profession of faith (Catholic Church)">Tridentine Creed</a> (after <i>Tridentum</i>, Trent's Latin name) and his successor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a> then issued the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a> and revisions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Breviary</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Missal</a> in, respectively, 1566, 1568 and 1570.<br />
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These, in turn, led to the codification of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>, which remained the Church's primary form of the Mass for the next four hundred years.<br />
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More than three hundred years passed until the next ecumenical council, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, was convened in 1869.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="The Schleitheim Confession" href="http://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-09/The-Schleitheim-Confession.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Schleitheim Confession</a></li>
</ul>
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The <b>Schleitheim Confession</b> was the most representative statement of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> principles, endorsed unanimously by a meeting of Swiss Anabaptists in 1527 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleitheim" title="Schleitheim">Schleitheim</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>).<br />
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The meeting was chaired by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a>.<br />
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Michael Sattler was the leader of the Swiss and southern German Anabaptist movement.<br />
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Shortly after the Schleitheim conference, Sattler was arrested by Austrian Roman Catholic authorities, and put on trial along with a number of other Anabaptists; he was found guilty and was executed.<br />
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The South German <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a> of approximately the same date is similar to that of the Schleitheim Confession but contains many more Biblical references supporting the confession.<br />
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<sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;"></sup><br />
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<sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;"></sup> The Schleitheim confession continues to be a guide for churches like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutterite" title="Hutterite">Hutterites</a>, who trace their spiritual heritage back to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a> and the Anabaptists.<br />
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<span style="color: #bb0000;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="color: #bb0000;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">17 The Reformation A NEW CHURCH AND THE ARTS 569<br />
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Erasmus, Luther, and the Reformation 571<br />
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The Satires of Erasmus 571<br />
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Martin Luther’s Reformation 573<br />
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Church Reaction to the Ninety-Five Theses 574<br />
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Luther’s Popular Appeal: The Vernacular Bible 574<br />
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Reformation Music: The Chorale 575<br />
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Attack on Celibacy and Support of Charity 576<br />
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The Spread of the Reformation 576<br />
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Thomas Müntzer and the Peasant War 576<br />
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Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich 577<br />
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John Calvin in Geneva 578<br />
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Protestant Anti-Semitism 579<br />
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The Printing Press: A Force for Ideas and Art 579<br />
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Printmaking: Book Illustration and Fine Art 580<br />
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Writing for Print: The New Humanists 583<br />
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From Religious to Secular Art 587<br />
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Dürer’s Protestant Imagery 587<br />
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Landscapes, Cycles, and Still Lifes 588<br />
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READINGS<br />
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17.1 from Desiderius Erasmus, Julius Excluded from Heaven (1513) 571<br />
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17.2a–b from Desiderius Erasmus, In Praise of Folly (1509) 572<br />
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17.3 from Martin Luther, Preface to Works (1545) 573<br />
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"At last meditating day and night, by the mercy of God, I began to understand that the righteousness of God is that through which the righteous live by a gift of God, namely by faith. Here I felt as if I were entirely born again and had entered paradise itself through the gates that had been flung open."<br />
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Luther was extraordinarily successful as a monk. He plunged into prayer, fasting, and ascetic practices—going without sleep, enduring bone-chilling cold without a blanket, and flagellating himself. As he later commented, "If anyone could have earned heaven by the life of a monk, it was I."<br />
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Though he sought by these means to love God fully, he found no consolation. He was increasingly terrified of the wrath of God: "When it is touched by this passing inundation of the eternal, the soul feels and drinks nothing but eternal punishment."<br />
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During his early years, whenever Luther read what would become the famous "Reformation text"—Romans 1:17—his eyes were drawn not to the word faith, but to the word righteous. Who, after all, could "live by faith" but those who were already righteous? The text was clear on the matter: "the righteous shall live by faith."<br />
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Luther remarked, "I hated that word, 'the righteousness of God,' by which I had been taught according to the custom and use of all teachers ... [that] God is righteous and punishes the unrighteous sinner." The young Luther could not live by faith because he was not righteous—and he knew it. <br />
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17.4 from Martin Luther, Ninety-Five Theses (1517) 593<br />
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17.5 from Martin Luther, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants (1525) 577<br />
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17.6 from François Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel, Book 2, Chapter 7 (1532) 583<br />
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17.7 from Michel de Montaigne, “Of Cannibals” (1580) 594<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES Printmaking 581<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Dürer’s Adam and Eve 584<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Church Strikes Back 591<br />
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18 Encounter and Confrontation THE IMPACT OF INCREASING GLOBAL INTERACTION 597<br />
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The Spanish in the Americas 600<br />
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Pizarro in Peru 600<br />
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Gold and Silver: The Monetary Motive 601<br />
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West African Culture and the Portuguese 605<br />
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Kingdom of the Kongo 607<br />
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Strategies of Cultural Survival: The Dance 608<br />
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Strategies of Cultural Survival: Communicating with the Spirit World 610<br />
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The Slave Trade: Africans in the Americas 612<br />
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India and Europe: Cross-Cultural Connections 614<br />
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Islamic India: The Taste for Western Art 614<br />
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Mogul Architecture: The Taj Mahal 616<br />
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China: The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) 617<br />
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The Treasure Fleet: Extending China’s Influence 619<br />
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Luxury Arts 620<br />
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Painting and Poetry: Competing Schools 620<br />
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Japan: Court Patronage and Spiritual Practice 622<br />
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The Muromachi Period (1392–1573): Cultural Patronage 623<br />
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The Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573–1615): Foreign Influences 626<br />
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The Closing of Japan 628<br />
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READINGS<br />
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18.1 from Bernadino de Sahagün, History of the Things of New Spain (ca. 1585) 631<br />
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18.2 from Bernal Diaz, True History of the Conquest of New Spain (ca. 1568; published 1632) 600<br />
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18.3 from Fray Juan de Torquemada, Indian Monarchies (1615) 613<br />
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18.4 Shah Jahan, inscription on the Taj Mahal (ca. 1658) 617<br />
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18.5 Zeami Motokiyo, Semimaru (early 15th century) 632<br />
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18.6 from Zeami Motokiyo, “The One Mind Linking All Powers” (early 15th century) 626<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Folding Screen with Indian Wedding and Flying Pole 602<br />
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CONTEXT The “Other” in Western Consciousness 604<br />
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MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES Porcelain 621<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Influence of Zen Buddhism 629</span></span> </span></h3>
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<i>Reform</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 17 (pp. 571-3), Erasmus; (pp. 573-7), Reformation and the princes; (pp. 570-1; 579-580), printing press; (pp. 587-591), visual arts; review Week 9 Music Folder</li>
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<i>Global Encounters: Achievements and Exploitation</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 18 (pp. 618-620), China’s Treasure Fleet; review Week 9 Music Folder </li>
<li>Chinese explorers at <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html" target="_blank">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html</a> and <a href="http://www.alrahalah.com/2010/09/zheng-he/" target="_blank">http://www.alrahalah.com/2010/09/zheng-he/</a></li>
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Why did the Chinese, and their Muslim navigator, turn their backs on exploration?<br />
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ZH: China's Ghost Fleet (Mystery of China's Greatest <a href="https://youtu.be/C3816mwmJJ0">Admiral Zheng</a>, 5:29<br />
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A Muslim castrated as a young boy in China, this man would still serve his nation with total loyalty.<br />
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Zheng He: China's Greatest Admiral who may have discovered America even before Columbus.<br />
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A man of peace whose fleet had half the world in his grasp and the other half within easy reach. And a leader whose giant Treasure Fleet suddenly vanished because of a colossal mistake. 600 years ago, China emerges from an age of darkness - with the biggest naval fleet ever assembled. It will forge a new path across unknown oceans, led by a towering Admiral -- 100 years before Columbus. And China will stand as the world's undisputed superpower. But in time, this supreme leader would be brought to an end by a catastrophic decision.<br />
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What happened? Join National Geographic photographer Mike Yamashita as he retraces Admiral Zheng<br />
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He's epic journeys and discover how China's internal struggles turned this Admiral's forces into a ghost fleet, and setback this great nation for hundreds of years.<br />
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From the breathtaking opening shots of the African Swahili coast, this film is cinematic celebration of timeless beauty. Medieval Yemeni hilltop towns, ancient martial arts portrayed with balletic artistry, brutal religious piercings and the incomparable majesty of Perahera, all contribute to a pallet of rarely equaled cultural diversity. From the eerie castration of the young hero to his final faltering steps in the Forbidden City as his enemies close in like vultures around carrion, the historical recreations about the life of Zheng He are executed with the grandeur and distance of a renaissance painting. In tracing the voyages of the great fleet and its enigmatic leader, 'Ghost Fleet' brings the past alive through its observant narrator Mike Yamashita, and brings the documentary film into the realm of the epic feature. This 2-hour documentary was shot on 16 mm film. Its initial airing: Dec 2005 on National Geographic Channel Asia. Winner at the Asian TV Awards 2006: Best Cinematography, Best Original Music Score<br />
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https://youtu.be/C3816mwmJJ0<br />
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In 1999, <cite>New York Times</cite> journalist Nicholas D. Kristof reported a surprising encounter on a tiny African island called Pate, just off the coast of Kenya. Here, in a village of stone huts set amongst dense mangrove trees, Kristof met a number of elderly men who told him that they were descendants of Chinese sailors, shipwrecked on Pate many centuries ago. Their ancestors had traded with the local Africans, who had given them giraffes to take back to China; then their boat was driven onto the nearby reef. Kristof noted many clues that seemed to confirm the islanders' tale, including their vaguely Asian appearance and the presence of antique porcelain heirlooms in their homes.<br />
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With unrivaled nautical technology and countless other inventions to their credit, the Chinese were now poised to expand their influence beyond India and Africa. Here was one of history's great turning points. Had the Chinese emperors continued their huge investments in the treasure fleets, there is little reason why they, rather than the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and British, should not have colonized the world. Yet less than a century later, all overseas trade was banned, and it became a capital offense to set sail from China in a multi-masted ship. What explains this astonishing reversal of policy?<br />
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Despite the strength and prosperity that marked their empire, Ming emperors deliberately chose not to try to colonize lands beyond the Middle Kingdom. Why?<br />
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The conservative Confucian faction now had the upper hand. In its worldview, it was improper to go abroad while one's parents were still alive. "Barbarian" nations were seen as offering little of value to add to the prosperity already present in the Middle Kingdom.<br />
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In addition, the threat of a new Muslim Mongol invasion drew military investment away from the expensive maintenance of the treasure fleets. By 1503 the navy had shrunk to one-tenth of its size in the early Ming. The final blow came in 1525 with the order to destroy all the larger classes of ships. China was now set on its centuries-long course of xenophobic isolation.<br />
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Historians can only speculate on how differently world history might have turned out had the Ming emperors pursued a vigorous colonial policy. As it is, porcelain shards washed up on the beaches of east Africa and old men's folktales of shipwreck are among the few tangible relics of China's epic voyages of adventure.<br />
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ZHENG HE (1371-1435): ADMIRAL OF THE TREASURE SHIPS</div>
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First is not always best if a society remains backward looking. <br />
<ul>
<li>Large ship replica: <a href="http://www.alrahalah.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/TreasureShip.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.alrahalah.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/TreasureShip.jpg</a></li>
<li>Chapter 18 (pp. 596-604), Spain and Portugal: empire building; quick conquest</li>
<li>Chapter 18 (pp. 601, 604-607, 612-613), transatlantic slave trade</li>
<li>Transatlantic slave trade at <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p277.html" target="_blank">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p277.html</a></li>
</ul>
The <a href="https://youtu.be/5XzThnFyjG0">transatlantic slave trade today</a> continues the historic commerce.<br />
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<span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Saudi Arabs Are Still Selling Castrated Black Slaves TODAY">Saudi Arabs Are Still Selling Castrated Black Slaves TODAY, 3:56</span></div>
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<span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Saudi Arabs Are Still Selling Castrated Black Slaves TODAY"><br />
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THE SLAVERY AND TREATMENT OF BLACK AFRICANS ACROSS THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA STILL TODAY NEEDS TO BE CONFRONTED, EXPOSED, AND ERADICATED<br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://www.frontpagemag.com/2014/dgreenfield/saudi-arabia-the-middle-easts-real-apartheid-state/" href="http://www.frontpagemag.com/2014/dgreenfield/saudi-arabia-the-middle-easts-real-apartheid-state/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.frontpagemag.com/2014/dgre...</a><br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="https://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/2012/11/30/saudi-man-is-trying-to-sell-his-castrated-black-african-slave-on-arab-version-of-facebook/" href="https://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/2012/11/30/saudi-man-is-trying-to-sell-his-castrated-black-african-slave-on-arab-version-of-facebook/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/...</a><br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://www.frontpagemag.com/2012/dgreenfield/saudi-offers-castrated-african-slave-for-sale-on-facebook/" href="http://www.frontpagemag.com/2012/dgreenfield/saudi-offers-castrated-african-slave-for-sale-on-facebook/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.frontpagemag.com/2012/dgre...</a><br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://www.danielpipes.org/2687/saudis-import-slaves-to-america" href="http://www.danielpipes.org/2687/saudis-import-slaves-to-america" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.danielpipes.org/2687/saudi...</a><br />
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CASTRATION OF THE BLACK MALE SLAVES<br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/06/02/10-facts-about-the-arab-enslavement-of-black-people-not-taught-in-schools/" href="http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/06/02/10-facts-about-the-arab-enslavement-of-black-people-not-taught-in-schools/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/06/0...</a><br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=2e4_1363974105" href="http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=2e4_1363974105" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=2e4_13...</a><br />
<br />
ARAB SLAVE TRADE<br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://www.arabslavetrade.com/" href="http://www.arabslavetrade.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.arabslavetrade.com/</a><br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://www.landoverbaptist.net/showpost.php?p=860688&postcount=4" href="http://www.landoverbaptist.net/showpost.php?p=860688&postcount=4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.landoverbaptist.net/showpo...</a><br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter1.shtml" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter1.shtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/afr...</a><br />
<br />
BRINGING TRANS ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE TO AN END<br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/royal_navy_article_01.shtml" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/royal_navy_article_01.shtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/...</a><br />
<br />
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade<br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Effecting_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade#cite_note-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Effecting_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_...</a><br />
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The Legacy of Arab-Islam In Africa: A Quest for Inter-religious Dialogue by John Alembillah Azumah<br />
<a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDEQ6TgiEwix68WFw9PQAhUIxZwKHZjtDUco-B0" data-url="http://www.amazon.com/The-Legacy-Arab-Islam-Africa-Inter-religious/dp/1851682732" href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Legacy-Arab-Islam-Africa-Inter-religious/dp/1851682732" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.amazon.com/The-Legacy-Arab...</a></div>
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https://youtu.be/5XzThnFyjG0<br />
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<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_id=_20463265_1&course_id=_193147_1"><span style="color: #bb0000;">Week 9 Music Folder</span></a> <br />
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<span style="color: #bb0000;">HUM111 Music for Week 9</span> </h3>
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In this week's readings (<b>chaps. 17 and 18</b>), there is one musical composition mentioned, and it is in chapter 17.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> This (or a decent equivalent) can be found on YouTube.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Watch and give this a listen. Here below is some background and description of the work--and the link to the YouTube (and sometimes other helps).<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> After that, in connection with chapter 18, there is an additional item on traditional mask dances from West Africa.</div>
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<li style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</span></b></b> (Martin <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Luther</span>) (chap. 17, p. 575)</li>
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<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G42xwWoUS-0" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G42xwWoUS-0</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> (p. 575) </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(See German text at</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://www.musicanet.org/robokopp/Lieder/einfeste.html" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.musicanet.org/robokopp/Lieder/einfeste.html</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">;</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">English translation/lyrics can be found at</span> <a href="http://www.musicanet.org/robokopp/hymn/amightyf.html" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.musicanet.org/robokopp/hymn/amightyf.html</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">)</span></li>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Read carefully <b><b>p. 575 in chap. 17</b></b>.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> This hymn was composed in 1529 by Martin Luther, the major Protestant Reformer. It remains a popular hymn in Protestant churches worldwide.</span><br />
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> -----------------------</span></div>
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<a href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_vT6HQ1QaU4">A Mighty Fortress is Our God,</a> 5:13<br />
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Official music video for A Mighty Fortress off the Cathedral CD by HeartSong. Available on iTunes and Spotify. Charts and tracks available through LifeWay Worship:<br />
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https://youtu.be/_vT6HQ1QaU4<br />
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Chapter 18 does not identify a musical selection for listening, but here is a bonus on traditional West African dance, music, and masks.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span></div>
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<li style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Dogon Mask Dance</span></b></b></li>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">In <b><b>chapter 18 (pp. 608-610)</b></b> discuss the importance of traditional West African dances wearing masks.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> The book mentions the <i>banda</i> mask dance (p. 608) as a cultural survival strategy; for this see also this link from the Neww York Metropolitan Museum:<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1978.412.307" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1978.412.307</a> .<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><br />
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</span></span> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">In a similar fashion, another West African society, the Dogon, is still living in traditional ways in isolated parts of Mali, and continues to celebrate a Dogon mask dance:</span></div>
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<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whAY9R-_7ac" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whAY9R-_7ac</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(See this 2-page</span> <i style="font-weight: inherit;">National Geographic</i> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">discussion of the Dogon and this dance:</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0529_030529_dogon.html" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0529_030529_dogon.html</a>.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">)</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
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<span id="subject__55538691_1">Week 9 Discussion <b>Option A</b></span> </div>
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<b>"Reform"</b> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:<br />
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<li>Compare Erasmus and Luther in their attempts to bring about religious reform. Consider the role of the printing press and the actions of German princes in helping Luther to succeed. Next, identify one (1) example of the Protestant Reformation’s impact on visual arts. Pretend you are in a company or some other group in which you feel there is corruption. (Use a real incident if you wish). You have the option of remaining and working for reform from within, or of leaving and hoping to start or land something new. Describe your decision and the "dangers" of that decision, and describe the factors that you had to consider.</li>
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<b>Explore</b><br />
<i>Reform</i><br />
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<li>Chapter 17 (pp. 571-3), Erasmus; (pp. 573-7), Reformation and the princes; (pp. 570-1; 579-580), printing press; (pp. 587-591), visual arts; review Week 9 Music Folder</li>
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<span id="subject__55538690_1">Week 9 Discussion <b>Option B</b></span> </div>
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<b>"Global Encounters"</b> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li>Explain at least two (2) possible reasons for the differences between the results of exploration and trade by the Chinese and by the European states. Consider the reach of the Chinese Treasure Fleet and the global empires that Spain and Portugal established. Identify one (1) statistic or aspect of the transatlantic slave trade that you find most revealing about the human cost of European expansion into the New World. Slavery has been an accepted part of most societies covered in this course, though in the future most would seek its abolition. Discuss the implications of this for human progress.</li>
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<b>Explore</b><br />
<i>Global Encounters: Achievements and Exploitation</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 18 (pp. 618-620), China’s Treasure Fleet; review Week 9 Music Folder </li>
<li>Chinese explorers at <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html" target="_blank">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html</a> and <a href="http://www.alrahalah.com/2010/09/zheng-he/" target="_blank">http://www.alrahalah.com/2010/09/zheng-he/</a></li>
<li>Large ship replica: <a href="http://www.alrahalah.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/TreasureShip.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.alrahalah.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/TreasureShip.jpg</a></li>
<li>Chapter 18 (pp. 596-604), Spain and Portugal: empire building; quick conquest</li>
<li>Chapter 18 (pp. 601, 604-607, 612-613), transatlantic slave trade</li>
<li>Transatlantic slave trade at <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p277.html" target="_blank">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p277.html</a></li>
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<br />
17 The Reformation<br />
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A New Church and the Arts<br />
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THINKING AHEAD<br />
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17.1 Describe both Erasmus’s and Luther’s calls for reform of the Roman Catholic Church.<br />
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17.2 Discuss the spread of the Reformation and its different manifestations in Zurich and Geneva.<br />
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17.3 Assess the impact of the printing press on both the Reformation and the art and literature of the era.<br />
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17.4 Recognize how the Reformation transformed art throughout Northern Europe.<br />
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ERASMUS, LUTHER, AND THE REFORMATION<br />
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How did Erasmus and Luther seek to reform the Roman Catholic Church?<br />
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<b>Luther’s own antipapal feelings were inspired, at least in part, by his reading of the Dutch humanist and scholar Desiderius Erasmus, whose 1516 translation of the Greek New Testament into Latin especially impressed the young Augustinian monk</b> (see Chapter 16, Continuity & Change, page 565). <b> </b><br />
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<b>Luther’s early teachers, like those of Erasmus, were all Augustinians</b>, so he was predisposed to be impressed by <b>Erasmus’s attack on the corruption of the clergy</b>. <a href="https://youtu.be/BcZhXmSxsbA">Erasmus, Luther</a> and the Bible, 5:29<br />
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https://youtu.be/BcZhXmSxsbA<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BcZhXmSxsbA" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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The Satires of Erasmus<br />
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<b>Erasmus’s chief tool was satire</b>.<br />
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Satire is a literary genre designed to convey the contradictions between real and ideal situations. It had lain dormant in Western culture since Greek and Roman times when such writers as Aristophanes, in his comedies, and Horace and Juvenal, in their poems and essays, used it to critique the cultures of their own day. Humanist scholars like Erasmus and More, thoroughly acquainted with these Classical sources, reinvigorated the genre.<br />
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Desiderius <a href="https://youtu.be/yMXPnFaQk5I">Erasmus</a>, 4:13<br />
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50 Notable Names is a collection of fifty people down through history that are worth learning about and learning from. Notable Name # 30 - Desiderius Erasmus<br />
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https://youtu.be/yMXPnFaQk5I<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yMXPnFaQk5I" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Martin Luther’s Reformation<br />
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<b>The satire of Erasmus was rather too lighthearted for Luther himself. If he and Erasmus recognized the same problems with the Church, they were too serious, from Luther’s point of view, to be dismissed as mere “folly.”</b><br />
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Even a cursory comparison of Luther’s demeanor in Lucas Cranach’s portrait of the Wittenberg professor (Fig. 17.3) and the expression of Erasmus in Dürer’s portrait of the Dutch humanist (see Fig. 16.19 in Chapter 16), executed at approximately the same time, reveals their difference in temperament.<br />
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Luther’s own early years in the Church underscore how seriously he took his calling.<br />
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He had entered the <b>Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine</b> in Erfurt, in 1505, at the age of 22.<br />
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This decision was <b>apparently motivated by an oath he had taken when, in a severe lightning storm, he had promised to become a monk if he survived the storm</b>.<br />
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By 1511, he had moved to the Augustinian monastery in Wittenberg, earning a <b>doctorate in theology</b> in 1512.<br />
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In the winter semester of 1513 to 1514, he began <b>lecturing at the university</b> there.<br />
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His <b>primary subject was the Bible</b>.<br />
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In the preface to the complete edition of his writings, published just a year before his death, Luther recalled the <b>crisis in belief</b> that preoccupied him between 1513 and 1517 (Reading 17.3)<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/ijjbtcAEOnY">Luther</a>'s 95 Thesis, 4:33<br />
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A clip from the "Luther Movie" showing Luther nailing the 95 thesis.<br />
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https://youtu.be/ijjbtcAEOnY<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ijjbtcAEOnY" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Church Reaction to the Ninety-Five Theses<br />
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The Church initially reacted to Luther’s Theses by turning the case over to a <b>Dominican theologian</b> named Prierias (1456–1527), who responded in 1518 with a <b>Dialogue Against the Arrogant Theses of Martin Luther Concerning the Power of the Pope</b>.<br />
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<b>Luther considered his Theses more the exercise of an academic freedom</b>—the right of a member of the university faculty to offer theses for acceptance or refutation.<br />
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And if he was impressed by the ferocity of Prierias’s response, he was not by its intelligence: “I thought, ‘Good God, has it come to this that the matter will go before the pope?’ However, our Lord God was gracious to me, and the stupid dolt wrote such wretched stuff that I had to laugh. Since then I’ve never been frightened.”<br />
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Why <a href="https://youtu.be/Z92-glVHyCw">Didn't the Church Honor Martin Luther's Request</a>? 2:43<br />
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Tim Staples is Director of Apologetics and Evangelization here at Catholic Answers, but he was not always Catholic. Tim was raised a Southern Baptist. Although he fell away from the faith of his childhood, Tim came back to faith in Christ during his late teen years through the witness of Christian televangelists. Soon after, Tim joined the Marine Corps. During his four-year tour, he became involved in ministry with various Assemblies of God communities. Immediately after his tour of duty, Tim enrolled in Jimmy Swaggart Bible College and became a youth minister in an Assembly of God community. During his final year in the Marines, however, Tim met a Marine who really knew his faith and challenged Tim to study Catholicism from Catholic and historical sources. That encounter sparked a two-year search for the truth. Tim was determined to prove Catholicism wrong, but he ended up studying his way to the last place he thought he would ever end up: the Catholic Church! He converted to Catholicism in 1988 and spent the following six years in formation for the priesthood, earning a degree in philosophy from St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Overbrook, Pennsylvania. He then studied theology on a graduate level at Mount St. Mary’s Seminary in Emmitsburg, Maryland, for two years. Realizing that his calling was not to the priesthood, Tim left the seminary in 1994 and has been working in Catholic apologetics and evangelization ever since.<br />
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If you are interested in booking Tim Staples for an upcoming event, please contact Catholic Answers at (619) 387-7200.<br />
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Protestant Reformation - <a href="https://youtu.be/uFSRhB6Ag5w">Church Response to Luther</a>, 6:31<br />
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https://youtu.be/uFSRhB6Ag5w<br />
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Luther’s Popular Appeal: The Vernacular Bible<br />
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Excommunicated, his life in danger, Luther took refuge in Frederick’s Wartburg Castle, in central Germany, where he spent the next year disguised as a knight. The desperate nature of his situation was mitigated by the broad base of his growing popular support.<br />
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At Wartburg, Luther occupied himself with translating Erasmus’s New Testament Bible from Latin into vernacular German, “not word for word but sense for sense,” as he put it. His object was to make the Bible available to ordinary people, in the language they spoke on the street, so that they could meditate for themselves on its meanings without the intervention of a priest. No longer would the Catholic Church be the sole authority of biblical interpretation.<br />
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Soon after his return to Wittenberg in September 1522, his popularity helping to assure his safety, Luther’s vernacular New Testament was published. The entire printing of 3,000 copies sold out within three months, and a second printing quickly followed. Considering that the entire population of Wittenberg was only 2,500, the sellout of the first printing was astonishing.<br />
Reformation Music: The Chorale<br />
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Luther also sought to reform Church liturgy, especially the use of music in the church service. He was a trained musician and understood the power of a hymn sung in the vernacular by the entire congregation, a form known as the chorale, rather than in Latin by a chorus of monks separated from the worshipers. While he did not invent the chorale form, between 1524 and 1545, he composed and compiled nine hymnals, consisting of Latin hymns, popular religious songs, and secular tunes recast with religious lyrics. The most famous of Luther’s chorales is Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott (“A Mighty Fortress Is Our God”) (track 17.1), still widely sung today. Luther probably wrote the melody, and he adopted the text from Psalm 46 (“God is our refuge and our strength …”). When sung in unison by all the voices in the congregation, it embodies Luther’s sense that “next to the Word of God, music deserves the highest praise.”<br />
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Martin <a href="https://youtu.be/5c2p5YqwNF4">Luther: Great Translators of the Bible</a>, 3:39<br />
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Watch this short video history of Martin Luther, father of the Protestant Reformation, and learn how he translated the Bible into German!<br />
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https://youtu.be/5c2p5YqwNF4<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5c2p5YqwNF4" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Attack on Celibacy and Support of Charity<br />
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Luther appealed to the wider populace in other ways as well. He attacked what many considered the absurdity of monasticism and clerical celibacy by marrying a former nun and fathering six children. The Catholic Church had argued that only those who practiced the three “counsels”—poverty, celibacy, and obedience—could have a religious vocation. But for Luther, faith equalized everyone, and monastic vows conflicted with faith because they embrace the notion of good works instead.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/I-sOgcUOt8E">Call No Man Father</a>? 3:26<br />
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http://www.catholic.com/ Jimmy Akin answers a caller who asks why Catholics call priests "father" when the Bible says not to. Jimmy Akin was born in Texas and grew up nominally Protestant. At age 20 he experienced a profound conversion to Christ. Planning on becoming a Protestant pastor or seminary professor, Jimmy started an intensive study of the Bible, but the more he immersed himself in Scripture, the more he found it to support the Catholic faith. Eventually, he was compelled in conscience to enter the Catholic Church, which he did in 1992. His conversion story, "A Triumph and a Tragedy," is published in the book Surprised By Truth. Akin is a Senior Apologist at Catholic Answers, a member on the Catholic Answers Speakers Bureau, a weekly guest on the global radio program, Catholic Answers LIVE, a contributing editor for Catholic Answers Magazine, and the author of numerous publications, including the books Mass Confusion, The Salvation Controversy, The Fathers Know Best, and Mass Revision. His personal blog is www.jimmyakin.com.<br />
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https://youtu.be/I-sOgcUOt8E<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/I-sOgcUOt8E" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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THE SPREAD OF THE REFORMATION<br />
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How did the Reformation change as it spread to Geneva and Zurich in particular?<br />
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Even as Luther led the Reformation in Germany, other reformists initiated similar movements in France and Switzerland (Map 17.2), and still others radicalized his thinking. The appeal of Luther’s Reformation was as much due to its political as its religious implications. His defense of the individual conscience against the authority of the pope was understood to free the German princes of the same papal tyranny that plagued him. And to many townspeople and peasants, freedom from the pope’s authority seemed to justify their own independence from authoritarian rule, whether of a peasant from his feudal lord, a guild from local government, or a city from its prince.<br />
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Ulrich <a href="https://youtu.be/PasQlaNKZpk">Zwingli and John Calvi</a>n, 7:33<br />
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https://youtu.be/PasQlaNKZpk<br />
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Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich<br />
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In 1519, Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531), strongly influenced by Erasmus, entered the contest to be chosen as people’s priest of the Great Minster Church in Zurich, Switzerland. The town council had been granted authority by the Church to select its own clergy. Zwingli’s candidacy was compromised by the fact that he lived openly with a woman with whom he had fathered six children. The open rejection of celibacy galvanized the electorate, who believed celibacy to be an entirely unfair demand on the clergy. Zwingli was elected, and from that position of power, he soon challenged not only the practice of clerical celibacy, but also such practices as fasting, the veneration of saints, the value of pilgrimages, and the ideas of purgatory and transubstantiation. On this last point, he was especially at odds with Luther. From Zwingli’s point of view, communion was symbolic, while Luther held that consubstantiation, the coexistence of the bread and wine with the blood and body of Christ, did indeed occur when the bread and wine of the Eucharist were blessed. Had the two been able to agree on this point, a single, unified Protestant church might have transpired.<br />
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Landmarks of <a href="https://youtu.be/4s2Ib-I_yUA">Zurich: Ulrich Zwingli</a>, 2:43<br />
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Ulrich Zwingli was one of the most decisive characters of the protestant reformation in Switzerland. A pioneer for Protestantism, he was key in converting the canton of Zurich to the reformed faith. Creating many enemies that effectively decided his fate.<br />
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https://youtu.be/4s2Ib-I_yUA<br />
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John Calvin in Geneva<br />
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The iconoclasm that marked Zwingli’s Zurich erupted in the canton of Geneva in the mid-1530s, as the residents successfully revolted against their local prince (who also happened to be the bishop), and bestowed power on a city council. In May 1536, the city voted to adopt the Reformation and “to live according to the Gospel and Word of God … [without] any more masses, statues, idols, or other papal abuses.” Two months later, with the city essentially purged by iconoclasts, John Calvin (1509–64) arrived.<br />
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Calvin was a French religious reformer who had undergone a religious conversion of extreme intensity. Calvin was convinced that the city could become a model of moral rectitude and Christian piety. For four years, he fought to have the city adopt strict moral codes, locking horns with the city’s large population of Catholics. In 1538, his insistence that church worship and discipline belonged in the hands of the clergy, not politicians, led to his banishment from the city. But in 1541, the city recalled him, and he began to institute the reforms that he thought were necessary.<br />
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Calvin believed in a doctrine of predestination, the idea that people are “elected” by God to salvation prior to coming into the world, and that anyone so elected self-evidently lives in a way that pleases God. In fact, later Calvinists would come to believe that living a pure and pious life—often coupled with business success—made one’s election manifest to one’s neighbors. As Calvin explained election in his Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536): “God divinely predestines some to eternal salvation—the Elect—and others to eternal perdition—the Damned; and since no one knows with absolute certainty whether he or she is one of the Elect, all must live as if they were obeying God’s commands.” In effect, one could only intuit one’s election, but never know it with certainty.<br />
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John <a href="https://youtu.be/sHMgjRRAD3g">Calvin</a> and the Reformation, 5:49<br />
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Join us again at the Reformation Wall in Geneva to learn about John Calvin and his effect on the Reformation. If you liked this film, please subscribe, share it with your friends, and check back next week for a new video! Website - http://www.DiscerningHistory.com Facebook -<br />
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http://www.facebook.com/discerninghis... Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/discernhistory Intro<br />
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Credits 26th North Carolina Gabriel Hudelson Henricus Jamestown Yorktown Foundation<br />
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https://youtu.be/sHMgjRRAD3g <br />
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Protestant Anti-Semitism<br />
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Given the intolerance of Calvin’s Consistory, it is not surprising that Jews were not welcome in Geneva. In fact, they were expelled from the city at the end of the fifteenth century and not allowed to return until the beginning of the nineteenth. They had been blamed for the plague in the fourteenth century (see Chapter 13), and they were also believed to be a race rejected by God for denying Jesus and crucifying him. Both Calvin and Luther were deeply disappointed that Jews did not willingly convert to Christianity in great numbers upon seeing the reforms that the Protestants had put in place. As Calvin put it, “the rotten and unbending stiffneckedness [of Jews] deserves that they be oppressed unendingly and without measure or end and that they die in their misery without the pity of anyone.”<br />
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Martin <a href="https://youtu.be/YGWGA6zsq50">Luther the Great Protestant Reformer on Anti-Semitism, and Treatment of the Jews</a>, 2:12<br />
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https://youtu.be/YGWGA6zsq50<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YGWGA6zsq50" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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THE PRINTING PRESS: A FORCE FOR IDEAS AND ART<br />
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How did the printing press impact both the Reformation and the art and literature of the era?<br />
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It is debatable whether the Reformation would have occurred without the invention, a half-century earlier, of the printing press. Sometime between 1435 and 1455, in the German city of Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1390–1468) discovered a process for casting individual letterforms by using an alloy of lead and antimony. The letterforms could be composed into pages of type and then printed on a wooden standing press using ink made of lampblack and oil varnish. Although the Chinese alchemist Pi Sheng had invented movable type in 1045 ce, now, for the first time the technology was available in the West, and identical copies of written works could be reproduced over and over again.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/wgI6uyHr8KA">Printing a Revolution</a>, 4:03<br />
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A very brief overview of how the printing press lead to the success of the Protestant Reformation.<br />
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https://youtu.be/wgI6uyHr8KA<br />
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<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wgI6uyHr8KA?rel=0" width="560"></iframe><br />
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Johannes <a href="https://youtu.be/Y_QB4zGQ79I">Gutenberg printing press</a> Animation, 2:15<br />
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<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y_QB4zGQ79I?rel=0" width="560"></iframe><br />
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Writing for Print: The New Humanists<br />
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The sudden availability of books in large numbers transformed not only the spread of knowledge but its production as well. Suddenly, scholars could work in their own personal libraries and write knowing that their thinking could quickly find its way into print. Similarly, composers could see their music in print and expect it to be performed across the Continent. In short, the printing press created a new economy that transformed the speed at which information traveled.<br />
François Rabelais<br />
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No one better expressed his wonder at print and how it was transforming society than the French writer François Rabelais (ca. 1494–ca. 1553). A former Franciscan and Benedictine monk, Rabelais left the monastery to study at the Universities of Poitiers and Montpellier before moving to Lyon, one of the intellectual centers of France, to practice medicine. In his spare time, he wrote and published humorous pamphlets critical of established authority and stressing individual liberty. Written in a satirical voice, Rabelais’s pamphlets contain keen observations of the social and political events in the first half of the sixteenth century.<br />
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Gargantua and Pantagruel, his first book, is a connected series of five novels published over 32 years. It tells the story of two giants, Gargantua and his son Pantagruel, in a highly amusing and witty mock-epic style because, Rabelais says in his introduction, “to laugh is proper to the man.” There is much scatological humor and violence. In one of the story’s more serious moments, Gargantua writes a letter to Pantagruel extolling the virtues of a humanist education (Reading 17.6):<br />
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Francois <a href="https://youtu.be/PvpK_q-i4RY">Rabelais</a>, 3:17<br />
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https://youtu.be/PvpK_q-i4RY<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PvpK_q-i4RY" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Michel de Montaigne<br />
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A generation younger than Rabelais, Michel de Montaigne (1533–92) was nevertheless equally affected by the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the mid-sixteenth century. He was the son of a wealthy merchant and mayor of Bordeaux, who sent him away at birth to be nursed by a peasant woman so that he might develop a love and respect for the common folk. A resident German tutor taught him Latin as he learned to speak, so that, in fact, Latin was his native tongue. By the age of 6, he was enrolled in the prestigious Collège de Guienne, in Bordeaux, and by the age of 21, he had finished law school. At 24, he became one of 60 magistrates charged with enforcing the king’s law in Bordeaux. In that capacity, watching the sometimes vicious persecution of the Huguenot “heretics,” he developed a lifelong distaste for brutality and cruelty.<br />
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PHILOSOPHY - <a href="https://youtu.be/WLAtXWaz76o">Montaigne</a>, 6:03<br />
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Montaigne is a brilliant philosopher in part because he accepted how little philosophers understand. Here is a man wise in so far as he knew how rare wisdom really is. Please subscribe here: http://tinyurl.com/o28mut7 If you like our films take a look at our shop (we ship worldwide): http://www.theschooloflife.com/shop/all/ Brought to you by http://www.theschooloflife.com Produced in collaboration with Mad Adam http://www.madadamfilms.co.uk<br />
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https://youtu.be/WLAtXWaz76o<br />
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FROM RELIGIOUS TO SECULAR ART<br />
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How did the Reformation transform art in the North?<br />
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In the fever of iconoclasm that swept Europe, most artists working in the North saw at least some of their work destroyed, and those who depended on religious commissions lost their livelihood. Some artists, such as Dürer, discovered ways of working that seemed compatible with the developing Protestant aesthetic of restraint and propriety. Others made the best of things, turning to the creation of more secular imagery—landscape and portraiture, for instance.<br />
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Tribute To Albrecht <a href="https://youtu.be/7l9KEtSmihs">Dürer</a> (Durer), 4:05<br />
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"ALBRECHT DURER, perhaps the greatest German artist of the Renaissance era, began his career in the Imperial Free City of Nuernberg with his father, a Hungarian goldsmith who had emigrated to Germany in 1455. Despite his goldsmith origins, however, by 1484 Durer had already begun painting. In 1486 he was apprenticed to the painter and printmaker Michael Wolgumut and began to work with woodcuts and copper engravings as well. Beginning in 1490 Durer travelled widely for study, including trips to Italy in 1494 and 1505-7 and to Antwerp and the Low Countries in 1520-1. During his visit to Venice on his second Italian trip Durer was especially influenced by Giovanni Bellini and Bellini's brother-in-law Andrea Mantegna, each then near the end of his career. In The Uffizi: A Guide to the Gallery (Venice: Edizione Storti, 1980, p. 57) Umberto Fortis comments that Durer's journeys enabled him "to fuse the Gothic traditions of the North with the achievements in perspective, volumetric and plastic handling of forms, and color of the Italians in an original synthesis which was to have great influence with the Italian Mannerists." The period between his Italian trips was one of great productivity and artistic growth, characterized by his publication, 1496-8, of a portfolio of woodcuts, The Apocalypse of St. John. Scholars have suggested that the portfolio may have been intended as a veiled expression of support for the Reformation, with Babylon used as a surrogate for Rome."<br />
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https://youtu.be/7l9KEtSmihs<br />
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THINKING BACK<br />
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17.1 Describe both Erasmus’s and Luther’s calls for reform of the Roman Catholic Church.<br />
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On October 31, 1517, the German priest and professor Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church. His feelings about the Church were in many ways inspired by the writings of the Dutch humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus, who is most noted for his satirical attack on the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church entitled In Praise of Folly. In what terms does Erasmus “praise” human folly? What are the characteristics of satire, and how does irony contribute to it?<br />
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Luther’s calling for the reform of the Roman Catholic Church unleashed three centuries of social and political conflict. Luther deplored the concept of indulgences and he detested the secular spirit apparent in both Church patronage of lavish decorative programs and the moral laxity of the cardinals in Rome. What are indulgences? The Church charged Luther with heresy, but he continued to publish tracts challenging the authority of the pope. The Church excommunicated him, declared all of his writings heretical, and ordered them burned. In hiding, Luther translated Erasmus’s New Testament Bible from Latin into vernacular German. How did Luther transform the liturgy? How did he address the issue of clerical celibacy?<br />
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17.2 Discuss the spread of the Reformation and its different manifestations in Zurich and Geneva.<br />
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In Germany, Luther’s defense of individual conscience against the authority of the pope seemed to peasants a justification for their own independence from their feudal lords. What resulted from this newfound sense of freedom? Ulrich Zwingli, in Zurich, and John Calvin, in Geneva, followed Luther’s lead, both convinced that their respective cities could become models of moral rectitude and Christian piety. How did their approach to Church doctrine differ from Luther’s? What effect did their iconoclasm have?<br />
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17.3 Assess the impact of the printing press on both the Reformation and the art and literature of the era.<br />
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One of the most important contributors to the Reformation was Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press. It made the Bible a best seller. How did the widespread distribution of his texts fuel reformist movements? Printmaking came into its own as a way to illustrate printed books. How did Albrecht Dürer take advantage of the medium? Humanist thinkers quickly took advantage of print to distribute their works—François Rabelais and Michel de Montaigne, in particular. What new form of writing did the latter invent?<br />
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17.4 Recognize how the Reformation transformed art throughout Northern Europe.<br />
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The Reformation had a profound effect on the arts throughout Northern Europe. Most artists working in Northern Europe saw at least some of their work destroyed by iconoclasts, and artists who depended on religious commissions lost their livelihood. Dürer attempted to create a new, simpler imagery compatible with the developing Protestant sense of restraint. How would you describe his new style? Other artists turned away from religious themes to take up more secular subject matter. What were some of these new subjects?<br />
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READINGS<br />
READING 17.4 from Martin Luther, Ninety-Five Theses (1517)<br />
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READING 17.7 from Michel de Montaigne, “Of Cannibals” (1580)<br />
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Montaigne’s essay “Of Cannibals” reflects his fascination with reports of native civilizations in the New World. It is not the exotic details of cannibal life that lie at the center of the essay, however, but rather Montaigne’s own love of simplicity and “naturalness.” In fact, like the Essays as a whole, the piece is more about Montaigne himself than anything else. Montaigne is as interested in how his own life compares with that of the “noble savages” as he is in the savages themselves. Such personal reflections represent a new genre in Western literature—the informal meditation that tracks the meanderings of a charming, witty, and deeply intelligent mind.<br />
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18 Encounter and Confrontation<br />
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The Impact of Increasing Global Interaction<br />
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THINKING AHEAD<br />
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18.1 Discuss the impact of the Spanish on the indigenous cultures of the Americas.<br />
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18.2 Describe the impact of the Portuguese on African life and the kinds of ritual traditions that have contributed to the cultural survival of African communities after contact.<br />
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18.3 Outline the ways in which contact with Europe affected Mogul India.<br />
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18.4 Assess the impact of contact with the wider world on Ming China and its cultural traditions.<br />
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18.5 Explain the cultural patronage of the Ashikaga shoguns and the impact of the West on Japan in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.<br />
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THE SPANISH IN THE AMERICAS<br />
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How did the Spanish impact the indigenous cultures of the Americas?<br />
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When Cortés entered the Aztec island capital of Tenochtitlán, more than 200,000 people lived there. Gold-laden temples towered above the city. Gardens rich in flowers and fruit, and markets with every available commodity, dominated the city itself as Bernal Díaz (1492–1584), one of Cortés’s conquistadores, would later recall the sight (Reading 18.2):<br />
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Ask History: What Happened to the <a href="https://youtu.be/i3kWJfkqT0g">Aztecs</a>? | History, 2:26<br />
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How and why did the once mighty Aztec Empire crumble in the 16th century? Ask History looks for answers.<br />
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https://youtu.be/i3kWJfkqT0g<br />
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Pizarro in Peru<br />
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Francisco <a href="https://youtu.be/zGAWnyH_BYQ">Pizarro</a>: Spanish Conquistador - Fast Facts | History, 2:58<br />
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Spanish conquistador and eventual Governor of Peru Francisco Pizarro acquired wealth through kidnapping, ransom, and murder. Find out more about his violent rise to power in this video.<br />
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https://youtu.be/zGAWnyH_BYQ<br />
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WEST AFRICAN CULTURE AND THE PORTUGUESE<br />
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What impact did the Portuguese have on African culture and what kinds of traditions did these cultures maintain after contact?<br />
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Portugal was as active as Spain in seeking trading opportunities through navigation, but focused on Africa and the East instead of the Americas. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias (ca. 1450–1500), investigating the coast of West Africa (Map 18.2), was blown far south by a sudden storm, and turning northeast, found that he had rounded what would later be called the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean. Following Dias, Vasco da Gama (ca. 1460–1524) sailed around the cape with four ships in 1497 and reached Calicut, India, 10 months and 14 days after leaving Lisbon. Then, in 1500, Pedro Cabral (ca. 1467–ca. 1520), seeking to repeat da Gama’s voyage to India, set out from the bulge of Africa. Sailing too far westward, he landed in what is now Brazil, where he claimed the territory for Portugal.<br />
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Vasco <a href="https://youtu.be/aapO6DOIDX8">da Gama and Bartolomeu Dias</a>, 3:34<br />
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history project november 2011. i used clips from history.com and from gisfilmi's videos in the making of this video. So all of the video clip credit goes to them, not me. Also, the song used in the video is called "Untitled 3" by Sigur Ros, so all the music rights goes to them. Enjoy<br />
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https://youtu.be/aapO6DOIDX8<br />
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Kingdom of the Kongo<br />
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A thousand miles south of Benin, in the basin of the Congo River, comprising parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Republic of Congo, the kingdom of the Kongo rose to prominence sometime around 1400. Like many of the West African cultures to the north, its resources derived from the equatorial forest. Its capital city, Mbanza Kongo, was home to from 2 to 3 million people. Mbanza means “residence of the king,” and its king lived in a royal residence on the top of a hill overlooking the Lulunda River.<br />
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African slavery <a href="https://youtu.be/3hFzUWQruJk">Fall of the Kongo</a>, 4:54<br />
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"without violence there would be no way open to the African people to succeed in their struggle against the principle of white supremacy." This is how Nelson Mandela justified the decision to form Umkhonto, as he explained it in his Rivonia address. Was forming Umkhonto an act of terrorism or was it truly an act of self-defence against the socio-political principles of "white supremacy"? We'll look at the distinction between violence and terrorism in future presentations.<br />
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For now, we address the issue of white supremacy and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) In its Preamble, the UDHR states that the rights within the Declaration are for the benefit of "all members of the human family". This means that there is only one sacred identity - that of you as a human being, no other identity matters when it comes to your rights. This identity cannot be destroyed or denied by virtue of colour, religion, or anything else -- if you are biologically a human being, you belong to the human family and you should be able to enjoy all the rights in the UDHR. The UDHR warns against the danger of denying such rights and explains that people will be "compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression".<br />
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On this basis, forming Umkhonto should be considered exercising one's human rights rather than an act of terrorism. But does this justify violence in the defence against white supremacy? At its most simple, the principle of white supremacy provides that only white men are capable of higher intellectual functions (white women are often excluded). Accordingly, all non-whites should leave it to whites to run their lives and countries: politically, economically and socially.<br />
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In support of this principle, a number of European academics and statesmen advanced various 'scientific' theories, one of which (Eugenics) was based on Darwin's own theories on evolution, even though Darwin himself was an active abolitionist! It is therefore not surprising that a minority group of white South Africans truly believed that they were superior to everyone else and that they had a birth-right to rule and do as they pleased with non-whites, their lands, their lives, and all what that entailed. It is also not surprising that the response was the formation of Umkhonto.<br />
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We can trace the dawn of apartheid in Africa all the way back to the 1500s, or soon after the discovery of America. Then, the Roman Catholic Church distinguished between the rights of Christians and non-Christians.<br />
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For instance, Pope Alexander VI issued a papal bull which provided that, upon the discovery of a new land, if the land was ruled by a Christian prince then it continues to be his, otherwise, the land would come under the sovereignty of either Portugal or Spain. The issue here is not one of land or property, but rather the treatment of the human beings who lived on these lands. ... and this is what the first series of video will be looking at, in an informal and light manner.<br />
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Organization of From Kongo to Brazil: the Portugal Connection This video concentrates on the role played by Portugal in propagating slavery and the birth of apartheid and white supremacy in Africa: Part 1 - Portugal discovers Brazil Part 2 - Portugal discovers India and creates trouble Part 3 - Portugal returns to Brazil and creates trouble Part 4 - Portugal discovers the Kingdom of the Kongo Part 5 - The Christian Kongo and the Slave Trade Part 6 - The birth of apartheid in the Kongo Music: Red Planet by Terry Devine-King purchased from AudioNetwork.com (UK) All other credits will be listed, with the story behind each source used in all six videos, on a final video 7 once all 6 videos are published.<br />
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Strategies of Cultural Survival: The Dance<br />
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Almost all African cultures emphasized the well-being of the group over the individual, a conviction invoked, guaranteed, and celebrated by the masked dance. In the face of European challenges to the integrity of African cultures, dance became an especially important vehicle in maintaining cultural continuity. The masked dance is, in fact, a ritual activity so universally practiced from one culture to the next across West Africa that it could be called the focal point of the region’s cultures. It unites the creative efforts of sculptors, dancers, musicians, and others. Originally performed as part of larger rituals connected with stages in human development, the passing of the seasons, or stages of the agricultural year, the masked dance in recent years has become increasingly commercial—a form of entertainment disconnected from its original social context. A modern photograph of the banda mask being used by the Baga Mandori people who live on the Atlantic coastline of Guinea is unique, however, in capturing an actual banda dance (Fig. 18.12). The banda mask dance is always performed at night, with only torches for illumination, but in 1987 villagers agreed, for the sake of photography, to begin the performance at dusk. The photographs taken that evening by Fred Lamp, Curator of African Art at the Yale University Art Gallery, are the only extant photographs of an actual banda performance.<br />
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Strategies of Cultural Survival: Communicating with the Spirit World<br />
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Throughout Africa, from the moment of European contact onward, traditional systems of belief, ritual practices, and local customs have continued to exhibit a strong presence despite the ongoing influence of Western and Islamic cultures. It is almost certain that many, if not most, of these beliefs, rituals, and customs date back centuries and help to establish a very real sense of cultural continuity.<br />
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The Slave Trade: Africans in the Americas<br />
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Adaptive strategies were especially important to those Africans transported across the Atlantic in the Portuguese slave trade. Torn from their native cultures, and often re-situated with other Africans from cultures utterly unfamiliar to them, their cultural identity was severely challenged. But before long, across South America and Mexico, Africans outnumbered white Spaniards roughly two to one. Because of the almost total absence of European women in the Americas during the sixteenth century, the Spanish turned to other women for sexual partners. Very soon there were large numbers of people of variously mixed race, called castas or castes. The most common castas were mestizo (Spanish-Indian), mulatto (Spanish-black), zambo (black-Indian), and then later, in the seventeenth century, castizo (a light-skinned mestizo) and morisco (a light-skinned mulatto). By the eighteenth century, as growing numbers of Philippinos and other Asian populations arrived in Mexico (generally as slaves), and as the various castes themselves intermingled, a new term came into the language to indicate racial indeterminacy, tente en el aire, “hold yourself in the air.” By the end of the century, fully one-quarter of the population was of mixed race.<br />
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Spaniards, Incas and <a href="https://youtu.be/1Y18mCGJhSQ">Mestizos</a> - A Brief History, 2:02<br />
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Visit http://www.phenomenalplace.com to check out great information about mysterious and fantastic places on earth. When the Spaniards arrived to Peru, they killed plenty of people with their invisible weapon, the flu virus. Incas started dying in thousands as they had no immunity to fight this disease. So, they fled to the jungle. The Spaniards started to die too, as they were bitten by the mosquitos of the Andean region. It would take a few decades until the Mestizos were created who were able to survive both.<br />
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https://youtu.be/1Y18mCGJhSQ<br />
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INDIA AND EUROPE: CROSS-CULTURAL CONNECTIONS<br />
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How did European contact affect Mogul India?<br />
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The synthesis of cultures so evident in the pluralistic society that developed in New Spain is also apparent in the art of India during roughly the same period. But in India, the synthesis was far less fraught with tension. The reason has much to do with the tolerance shown by India’s leaders in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries toward forces from the outside, which, in fact, they welcomed.<br />
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The Last <a href="https://youtu.be/hMWrkyRvWcg">Mughal Emperor of India</a>, 2:05<br />
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Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar, also known as Bahadur Shah or Bahadur Shah II (October 1775 -- 7 November 1862) was the last of the Mughal emperors in India, as well as the last ruler of the Timurid Dynasty. He was the son of Akbar Shah II and Lalbai, who was a Hindu Rajput. He became the Mughal Emperor upon his father's death on 28 September 1837. Zafar, meaning "victory" was his nom de plume as an Urdu poet. Briefly restored during the Sepoy Mutiny or Indian War of Independence, he was deposed by the British and exiled to Burma.<br />
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https://youtu.be/hMWrkyRvWcg<br />
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Islamic India: The Taste for Western Art<br />
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<b>India’s leaders in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were conquered by Islam</b>.<br />
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Islamic groups had moved into India through the northern passes of the Hindu Kush by 1000 and had established a foothold for themselves in Delhi by 1200.<br />
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In the early sixteenth century, a group of <b>Turko-Mongol Sunni Muslims known as Moguls</b> (a variation on the word Mongol) established a strong empire in northern India, with capitals at Agra and Delhi, although the <b>Hindus temporarily expelled them from India between 1540 and 1555</b>.<br />
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Why <a href="https://youtu.be/STMJHgjymtU">Islamic Invaders Failed to Conquer India</a>, 5:51<br />
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https://youtu.be/STMJHgjymtU<br />
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Mogul Architecture: The Taj Mahal<br />
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Addicted to wine laced with opium, Shah Jahangir died in 1628, not long after the completion of the miniature wishing him a life of a thousand years.<br />
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While his son <b>Shah Jahan</b> (r. 1628–58) did not encourage painting to the degree his father and grandfather had, he was a <b>great patron of architecture</b>.<br />
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His most important contribution to Indian architecture—and arguably one of the most beautiful buildings in the world—is the Taj Mahal (“Crown of the Palace”), constructed as a <b>mausoleum for Jahan’s favorite wife</b>, Mumtaz-i-Mahal (the name means “Light of the Palace”), who died giving birth to the couple’s fourteenth child (Fig. 18.20).<br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/j95xFKw0GA8">Taj Mahal - Architecture</a> of a Love Story, 4:41<br />
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https://youtu.be/j95xFKw0GA8<br />
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CHINA: THE MING DYNASTY (1368–1644)<br />
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How did China resist foreign influence even as trade with the wider world flourished?<br />
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<b>The cultural syncretism, or intermingling of cultural traditions, that marks the Americas, was largely resisted by Chinese populations when Europeans arrived on their shores</b>.<br />
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The reasons are many, but of great importance was the <b>inherent belief of these cultures in their own superiority.</b><br />
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For centuries, the Chinese had resisted Mongolian influence, for instance, and at the same time had come to prefer isolation from foreign influence.<br />
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0:03 / 2:27 Global History Review: The <a href="https://youtu.be/AtHGNZs6Urs">Ming Dynasty</a><br />
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The Ming Dynasty Part of series which serves as a review of the major concepts of the New York State Global History curriculum. This video can be used by teachers in the classroom, at home with parents and by students as a study guide to aide in lesson planning and learning. Created with: Mineola School District http://www.mineola.k12.ny.us/ ABOUT ROBLE EDUCATION: Roble Education is founded on the idea that quality education should be accessible to everyone. We work with schools, teachers and universities around the world, producing customized learning experiences for children and adults of all ages: online courses, interactive textbooks, responsive websites, and other fun things. Visit us at: roble.education<br />
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https://youtu.be/AtHGNZs6Urs<br />
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The Treasure Fleet: Extending China’s Influence<br />
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Zhu Di called himself the Yongle emperor, meaning “lasting joy,” a propagandistic name designed to deflect attention from the tyranny of his court. His massive construction projects served to establish the grandeur of his authority. Among the largest of these was his “treasure fleet” of 317 ships, crewed by 27,000 men and headed by a ship that was 440 feet long, one of the largest wooden ships ever built. Unlike the European ocean expeditions undertaken a century later, these voyages were not primarily motivated by trade and exploration, but rather by the desire of the Yongle emperor to extract tribute from states throughout the Indian Ocean and the Southeast Asia. Still, trade was the result. Under the command of Zheng He (1371–1435), a Muslim eunuch who had served Zhu Di since childhood, the fleet sailed in seven expeditions between 1404 and 1435 throughout the oceans of Southeast Asia to India, Saudi Arabia, and down the African coast (see Map 18.4).<br />
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Damned Good Company, Chapter 6, <a href="https://youtu.be/KkLqSvotUi8">Zhu Di vs. the Mandarins</a>, :54<br />
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Video Summary: Damned Good Company by Luis Granados, Chapter 6, Zhu Di vs. the Mandarins. www.DamnedGoodCompany.com<br />
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https://youtu.be/KkLqSvotUi8<br />
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Luxury Arts<br />
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The lavish lifestyle of the Ming court ensured the production of vast quantities of decorative luxury goods. In addition, as trade flourished, many Chinese merchants became increasingly wealthy and began to collect paintings, antiques, finely made furniture, and other quality objects for themselves. Lacquerware was extremely popular. Made from the sap of the Chinese Rhus vernicifera tree (a variety of sumac), lacquer is a clear, natural varnish that, when applied to wood, textiles, or other perishable materials, makes them airtight, waterproof, and resistant to both heat and acid. A surface coated with many thin layers of lacquer can be carved through into all manner of designs. Lacquerware furniture, bowls, dishes, and other small articles were very desirable.<br />
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Power and Glory: Court <a href="https://youtu.be/1LAa75br_yI">Arts of China's Ming Dynasty</a> Docent Tour, 2:19<br />
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Asian Art Museum docent, Elizabeth Green Sah, gives a tour of Power and Glory: Court Arts of China's Ming Dynasty, during the museum's public program, MATCHA. Visit www.asianart.org for more information.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/171ju5b2lhk">Painting and Poetry: Competing Schools</a><br />
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The imperial court and the newly rich merchant class also acquired paintings, considered luxury goods in their own right. As in the Tang dynasty (see Chapter 11), a class of highly educated literati, or literary intelligentsia—artists equally expert in poetry, calligraphy, and painting—executed the works. Many paintings combine image and poem, the latter written in a calligraphy distinctly the artist’s own.<br />
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Ming Dynasty "Art of Dissent" Debuts at the Met, 3:11<br />
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For more news visit ☛ http://english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http://twitter.com/NTDTelevision Add us on Facebook ☛ http://facebook.com/NTDTelevision And now something for art lovers, especially if you are interested in how art can be used as a form of self-expression for silent resistance. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is opening an exhibition titled "Art of Dissent" showing 17th-century Chinese art. NTD's Margaret Lau reports.<br />
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Starting today, visitors to New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art will have the chance to feast their eyes on some of the finest 17th century Chinese art. The "Art of Dissent" exhibition will showcase more than 60 landscape paintings and calligraphies from a private collection from Hong Kong. It highlights the intense personal styles of some of the most prominent artists during the traumatic transition of the Ming to Qing Dynasty in 17th century China.<br />
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The fall of the Ming and the conquest of China by the Manchus in the 17th century is a period of turmoil in Chinese history. This transition triggers a tremendous outpouring of artistic works. Many Ming artists withheld their support for the Qing ruler—asserted their quiet defiance and moral virtue through their artwork. [Maxwell Hearn, Met Museum Curator-in-Charge, Dept. of Asian Art]: "The artists represented in the exhibition are those men who remained loyal to the Ming Dynasty and they express their loyalty by withdrawing into the landscape, by painting images of desolation in the natural world, they convey the sense of their own withdrawal of support for the Manchus." Museum Curator, Maxwell Hearn says it's the not the content of the paintings, but the style that's striking.<br />
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These Ming artists resisted the Qing rule by using art as a form of silent or passive resistance. [Maxwell Hearn, Met Museum Curator-in-Charge, Dept. of Asian Art]: "The men were primarily individualists who were interested in expressing themselves through their art. So, it's a very personal form of expression. These men were not interested in representing the natural world. Rather, they're using landscape as a vehicle for expressing their deepest feelings." This is not something new.<br />
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[Maxwell Hearn, Met Museum Curator-in-Charge, Dept. of Asian Art]: "There's a long tradition of using art as a way of expressing one's feelings in response to a political situation." The inclusion of a poem to the landscape composition is an important element in traditional Chinese art. [Maxwell Hearn, Met Museum Curator-in-Charge, Dept. of Asian Art]: "The important thing in appreciating this exhibition is to read both the poetry and the paintings as conveying something of the individual's sentiments and response to what's happening during this period." Some of these artists chose to disguise their identities, seek refuge in the landscape of their art or withheld support for the Qing ruler by becoming Buddhist monks. The "Art of Dissent" exhibition is arranged in five thematic or regional categories and will remain open until January 2nd, 2012. Margaret Lau, NTD News, New York. Margaret Lau<br />
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Northern School<br />
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Hundreds of Birds Admiring the Peacocks by Yin Hong, a court artist active in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, is an example of the Northern style (Fig. 18.26). It has a highly refined decorative style, which emphasizes the technical skill of the painter. It also has a rich use of color and reliance on traditional Chinese painting, in this case the birds-and-flowers genre that had been extremely popular in the Song dynasty, which flourished contemporaneously with the Early Middle Ages in the West. Like Guo Xi’s Song dynasty painting Early Spring (see Chapter 11, Closer Look, pages 370–371), the Yin Hong painting also has a symbolic meaning that refers directly to the emperor. Just as the central peak in Early Spring symbolizes the emperor himself, with the lower peaks and trees subservient to him, here a peacock symbolizes the emperor, and around it “hundreds of birds”—that is, the court officials—gather in respect and submission. <br />
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Southern School<br />
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The Southern style is much more understated than the Northern School, preferring ink to color and free brushwork (emphasizing the abstract nature of painting) to meticulously detailed linear representation. For the Southern artist, reality rested in the mind, not the physical world, and so self-expression is the ultimate aim. Furthermore, in the Southern School, the work of art more systematically synthesized the three areas of endeavor that any member of the literati should have mastered: poetry, calligraphy, and painting.<br />
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JAPAN: COURT PATRONAGE AND SPIRITUAL PRACTICE<br />
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What new developments in the arts were championed by the Ashikaga shoguns, and how did contact with the West impact Japan in the Azuchi-Momoyama period?<br />
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Long before Ming rulers finally overthrew the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368, the Japanese rulers of the Kamakura period (see Chapter 11) had repelled the Mongol Kublai Khan’s attempts to conquer their island country in both 1274 and 1281. The cost was high, and the islands were left impoverished. Conflict between competing lines of succession to the imperial throne destabilized the court. Gradually, in the provinces, localized village-level military leaders gained more and more authority until they controlled, after several generations, large regional areas of land. These lords, who would come to be known as daimyo, or “great names,” gained increasing strength, competing with the shogunate for power even as they began to war among themselves, seeking control of the entire nation. The power of the emperor was, however, rarely challenged, and the daimyo were important patrons of the imperial court, as well as major consumers of court-based arts and crafts. The principles and ethics of Zen Buddhism, the Japanese version of Chinese Chan Buddhism (see Chapter 11), also appealed to them. Throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Chan teachings gained an increasing foothold in Japan. The carefully ordered monastic lifestyle of Chan monks contrasted dramatically with the sometimes extravagant lifestyles of the Buddhist monasteries of the Heian period. And the Chan advocacy of the possibility of immediate enlightenment through meditation and self-denial presented, like Pure Land Buddhism (see Chapter 11), with which it competed for followers, an especially attractive spiritual practice.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/6WIPNduQQWo">Kamakura Japan</a> Travel Guide, 3:22<br />
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A travel guide for visiting Kamakura Japan. Kamakura has a rich history of temples and the Daibatsu,aka Giant Buddha. Kamakura is an excellent day trip from Tokyo, with zen temples and shinto shrines that are over 1,000 years old. Check out the "Cool Japan" playlist for more Japan videos: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=... Visit my channel for additional fun travel guides: http://www.youtube.com/user/yellowwpr... Subscribe to receive my latest travel guides in your feed: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_c...<br />
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https://youtu.be/6WIPNduQQWo<br />
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The Muromachi Period (1392–1573): Cultural Patronage<br />
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By 1392, one shogun family, the Ashikaga, had begun to exercise increased authority over Japanese society. They had their headquarters in the Muromachi district of Kyoto (hence the alternative names for the period in which they ruled.) It was a period of often brutal civil war as the daimyo vied for power. Although Kyoto remained in a state of near-total devastation—starvation was not uncommon—the Ashikaga shoguns built elaborate palaces around Kyoto as refuges from the chaos outside their walls. One of the most elaborate of these, now known as Kinkakuji, the Golden Pavilion (Fig. 18.28), was built as a setting for the retirement of the Ashikaga shogun Yoshimitsu (1358–1408).<br />
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Begun in 1399, its central pavilion is modeled on Chinese precedents. Its first floor was intended for relaxation and contemplation of the lake and gardens. A wide veranda for viewing the moon, a popular pastime, fronted its second floor. And the top floor was designed as a small Pure Land Buddhist temple, containing a sculpture of Amida Buddha, the Buddha of Infinite Light and Life who dwells in the paradise of the Western Pure Land, along with 25 bodhisattvas.<br />
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The gardens surrounding the pavilions at Kinkakuji provided the casual stroller with an ever-changing variety of views, thus creating a tension between the multiplicity of scenes and the unity of the whole. As a matter of policy, Yoshimitsu associated himself with the arts in order to lend his shogunate authority and legitimacy. Therefore, he and later Ashikaga shoguns encouraged some of the most important artistic developments of the era in painting and garden design. They also championed important new forms of expression, including the tea ceremony and Noh drama.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/FRiLncBCbhY">Muromachi</a> Period: Jidai Matsuri, 2015 Kyoto, 5:20<br />
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The Muromachi period (室町時代) is a period of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate, which was officially established in 1338 by the first Muromachi shogun, Ashikaga Takauji (足利 尊氏). The first part of this procession features Ashikaga Shōgun (足利将軍) and his close associates. Ise-shi (伊勢氏),who was minister of financial affairs, Hosokawa-shi (細川氏),the shogun's assistant for government affairs and Nikaido-shi (二階堂氏) who was a supervisor of judicial and government councils. The next part features dancers and musicians, who perform Furyū Odori (風流踊り) or “Wind flow dance” at certain intervals. Very colourful indeed, this was very popular during the Muromachi Period.<br />
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https://youtu.be/FRiLncBCbhY<br />
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Painting in the New Zen Manner<br />
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The question of the extent of the influence of Zen on Japanese art is a problematic one. As has often been pointed out, the features normally associated with Zen (Chan) Buddhism in the arts—simplicity of design, suggestion rather than description, and controlling balance through irregularity and asymmetry—are also characteristic of indigenous Japanese taste. Still, a number of Japanese artists, usually Zen monks themselves, turned to China and its Chan traditions for inspiration. In order to acquaint himself more fully with Chinese traditions, for instance, Sesshu Toyo (1420–1506), a Zen priest-painter, traveled to China in 1468–69, copying the Song dynasty masters and becoming adept at the more abstract forms of representation practiced by the Chan Buddhist literati.<br />
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Like other painters of his era inspired by the Chinese, Sesshu worked in multiple pictorial modes—depictions of Buddhist scenes, portraits, flower and bird painting, and, most famously, landscapes. Haboku Landscape is an example of the latter, painted in the new Zen Buddhist manner known as haboku (Fig. 18.29). Haboku means “broken or splashed ink,” the application of one layer of ink over another, “breaking” the initial surface or description. No mark on this painting could actually be thought of as representational. Rather, the denser ink suggests trees and rocks, while the softer washes evoke tall mountains in the distance, water, and mist. And instead of the panoramic landscapes of the Chinese Song dynasty that Sesshu studied in China, with its deep space, symmetrical balance, and vast array of richly detailed elements (compare Guo Xi’s Early Spring; Chapter 11, Closer Look, pages 370–371), Sesshu’s landscape is startlingly simple, almost impressionistic in its mistiness, and asymmetrical in its composition.<br />
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Magic of <a href="https://youtu.be/N6uL8U3e-yw">Zen art sumi-e painting</a>, 2:26<br />
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https://youtu.be/N6uL8U3e-yw<br />
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Zen Gardens<br />
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Perhaps inspired by the gardens surrounding shogun palaces such as Kinkakuji, designers made gardens a regular feature of Muromachi Zen temples, especially the karesansui, or “withered or dry landscape” garden. Japanese gardeners had long featured water as an important, even primary element, but around Kyoto, with its limited number of springs and mountain streams, gardeners turned their attention away from the streams and ponds that characterize the Golden Pavilion at Kinkakuji and increasingly focused their attention on rocks and a few carefully groomed plantings as the primary feature of garden design.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/VTo7hC-DLtU">Zen Gardens</a> in Kyoto, 3:08<br />
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A short video with clips and photos from Kyoto's most beautiful dry stone gardens (karesansui niwa). Sit back, relax and enjoy this montage of images from Daitoku-ji, Myoshin-ji, Ryoan-ji, Tenryu-ji and Toufuku-ji.<br />
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https://youtu.be/VTo7hC-DLtU<br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/5-rZ5StcgnI">Tea Ceremony</a><br />
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Matcha, literally “finely powdered tea,” was introduced into Japan from China during the early Kamakura period. By the end of the Kamakura period, tea contests to discern different teas and the regions in which they were grown had become popular. By the early Muromachi period, rules for the ways in which tea was to be drunk began to be codified, especially in Zen temples. By the sixteenth century, these rules would come to be known as the Way of Tea, chanoyu. In small rooms specifically designed for the purpose and often decorated with calligraphy on hanging scrolls or screens, the guest was to leave the concerns of the daily world behind and enter a timeless world of ease, harmony, and mutual respect. The master of the ceremony would assemble a few examples of painting and calligraphy, usually karamono, treasures imported from China, of which the Ashikaga shogun Yoshimasa (1430–90), grandson of Yoshimitsu, had the finest collection.<br />
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Traditional Japanese culture. Tea ceremony.日本の伝統文化 茶道, 3:26<br />
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It increases various culture the tea ceremony drinks powdered green tea, and to enjoy; and development In other words etiquette of the tea preparation [this side] manners it is comfortable, and to treat the meals such as the space about the house including a tea-ceremony room and the garden, the industrial arts which I choose the tea service set and appreciate and kaiseki cuisine or the Japanese sweet coming out to a tea party (tea party [ちゃごと]), a guest are the composite art that fused. 茶道は、抹茶を飲み楽しむ事に様々な文化が加わって発展ました。 つまり、茶室や庭など住まいに関する空間、茶道具を選んだり鑑賞したりする工芸、そしてお茶会(茶事〔ちゃごと〕)に出てくる懐石料理や和菓子などの食、客人を気持ちよくもてなすための点前〔てまえ〕作法が融合した総合芸術です。<br />
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https://youtu.be/5-rZ5StcgnI<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/o--VbWf6M0c">Noh Drama</a><br />
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The Ashikaga shoguns, including Yoshimitsu and Yoshimasa, also enthusiastically supported the development of the important literary genre of Noh drama. The Noh drama was primarily the result of the efforts of Kan’ami Kiyotsugu (1333–84) and his son Zeami Motokiyo (1363–1443). They conceived of a theater incorporating music, chanting, dance, poetry, prose, mime, and masks to create a world of sublime beauty based on the ideal of yugen, which almost defies translation but refers to the suggestion of vague, spiritual profundity lying just below the surface of the Noh play’s action (or, rather, the stillness of its inaction).<br />
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Kashu-Juku Noh Theater, 2:07<br />
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Kashu-Juku Noh Theater http://www.japansociety.org/event_det... Noh & Kyogen with Live Music In conjunction with Carnegie Hall's JapanNYC festival Thursday, March 24, 7:30 PM Friday, March 25, 7:30 PM Saturday, March 26, 7:30 PM Encounter the theater form developed and preserved since the 14th century! Kyoto-based Kashu-juku Noh Theater, led by Katayama Shingo of the prestigious Katayama noh family, is joined by kyogen actors from the Shigeyama family in providing this rare opportunity for American audiences to experience the 600-year-old tradition of noh and kyogen performed back-to-back. In Japanese with English subtitles.<br />
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The program includes: MAI-BAYASHI: Literally meaning "dance & music," a mai-bayashi is a solo dance depicting the climax of a famous noh play. This program features the ferocious battle scene from Yashima. KYOGEN: Boshibari (Tied to a Pole) Tied up by their master, two servants are thwarted in drinking his sake. How will the two rascals get a hold of their beloved beverage again? NOH: Aoi no Ue (Lady Aoi) In this famous adaptation of a story from the classic novel The Tale of Genji, the jealous Lady Rokujo--who had sent a spirit to possess Genji's wife, Aoi--is confronted in combat by a Buddhist monk intent on saving her soul. Pre-Performance Lecture: One hour before all show times, free to ticket holders. http://www.japansociety.org/event_det...<br />
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https://youtu.be/o--VbWf6M0c<br />
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The Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573–1615): Foreign Influences<br />
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Even as Japanese culture flourished under the patronage of the Ashikaga shoguns, the country simultaneously endured many years of sometimes debilitating civil war. By the middle of the sixteenth century, the Ashikaga family had lost all semblance of power, and various daimyo controlled the provinces once again. Finally, one of their number, Oda Nobunaga (1534–82), son of a minor vassal, forged enough alliances to unify the country under a single administration. By 1573, Nobunaga had driven what remained of the Ashikaga out of Kyoto, inaugurating a period now known as the Azuchi-Momoyama, named for the location of Nobunaga’s castle at Azuchi on Lake Biwa and that of his successor, Hideyoshi (1537–98), at Momoyama, literally “Peach Hill,” after an orchard of peach trees later planted on the ruins of the castle, south of Kyoto.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/9YYiNPx35Kc">Azuchi Momoyama</a> 安土―桃山, 3:21<br />
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The opening of my undergraduation project about japanese history. PUCPR University. Special thanks to Kanno Youko who made the music, a true masterpiece.<br />
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https://youtu.be/9YYiNPx35Kc<br />
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The Momoyama Castle<br />
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Although the arrival of gunpowder surely encouraged the Azuchi-Momoyama rulers to build much larger, more defensible castles than those of the earlier shoguns, the primary purpose of the castles was more to impress upon the world the power and majesty of the daimyo. The Himeji Castle near Osaka (Fig. 18.31) is an example. Like most other castles of the era—roughly 40 were constructed across the country—it was built at the crest of a hill topped by a tenshu, a defensible refuge of last resort much like the keep of an English castle (see Chapter 10). Lower down the hill’s slope was a massive wall of stone.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/qz-NLu26k20">Momoyama Castle</a> in Fushimi! 1:42<br />
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Fushimi Castle, also known as Momoyama Castle or Fushimi-Momoyama Castle. Fushimi Castle is located on a hill, in other words a hilltop castle, which is known in Japanese as a 'Teikakushiki'. Through numerous instances of being built, burned, and then rebuilt again -- even dismantled and scattered throughout Kyoto -- this modern replica was built in 1964 and stands today made of mostly concrete. Its history is long and complicated.<br />
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The very first version of the castle was built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi -- one of Japan's most famous historical characters -- in 1592, the year after his retirement from the regency. It took two years to build with a grand total of more than 20,000 workers from twenty provinces working on it, with many elaborate rooms, such as a tea ceremony room plated entirely in gold leaf. Though it looked like a Castle on the outside, it was really meant to be a retirement palace for Hideyoshi, and he had also planned to use it for peace talks with Chinese diplomats seeking an end to the Seven-year War in Korea. Through a stroke of bad luck, though, it was destroyed in an earthquake two years after its building. Hideyoshi re-commissioned the Castle in 1597, 500 meters away from the original site; however, Hideyoshi died before he could see the second version completed and the Toyotomi clan moved to Osaka Castle in 1598.<br />
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Thus, the castle came to be controlled by Torii Mototada, a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu and a vital figure in Japanese history. In 1600, during a war when Japan had split into two factions -- the army of the East led by Tokugawa and the army of the West led by Mouri Terutomo -- Fushimi Castle went under siege by Ishida Mitsunari. In an act of bravery, Torii Mototada defended the Castle for eleven days, allowing time for his lord Tokunaga to amass an army which would tip the scales in his favor at the final Battle of Sekigahara. This Battle marked the final victory of Tokugawa Ieyasu over all his rivals. At the end of the eleven days, Torii and his men committed suicide and the castle was destroyed by fire.<br />
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The castle was soon reconstructed in 1602 under the order of Tokugawa Ieyasu. However, in 1619 a decision was made to dismantle the castle and incorporate its parts into temples all over Japan. Spectacularly, to this day you can see in several temples in Kyoto such as Yogen-in, Genko-an, and Hosen-in a blood-stained ceiling which was the floor of the corridor at Fushimi Castle where Torii Mototada committed suicide. Finally, in 1625, the castle was abandoned for what seemed to be for good. In 1912 the tomb of Emperor Meiji was built on the original site of the castle, and in 1964 the final replica was completed. The castle had served as the museum of the life and campaigns of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, but it was closed to the public in 2003.<br />
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https://youtu.be/qz-NLu26k20<br />
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Namban and Kano-School Screen Painting<br />
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The presence of foreign traders in Japan, principally Portuguese and Dutch, soon found its way into Japanese painting, particularly in a new genre of screen painting known as namban. Namban literally means “southern barbarian,” referring to the “barbarian” Westerners who arrived from the south by ship. In the most popular theme of this genre, a foreign galleon arrives in Kyoto harbor (Fig. 18.32). The ship’s crew unloads goods, and the captain and his men proceed through the streets of the city to Nambanji, the Jesuit church in Kyoto. The priests themselves are Japanese converts to Christianity.<br />
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The Closing of Japan<br />
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Nobunaga’s successor, Hideyoshi, was deeply suspicious of Christianity. By 1587, he had prohibited the Japanese from practicing it and, in 1597, went so far as to execute 26 Spanish and Japanese Jesuits and Franciscans in Nagasaki. Succeeding rulers pursued an increasingly isolationist foreign policy. In 1603, Hideyoshi’s successor, Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616) instituted a shogunate based at his castle in Edo (present-day Tokyo) that was to last, in peace, for 250 years. Christianity, even as practiced by foreigners, was banned altogether in 1614. The new Tokugawa shoguns espoused a Confucianist philosophy based on the belief that every individual should be happy in their place if they understood and appreciated their role in a firmly structured society. While the emperor and his court were at the top of this structure, the Tokugawa shoguns were its effective leaders, with 250 or so regional daimyo under the shogun exercising regional authority. The Tokugawa shogunate forbade the Japanese to travel abroad in 1635, and limited foreign trade in 1641 to the Dutch, whom they confined to a small area in Nagasaki harbor, and the Chinese, whom they confined to a quarter within the city of Nagasaki itself.<br />
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THE <a href="https://youtu.be/lT_Bw_9Ox0s">EXPULSION OF CHRISTIANITY FROM JAPAN</a> and why it is important to you in 5 minutes, 5:18<br />
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Japan is not usually regarded as a Christian nation. However, Christianity has had a long and troubled history in Japan. One of the most pivotal moments in Japanese history was the expulsion of Christianity from Japan in the seventeenth century and it led to a long period of isolation from the outside world that eventually drove the modernisation and thirst for empire that made Japan the central Asian power of the twentieth century. SOURCES: Ruiz de Medina, Father Juan Garcia Cultural Interactions in the Orient 30 years before Matteo Ricci. Catholic Uni. of Portugal, 1993. H. Bryon Earhart, Religion in Japan: Unity and Diversity, Wadsworth, 2004, p.165 Brett, L. Walker "Foreign Affairs and Frontiers in Early Modern Japan: a Historio-graphical Essay". Early Modern Japan: an Interdisciplinary Journal 10:2 (2002): 44–62. Toshihiko, Abe Japan's Hidden Face. (Bainbridgebooks/Trans-Atlantic Publications, 1998). Mullins, Mark R. "Japanese Pentecostalism and the World of the Dead: a Study of Cultural Adaptation in Iesu no Mitama Kyokai". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 17:4 (1990): 353–74<br />
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https://youtu.be/lT_Bw_9Ox0s<br />
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THINKING BACK<br />
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18.1 Discuss the impact of the Spanish on the indigenous cultures of the Americas.<br />
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The arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas in 1492 inaugurated 125 years of nautical exploration of the globe by Europeans. Spain concentrated on the Americas. The Spanish did not come in family groups to settle a New World. Instead, Spanish men came in hopes of plundering America’s legendary wealth of precious metals. The absence of Spanish women accelerated the intermingling of races in New Spain. How do you account for the inhuman treatment of native cultures by European explorers and colonial administrators?<br />
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18.2 Describe the impact of the Portuguese on African life and the kinds of ritual traditions that have contributed to the cultural survival of African communities after contact.<br />
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The Portuguese slave trade transported many millions of Africans across the Atlantic on the Middle Passage, and the presence of the Portuguese is evident in much of the art produced in West Africa in the sixteenth century. How were the Portuguese first received in Africa? How is their presence reflected in West African art? How did the slave trade affect the population of New Spain?<br />
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Nevertheless, African cultures managed to maintain their cultural identity by continuing to engage in ritual practices and traditions. How did dance serve this purpose? What powers did their sculpture contain?<br />
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18.3 Outline the ways in which contact with Europe affected Mogul India.<br />
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Mogul leaders in India, particularly Akbar and Jahangir, not only introduced conventions of Islamic art to India but opened the doors of the country to English traders. The style of representation that resulted from this contact is a blend of stylistic and cultural traditions, East and West. The Taj Mahal, on the other hand, is a distinctly Mogul achievement. What aesthetic taste does it reflect?<br />
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18.4 Assess the impact of contact with the wider world on Ming China and its cultural traditions.<br />
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Nearly 100 years before the Portuguese sailed into the Indian Ocean, the Chinese emperor Zhu Di’s treasure fleet, commanded by Zheng He, conducted trade expeditions throughout the area. What was the Chinese attitude toward the populations they encountered? One of the most important undertakings of Zhu Di’s reign was the construction of the royal compound in Beijing, known as the Forbidden City. From what various cultural traditions does its design draw? In the Ming court, Dong Qichang wrote an essay dividing the history of Chinese painting into two schools, Northern and Southern. What are the characteristics of each?<br />
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18.5 Explain the cultural patronage of the Ashikaga shoguns and the impact of the West on Japan in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.<br />
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In Japan, political turmoil caused by war with the Mongols, instability at the imperial court, and, in the provinces, the increasing power of local military rulers, who would come to be known as daimyo, was finally mitigated by the ascendancy of Ashikaga shoguns in the Muromachi period (1392–1573). In the midst of what often amounted to civil war, the Ashikaga shoguns were great cultural patrons. Why did they associate themselves with the arts? What was their attitude toward China and Chan (Zen) in particular? What elements of Japanese taste began to assert themselves in painting? In garden design? In the tea ceremony? What aesthetic feeling manifests itself particularly in Noh drama? How did trade with the Portuguese in the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1573–1615) influence Japanese culture? Screen painting became especially popular and depicted a wide variety of subjects. How does namban painting reflect Japan’s increasing cultural syncretism? What aesthetic principles inform the large-scale landscapes of the Kano School?<br />
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READINGS<br />
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READING 18.1 from Bernadino de Sahagún, History of the Things of New Spain (ca. 1585)<br />
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The History of the Things of New Spain was written in the Nahuatl language under the supervision of the Benedictine monk Bernadino de Sahagún. First completed in about 1555, it relies on the memories of aging native Aztecs who had actually been alive during the conquest. The 1555 version has been lost. But in about 1585, Bernadino prepared a second version in Nahuatl. The description of Pedro de Alvarado’s massacre of the Aztecs at the Fiesta of Toxcatl, which follows, is from that later version and is particularly chilling.<br />
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READING CRITICALLY<br />
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When Cortés rescued Alvarado, the latter claimed that informants had told him the Aztecs planned to attack when the Fiesta of Toxcatl was over in order to free Motecuhzoma. Does this claim alter your reaction to this Nahuatl version of events?<br />
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READING 18.5 from Zeami Motokiyo, Semimaru (early 15th century)<br />
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Noh theater is very different from Western theater. It incorporates music, chanting, dance, poetry, prose, mime, and elaborate masks and costumes to create a total theatrical experience. It is perhaps closest to our musical form opera. But even opera cannot match the slow, ritualistic pace of Noh plays, which seek to create in their audience an ethereal sense of a transcendent, Zen Buddhist world. The following text, representing approximately the first half of the play, was written by one of the founders of the Noh tradition.<br />
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Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct What did John Calvin mean by "predestination"? Given Answer: Correct God ordains salvation only for certain people at birth Correct Answer: God ordains salvation only for certain people at birth out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct As pointed out in the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, why did the Roman Catholics increase the elaborateness of their churches in retaliation against Protestant simplicity? Given Answer: Correct To make the Protestant churches seem emotionally empty Correct Answer: To make the Protestant churches seem emotionally empty out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct What classical literary genre did Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More revive? Given Answer: Correct Satire Correct Answer: Satire out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct What did Luther claim gave him the right to post his 95 Theses on the Wittenberg church door? Given Answer: Correct Academic freedom Correct Answer: Academic freedom out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Luther reject the Church's doctrine that good deeds and work led to salvation? Given Answer: Correct He believed that faith alone would provide salvation Correct Answer: He believed that faith alone would provide salvation out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct As noted in the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, when Japan reopened its doors to the world in 1853, what about its culture especially appealed to the Westerners? Given Answer: Correct Zen Buddhism Correct Answer: Zen Buddhism out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why were the Kongolese especially accepting of Christianity? Given Answer: Incorrect They revered a resurrected hero Correct Answer: They believed in an afterlife out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Incorrect After he fled from his evil brother, what did the legendary Quetzalcóatl promise to do? Given Answer: Incorrect Help the Aztec defeat their enemies Correct Answer: Return one day out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why beginning in 1587 did Japan become closed to the rest of the world? Given Answer: Correct To eliminate foreign influence on its culture Correct Answer: To eliminate foreign influence on its culture out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct Why were the Europeans so eager to colonize America? Given Answer: Correct To acquire gold, silver and other treasure Correct Answer: To acquire gold, silver and other treasure<br />
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Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why were Josquin des Prez's polyphonic compositions so popular that they were widely performed even after his death?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The expressiveness of the voices</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The expressiveness of the voices</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190481013_1"><input id="points__190481013_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190481013_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Bramante apply the Vitruvian circle inscribed with a square to his church designs?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To symbolize the perfection of God</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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To symbolize the perfection of God</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190481014_1"><input id="points__190481014_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190481014_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Which of the following is not one of the four major areas of humanist learning that Julius II commissioned Raphael to paint on the Vatican's Stanza della Segnatura?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Mathematics</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Mathematics</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190481015_1"><input id="points__190481015_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190481015_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Titian paint a sleeping dog on the foot of his Venus of Urbino's bed?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To symbolize fidelity and lust</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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To symbolize fidelity and lust</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190481016_1"><input id="points__190481016_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190481016_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did early Venetians abandon the mainland for the swampy lagoon islands?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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To flee the invading Lombards from the north</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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To flee the invading Lombards from the north</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190481017_1"><input id="points__190481017_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190481017_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Bruges become the financial capital of the North?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It was home to the Medici banking interests in the region</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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It was home to the Medici banking interests in the region</div>
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<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824304_1">
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190481018_1"><input id="points__190481018_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190481018_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
For what setting does the size of Robert Campin's Mérode Altarpiece suggest that it was designed?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Private devotions</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Private devotions</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190481019_1"><input id="points__190481019_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190481019_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Hieronymus Bosch's famous triptych, the Garden of Earthly Delights, seems intended for what purpose?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To be a conversation piece</div>
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<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To be a conversation piece</div>
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</div>
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</td> </tr>
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<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824310_1">
</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190481020_1"><input id="points__190481020_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190481020_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What did patrons of works such as Robert Campin's Mérode Altarpiece and Jan and Hubert van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece hope to gain through their financial support?</div>
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<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Personal salvation</div>
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<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Personal salvation</div>
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<div id="LEARNING_STANDARD_blackboard.data.qti.asi.AsiObject;_62824315_1">
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__190481021_1"><input id="points__190481021_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_190481021_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Who is reflected in the mirror in Jan van Eyck's double portrait Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Giovanna Cenami?</div>
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<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
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<br />Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-71692169120217677472018-08-28T15:24:00.001-04:002018-08-28T15:26:56.657-04:00HUM 111 Week 8 Summer 2018<br />
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Break: 8:00 pm, Discussion, and Dismiss.<br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/Connect%20on%20LinkedIn:%20https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith">Connect</a> on LinkedIn: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith</a> <br />
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Review<br />
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Did the <a href="http://www.da-vinci-inventions.com/davinci-inventions.aspx">military ever use any of Leonardo's inventions</a> in battle?<br />
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http://www.da-vinci-inventions.com/davinci-inventions.aspx<br />
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Leonardo Da Vinci's <a href="https://youtu.be/wfwmCwrnOpY">Catapult,</a> 2:37<br />
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https://youtu.be/wfwmCwrnOpY<br />
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Leonardo detested war and harming people and animals in general. He was actually one of the first vegetarians in history, he would often buy birds in the marketplace and set them free after studying their wing structures, he is also quoted as saying –<br />
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<i>“As long as men massacre animals, they will kill each other.”</i></div>
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<i>“The time will come when men such as I will look upon the murder of animals as they now look upon the murder of men.”</i><br />
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Unfortunately for Leonardo he often had to pander to the levels of his bloodthirsty and power hungry patrons in order to receive work (although Leonardo was famous even during his own lifetime, he was by no means a wealthy man, he also had several apprentices to feed and clothe later on in is life), this would sometimes mean using his outstanding intellect to design machines capable of inflicting damage upon many men.<br />
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During Leonardo’s lifetime Italy was comprised of several independent city states, each of whom was trying to overtake the others land and power. As a result, whichever state had a technological/military advantage over the other states was holding the trump card. Who could you turn to to invent some of the most destructive machines ever designed? Leonardo da Vinci.</div>
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Leonardo Da Vinci's <a href="https://youtu.be/f-lerAurqkg">Tank</a>, 4:58<br />
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Crossbow<br />
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<img alt="leonardo da vinci's crossbow" class="size-medium wp-image-190" height="220" src="https://www.leonardodavincisinventions.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/leonardo-da-vincis-crossbow1-300x220.jpg" title="leonardo da vinci's crossbow" width="300" /> <br />
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What was the initial start of the Black Plague?<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/huirUty4RLE">Origins Of The Black Death</a> - The Black Death Comes To Europe 1347, 6:39<br />
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Because Europe was trading with the East, medieval Europeans were aware of a mysterious disease sweeping through Asia in the 1330s. From Central Asia, the disease moved along an established trade route, passing through Turkestan and the Black Sea Region (Crimea and the Byzantine Empire).<br />
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In 1347, Kaffa, a town in modern-day Ukraine that was a Genoese trading post, came under attack by a Tartar army. When the Tartars were killed by the plague, the Genoese at first rejoiced: God had answered their prayers and punished their enemy. But that celebration ended when the Tartars began launching the corpses of plague victims over the walls of the city, hoping that the smell of rot would kill everyone in town. The smell didn't kill the Genoese, of course, but the disease did. The panicked Genoese threw the corpses back or submerged them in water. But it was no use; they were already exposed. As the dying Tartars retreated, the Genoese fled by ship to Sicily, taking the deadly disease with them to Europe. Black Death epidemic killed an estimated 50 million Chinese and other Asian during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.<br />
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Kaffa wasn't the only eastern trading port on the Black Death's path, but Genoa's ships took the blame for bringing the pestilence. Once it hit Europe, the Black Death moved fast, traveling at an average speed of 2.5 miles per day (4 km per day) [source: Duncan, Scott]. From the Mediterranean ports, the disease took two paths; one through France that eventually made its way to England and Ireland, and one through Italy that went to Austria and Germany.<br />
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Why is it called the Black Death?<br />
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Many think that the Black Death got its name from the blackened tumors that covered the victims' bodies. But it's more likely a mistranslation of the Latin term for the plague, Atra mors. "Atra" can be translated as either "terrible" or "black."<br />
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If the Black Death was airborne why didn't everyone contract it?<br />
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death#mediaviewer/File:Blackdeath2.gif<br />
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<span class="comment-copy">The black death was an urban syndrome. People living in rural circumstances were not affected nearly so much. I know the average monk writing about it thought cities and towns were the whole world, but believe or not, farmers are people too.</span><br />
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<span class="comment-copy">Nonetheless, it is true that Poland did survive the Black Death relatively unscathed. In addition to Poland's relatively <b>sparse population</b>, a key factor is that King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great">Casimir the Great</a> wisely <b>quarantined the Polish borders</b>. By holding the plague off at the borders, the disease's impact on Poland was softened.</span><br />
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The quarantine's effectiveness was further enhanced by <b>Poland's relative isolation.</b> While heavily hit regions such as the Mediterranean coast were densely interlinked with trade, the same was generally not true of Poland. When the Black Death arrived, this isolation helped insulate the Poles from the plague.<br />
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Since there were so many deaths what happened to the bodies?<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/grbSQ6O6kbs">Monty Python-Bring out your dead</a>! 1:55<br />
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<h3>
Black Plague, London, 1348-1350</h3>
The residents of medieval London were accustomed to being around the dead. The Christian church was the center of cultural life, and people were buried on church grounds. As Catharine Arnold writes in her book <i>Necropolis: London and Its Dead</i>, "With land at a premium, churchyards were communal spaces at the core of parish life, more like streetmarkets than parks. Laundry fluttered above the graves; chickens and pigs jostled for scraps. Bands of traveling players enacted dramas, and desecration was inevitable, with 'boisterous churls' playing football, dancing, drinking, and fighting on the hallowed ground." Poorer residents did not have an expectation of a dedicated funeral plot, often buried in pits wrapped only in shrouds.<br />
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As Arnold notes, the "bond between the living and the dead was very different from today," namely because the dead were kept so close.<br />
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The arrival of the black plague in fall 1348 changed all this. Plague isn't directly transmitted from contact with dead bodies, but the <a href="http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/management_of_dead_bodies.pdf" target="_blank">presence of fleas or lice</a> that often accompanies those bodies can transmit sicknesses to the living—so keeping dead bodies close to the living helped the disease to spread rapidly. Arnold estimates that between a third and a half of London's residents died during this 18-month epidemic.<br />
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There was no way these tens of thousands of new dead bodies would ever fit inside existing burial grounds. According to William Maitland's 1756 work <i>History of London</i>, the Bishop of London bought a property called "No-Man's Land" to bury the victims of the plague. When this filled up, a local landowner purchased an <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml" target="_blank">adjacent 13-acre property </a>for the same purpose. Later excavations at these mass graves found that the bodies were stacked five deep. Gone were the communal burial spaces where the living and the dead co-inhabited.<br />
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According to Arnold, this led many to reexamine many of their core assumptions: "The Black Death led the devout to question the very nature of existence. Death, once the inevitable conclusion of a good Christian life, now became a terrifying apparition, striking without warning and wiping out an entire generation."<br />
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What about the effects of death on such magnitude on everyday life? In his book <i>In the Wake of the Plague</i>, Norman Cantor suggests that "the Black Death accelerated the decline of serfdom and the rise of a prosperous class of peasants, called yeomen, in the 15th century."<br />
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Cantor explains that "because of labor shortage, the peasants could press for higher wages and further elimination of servile dues and restrictions. The more entrepreneurial landlords were eventually prepared to give in to peasant demands. The improvement in the living standard of many peasant families is demonstrated by the shift from earthenware to metal cooking pots that archeologists have discovered. The Black Death was good for the surviving women. Among the gentry, dowagers flourished. Among working-class families both in country and town, women in the late 14th and 15th centuries took a prominent role in productivity, giving them more of an air of independence." <br />
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Did the Black Death gradually dissipate or did it end abruptly?<br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">How the Black Death Came to an End</span></h4>
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During the <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID6" title="More on 'Middle Ages'">Middle Ages</a>, the Black Death ravaged Europe and left nearly a third of the population dead. The epidemic reached its zenith in the years 1348 to 1350, though the disease never vanished entirely. It is widely believed that the cause of the Black Death was bubonic <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID13" title="More on 'Plague'">plague</a>, an infectious and fatal illness spread by rodents and the <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID3" title="More on 'Fleas'">fleas</a> infesting them. Medieval people blamed the pandemic on bad air, witches, and astrology, among other things. Although most modern scientists agree that that the Black Death was caused by the bacterium <span class="italics"><a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID9" title="More on 'Yersinia pestis'">Yersinia pestis</a></span>, there still remain many questions about the nature of the disease and how it spread so quickly.<br />
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There has never been a definitive explanation as to why the Black Death subsided. After afflicting some seventy-five million to one hundred million people across Europe, Russia, and the Middle East, the disease began to taper off. Several factors are thought to have influenced the dramatic decline in fatalities caused by the Black Death.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Critical Thinking Questions</span></h4>
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<li>How might personal <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID11" title="More on 'Hygiene'">hygiene</a> have contributed to the plague’s spread?</li>
<li>In what way might <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID7" title="More on 'Climate'">climate</a> have contributed to the end of the Black Death?</li>
<li>How did the Black Death change the way people lived their daily lives?</li>
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<h4 id="Quarantine">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Quarantine</span></h4>
The most popular theory of how the plague ended is through the implementation of quarantines. This entailed staying out of the path of infected individuals, rats, and fleas. The uninfected would typically remain in their homes and only leave when it was necessary. Those with the financial resources would traditionally escape to the country, far away from the Black Death-infested cities, and live in the comfort of a lavish estate. In cases where infected persons were sharing living quarters with healthy persons, the entire household was quarantined together; this may have been effective in controlling the disease in Milan, Italy, where some families were walled up in their homes and left to die.<br />
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Even religious officials did their utmost to <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID12" title="More on 'Quarantine'">quarantine</a> themselves from possible infection. Because their roles required them to interact with the public, many found creative ways to fulfill the demands of their jobs while protecting their health. One bishop in Germany, for example, offered communion to his congregants via a long pole.<br />
<h4 id="Hygiene">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Hygiene</span></h4>
Practicing proper hygiene also likely played a role in the abatement of the Black Death. Before the pandemic struck, personal hygiene was lackluster at best. It was common to consume contaminated <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID1" title="More on 'Water'">water</a>. People did not wash regularly, and the dead were buried in mass graves.<br />
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During the years of the Black Death, however, people began to practice better personal hygiene. More people washed, and though bacteria had yet to be discovered, this cleanliness removed the microorganisms. People began to boil drinking water. As the bodies piled up it became more efficient to burn them, again inadvertently preventing the further spread of disease.<br />
<h4 id="Clean_Air">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Clean Air</span></h4>
The need for clean, pure air was another important factor in ending the sweep of the Black Death. Over time, the plague became pneumonic, or airborne, passing from person to person without flea hosts. Many people sought environments in which the <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID5" title="More on 'Air quality'">air quality</a> was uncontaminated by disease. One way of inhaling pure air was to sit between two burning fires. As the bacteria were destroyed in extreme heat, this may have provided some protection. Pope Clement VI was widely known to have torches placed around him to keep infection at bay.<br />
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Many households burned incense with the aim of purifying the quality of air; some of the favored scents were beech, camphor, lemon, rosemary, and sulfur.<br />
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Handkerchiefs doused in essential oils were a popular accoutrement for many venturing outside their homes. Pressing an oil-soaked cloth to their faces, people felt safer traversing the streets. The close proximity of the handkerchief to the mouth and nose could have prevented pneumonic contagion.<br />
<h4 id="Travel_and_Migration">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Travel and Migration</span></h4>
As the Black Death made its destructive path across Europe, Russia, and parts of the Middle East, people began to realize the dangers of traveling or leading a nomadic lifestyle. With each new destination came the possibility of infection. <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID10" title="More on 'Travel'">Travel</a> slowly waned, and the Black Death ran its course as would-be <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID4" title="More on 'Travelers'">travelers</a> and migrants opted instead to stay within the safety of their own homes and communities.<br />
<h4 id="Other_Factors">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Other Factors</span></h4>
People thought that loud noises could drive the infection out of a city or village. Town officials would ring church bells at designated times or fire cannons in the hopes of forcing the plague out of the community. Healers prescribed herbal tinctures to protect the uninfected and to help those who had been stricken. Healers also employed even more nontraditional models, such as talismans or charms, to keep the plague at bay.<br />
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A factor that may have influenced the end of the plague concerned the climate. When the first widespread cases of Black Death were reported, great <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID2" title="More on 'Famines'">famines</a> were gripping the world, especially in Europe. In general the climate was becoming colder, creating a perfect breeding ground for bacteria. A shift toward warmer temperatures could have contributed to the decline of the Black Death.<br />
<h4 id="Recurrences">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Recurrences</span></h4>
While the Black Death began to subside in the 1350s, it was not eliminated. Many historians believe the pandemic had simply run its course in Europe, Russia, and the Middle East, and in conjunction with improved personal hygiene and quarantines, the illness simply infected fewer people.<br />
The Black Death was devastating to the world’s population. It would take two hundred years before Europe alone was able to replenish its population to pre-plague numbers. In addition to population losses, the world also suffered monumental setbacks in the arenas of labor, art, culture, and the economy. The pandemic did, however, contribute to the end of the feudal system.<br />
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Resurgences of the Black Death were common in medieval times. After the initial devastation, further generations endured outbreaks through the rest of the fourteenth century. Recurrences continued into the fifteenth century, though less frequently, until the threat of plague was no longer a constant shadow over daily life.<br />
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Even well after the Black Death itself came to an end, the plague still posed an occasional threat. A resurgence of the plague, often referred to as the Modern Plague, appeared in <a class="glossaryTerm" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=11d616917c0a0f5ee6b8ca9018471361&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ2181500192&userGroupName=clov94514&jsid=1276d8bbb5aa3ac8e1818f0d2be323d1#" id="glossaryID8" title="More on 'China'">China</a> in the 1860s and spread around the world during the second half of the nineteenth century. It is estimated that the Modern Plague led to the deaths of approximately ten million people. Additional outbreaks of plague continued to occur in the twentieth century. Between 1901 and 1909, the city of San Francisco, California, fell victim to a plague outbreak. Another outbreak occurred in Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s while the Vietnam War (1955–1975) was in progress. Most modern instances of plague have occurred in Africa, particularly in Madagascar. Between 2010 and 2016, Madagascar was the location of half of all plague cases recorded globally. In 2015 alone, the plague was responsible for sixty-three deaths in the country.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Connections: <span class="italics">The Decameron</span></span></h4>
Few works of literature are more closely associated with the Black Death than <span class="italics">The Decameron</span>. Completed by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) in 1353, <span class="italics">The Decameron</span> is a collection of one hundred different stories told by ten young people from the city of Florence who flee to the countryside in hopes of avoiding the Black Death. Before these tales begin, however, Boccaccio opens with a detailed, graphic description of the destructive toll the plague took on Florence. From there, each of the stories told by the refugees touches on topics like fate, despair, and guilt. These topics, which were quite common in works of the era, reflected the possible higher meanings that many people attached to the terrible Black Death at the time. In the years since its original publication, <span class="italics">The Decameron</span> has come to be seen an important work that offers valuable insight into both the Black Death itself and the medieval European society that it ravaged.<br />
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<b>Full Text: </b> COPYRIGHT 2017 Gale, Cengage Learning. </div>
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Which civilization started Latin?<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/TPh03KsGrAA">Latin</a> and Its Indo-European Language Family, 5:34<br />
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Latin is dead? No way! Latin is just the ancient form of Spanish, French, and Italian. And what's more, Latin wasn't what it once was, since it is also derived from another more ancient (and lost) language. But we can trace the history of Latin and its related languages like a family genealogy. N.B., not all languages are represented here (e.g., Romanian, itself a Latin tongue) only because of space limitations in the video.<br />
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https://youtu.be/TPh03KsGrAA<br />
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Please explain <a href="https://youtu.be/egmTV88feeM">humanism again and its significance</a>.<br />
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What is RENAISSANCE HUMANISM? What does RENAISSANCE HUMANISM mean?<br />
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RENAISSANCE HUMANISM meaning, 5:28<br />
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Renaissance humanism is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. The term Renaissance humanism is contemporary to that period—Renaissance (rinascimento "rebirth") and "humanist" (whence modern humanism; also Renaissance humanism to distinguish it from later developments grouped as humanism).<br />
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Renaissance humanism was a response to the utilitarian approach and what came to be depicted as the "narrow pedantry" associated with medieval scholasticism. Humanists sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging in the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy.<br />
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According to one scholar of the movement,<br />
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Early Italian humanism, which in many respects continued the grammatical and rhetorical traditions of the Middle Ages, not merely provided the old Trivium with a new and more ambitious name (Studia humanitatis), but also increased its actual scope, content and significance in the curriculum of the schools and universities and in its own extensive literary production. The studia humanitatis excluded logic, but they added to the traditional grammar and rhetoric not only history, Greek, and moral philosophy, but also made poetry, once a sequel of grammar and rhetoric, the most important member of the whole group.<br />
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Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a small elite, a program to revive the cultural legacy, literary legacy, and moral philosophy of classical antiquity. There were important centres of humanism in Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Genoa, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino. <br />
Some of the first humanists were great collectors of antique manuscripts, including Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Coluccio Salutati, and Poggio Bracciolini. Of the four, Petrarch was dubbed the "Father of Humanism" because of his devotion to Greek and Roman scrolls. Many worked for the organized Church and were in holy orders (like Petrarch), while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities (such as Petrarch's disciple Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence) and thus had access to book copying workshops.<br />
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In Italy, the humanist educational program won rapid acceptance and, by the mid-fifteenth century, many of the upper classes had received humanist educations, possibly in addition to traditional scholasticist ones. Some of the highest officials of the Church were humanists with the resources to amass important libraries. Such was Cardinal Basilios Bessarion, a convert to the Latin Church from Greek Orthodoxy, who was considered for the papacy and was one of the most learned scholars of his time. There were several fifteenth-century and early sixteenth-century humanist Popes one of whom, Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pius II), was a prolific author and wrote a treatise on "The Education of Boys". These subjects came to be known as the humanities, and the movement which they inspired is shown as humanism.<br />
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The migration waves of Byzantine Greek scholars and émigrés in the period following the Crusader sacking of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 greatly assisted the revival of Greek and Roman literature and science via their greater familiarity with ancient languages and works. They included Gemistus Pletho, George of Trebizond, Theodorus Gaza, and John Argyropoulos.<br />
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https://youtu.be/egmTV88feeM<br />
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Week 8 Checklist<br />
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<ul>
<li>Complete and submit Week 8 Quiz 7: Chapters 13 and 14</li>
<li>Read the following from your textbook: <ul>
<li>Chapter 15: The High Renaissance in Rome and Venice</li>
<li>Chapter 16: The Renaissance in the North – Central and Northern Europe</li>
</ul>
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<li>View the Week 8 <i>Would You Like to Know More?</i> videos</li>
<li>Explore the Week 8 Music</li>
<li>Do the Week 8 Explore Activities</li>
<li>Participate in the Week 8 Discussion (choose only one (1) of the discussion options)</li>
<li>Complete and submit Week 8 Assignment 2</li>
</ul>
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15 The High Renaissance in Rome and Venice PAPAL PATRONAGE AND CIVIC PRIDE 501</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bramante and the New Saint Peter’s Basilica 504</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Medici Popes 511</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Sistine Chapel Choir 519</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Josquin des Prez 519</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The High Renaissance in Venice 520</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Venetian Architecture 521</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Scuole, Painting, and the Venetian Style 522</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masters of the Venetian High Renaissance: Giorgione and Titian 525</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Women in Italian Humanist Society 527</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Humanist Education of Women 528</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Women and Family Life 529</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Laura Cereta and Lucretia Marinella: Renaissance Feminists 529</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Veronica Franco: Literary Courtesan 530</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>New Trends in Venetian Literature, Music, and Architecture 531</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso 531</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Music of the Venetian High Renaissance 532</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Andrea Palladio and the New Rural Architecture 533</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>READINGS</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15.1 Sonnet to John of Pistoia on the Sistine Ceiling (ca. 1510) 509</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15.2 from Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, Chapters 15–18 (1513) 538</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15.2a–b from Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, Chapters 14 and 5 (1513) 517</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15.3 from Baldassare Castiglione, The Courtier, Book 3 (1513–18; published 1528) 529</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15.4 from Laura Cereta, Defense of Liberal Instruction for Women (1488) 529</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15.5 from Lucretia Marinella, The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men (ca. 1600) 540</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15.5a from Lucretia Marinella, The Nobility and Excellence of Women (ca. 1600) 530</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15.6 from Veronica Franco, Terze Rime, Capitolo 13 530</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15.7a–b from Ludovico Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, Canto I, XI 532</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15.8a–b from Andrea Palladio, Four Books on Architecture (1570) 533–534</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FEATURES</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CLOSER LOOK Raphael’s School of Athens 512</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Self-Portrait 535</div>
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16 The Renaissance in the North BETWEEN WEALTH AND WANT 543</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Art, Commerce, and Merchant Patronage 544</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Robert Campin in Tournai 545</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jan van Eyck in Ghent and Bruges 548</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rogier van der Weyden of Brussels 551</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hieronymus Bosch in ‘s-Hertogenbosch 554</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Literature, Tapestry, Dance, and Music in Northern Europe 554</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Literature of Ambiguity 555</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tapestry 555</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dance and Music 559</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The German Tradition 559</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Emotion and Christian Miracle: The Art of Matthias Grünewald 560</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Women and Witchcraft 561</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Northern Detail Meets Southern Humanism: The Art of Albrecht Dürer 563</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>READINGS</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>16.1 from Marguerite de Navarre, Heptameron, Story 55 (1558) 566</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>16.2 from Heinrich Krämer, Malleus Maleficarum (1486) 562</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oil Painting 547</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tapestry 558</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CONTEXT Altars and Altarpieces 553</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CLOSER LOOK Bosch’s Garden of Earthly Delights 556</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Modern Devotion and a New Austerity in Art 565</div>
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<a alt="ENTER ALT TEXT HERE" artifacttype="html" href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18601010-dt-content-rid-103631368_4/xid-103631368_4">Pre-Built Course Content</a><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week7/WYLTKM-Machiavelli/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about Machiavelli's "The Prince".</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">When the end justifies the means! Exploring Machiavelli's ideas and influence.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week8/WYLTKM-NorthRennaissance/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about symbolism during the Northern Renaissance.</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Jan van Eyck's use of symbols, as new ways of looking at art develop in the Renaissance.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #bb0000;">HUM111 Music for Week 8</span> </h3>
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In this week's readings (<b>chaps. <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>15 and 16)</b>, there are three musical compositions mentioned.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> These (or decent equivalents) can be found on YouTube.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Watch and give them a listen. Here below are some background descriptions of each--and the links to the YouTubes (and sometimes other helps).</div>
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<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><b><b><i>Pange Lingua</i> </b></b>(Josquin des Prez) (chap. 15, p. 519) 3:09 </span><br />
Saint Clement's Choir, Philadelphia <a class=" yt-uix-servicelink " data-servicelink="CDIQ6TgiEwjhw_KYyrrQAhUZxJwKHbGiByAo-B0" data-url="http://www.saintclementsphiladelphia.org/" href="http://www.saintclementsphiladelphia.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.saintclementsphiladelphia....</a><br />
Maundy Thursday - March 20, 2008<br />
Josquin des Prez- Missa Pange Lingua, Kyrie Eleison<br />
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Saint Clements Church<br />
2013 Appletree St.<br />
Philadelphia, PA 19103</li>
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Josquin des Prez- Missa Pange Lingua, Kyrie Eleison<br />
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https://youtu.be/Uj8GPdKttGw<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Uj8GPdKttGw" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uj8GPdKttGw" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uj8GPdKttGw</a> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(The Latin text, see<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <a href="http://www.chantcd.com/lyrics/pange_lingua_gloriosi.htm" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.chantcd.com/lyrics/pange_lingua_gloriosi.htm</a>.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>For an English translation, see<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <a href="http://www.chantcd.com/lyrics/glorious_body.htm" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.chantcd.com/lyrics/glorious_body.htm</a> )<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Read carefully <b><b>p. 519 (in chap. 15</b></b>). This was sung as part of a Catholic mass. <i>Pange Lingua</i> means "Sing, My Tongue"; it was composed between 1513 and 1521 AD. Josquin des Prez wrote about 18 masses and many other works. His works have been widely performed for many years after his death. </span></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div>
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<li style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><i>Morir non puo il mio cuore</i></span></b></b> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(by Madalena Casulana) (chap. 15, pp. 532-3)</span></li>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> ------------------------------<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div>
1. Pange lingua gloriosi Corporis mysterium, Sanguinisque pretiosi, Quem in mundi pretium Fructus ventris generosi, Rex effudit gentium. <br />
2. Nobis datus, nobis natus Ex intacta Virgine Et in mundo conversatus, Sparso verbi semine, Sui moras incolatus Miro clausit ordine. <br />
3. In supremae nocte coenae Recumbens cum fratribus, Observata lege plene Cibis in legalibus, Cibum turbae duodenae Se dat suis manibus <br />
4. Verbum caro, panem verum Verbo carnem efficit: Fitque sanguis Christi merum, Et si sensus deficit, Ad firmandum cor sincerum Sola fides sufficit. <br />
5. Tantum ergo Sacramentum Veneremur cernui: Et antiquum documentum Novo cedat ritui: Praestet fides supplementum Sensuum defectui. <br />
6. Genitori, Genitoque Laus et iubilatio, Salus, honor, virtus quoque Sit et benedictio: Procedenti ab utroque Compar sit laudatio. Amen. <br />
V. Panem de caelo praestitisti eis. R. Omne delectamentum in se habentem. <br />
Oremus: Deus, qui nobis sub sacramento mirabili, passionis tuae memoriam reliquisti: tribue, quaesumus, ita nos corporis et sanguinis tui sacra mysteria venerari, ut redemptionis tuae fructum in nobis iugiter sentiamus. Qui vivis et regnas in saecula saeculorum. R. Amen.<br />
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Of the glorious Body telling, O my tongue, its mysteries sing, And the Blood, all price excelling, Which the world's eternal King, In a noble womb once dwelling Shed for the world's ransoming. <br />
Given for us, descending, Of a Virgin to proceed, Man with man in converse blending, Scattered he the Gospel seed, Till his sojourn drew to ending, Which he closed in wondrous deed. <br />
At the last great Supper lying Circled by his brethren's band, Meekly with the law complying, First he finished its command Then, immortal Food supplying, Gave himself with his own hand.<br />
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Word made Flesh, by word he maketh Very bread his Flesh to be; Man in wine Christ's Blood partaketh: And if senses fail to see, Faith alone the true heart waketh To behold the mystery. <br />
Therefore we, before him bending, This great Sacrament revere; Types and shadows have their ending, For the newer rite is here; Faith, our outward sense befriending, Makes the inward vision clear.<br />
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Glory let us give, and blessing To the Father and the Son; Honour, might, and praise addressing, While eternal ages run; Ever too his love confessing, Who, from both, with both is one. Amen. <br />
R. Thou hast given them bread from heaven. V. Having within it all sweetness. </div>
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Let us pray: O God, who in this wonderful Sacrament left us a memorial of Thy Passion: grant, we implore Thee, that we may so venerate the sacred mysteries of Thy Body and Blood, as always to be conscious of the fruit of Thy Redemption. Thou who livest and reignest forever and ever. R. Amen.<br />
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<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDAnLolekKI" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDAnLolekKI</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(For Italian text and English translation, see </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="http://musc520-musical-styles-s14.wikia.com/wiki/Casulana:_Morir_non_puo_il_mio_cuore" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://musc520-musical-styles-s14.wikia.com/wiki/Casulana:_Morir_non_puo_il_mio_cuore</a> .<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> You need to scroll down to read the translation, but you will see the lyric is very dramatic about the emotional anguish of love.)</span></li>
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<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Madalena Casulana (also spelled Maddalena Casulano) was a professional composer, probably the first female composer to see her compositions printed and distributed by publishing houses. She specialized in madrigals, secular songs with three or more voices. <i>Morir non puo il mio cuore</i> means “My Heart Cannot Die”. <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>Read carefully pp. 532-3 (in Chap. 15) about Casulana and the advantages of the madrigal form.</span></div>
1:52<br />
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https://youtu.be/iDAnLolekKI<br />
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Maddalena Casulano - Madrigals, 1:52 <br />
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<li style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Matona mia cara</span></b></b> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(Roland de Lassus)<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> (chap. 16, p. 559)</span></li>
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<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ayzEESh-O8" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ayzEESh-O8</a><b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></b></b></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(See <a href="http://www.larksongsings.com/webpages/lyrics/matona.html" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.larksongsings.com/webpages/lyrics/matona.html</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> for lyric plus translation into English and other languages. The English translation is near the bottom as you scroll down.)</span></li>
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<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Read carefully <b><b>p. 559 in chap. 16</b></b>.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Then give this a listen.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <i>Matona, mia cara</i> means "My Lady, My Beloved". Lassus wrote this around 1550 AD at age 18.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> It is a secular, light-hearted madrigal <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>(even a bit lusty) and was often part of a dance or dance performance.</span><br />
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Matona, Mia Cara" - de Lassus, The Stairwell Carollers, Ottawa, 3:08 <br />
Orlando di Lasso <br />
Matona mia cara, mi follere canzon <br />
cantar sotto finestra, Lanze bon compagnon. <br />
Don don don diri diri don don don don <br />
Ti prego m'ascoltare che mi cantar de bon <br />
e mi ti foller bene come greco e capon. <br />
Don don don diri diri don don don don <br />
Com'andar alle cazze, cazzar con le falcon, <br />
mi ti portar beccazze, <br />
grasse come rognon <br />
Don don don diri diri don don don don <br />
Se mi non saper dire tante belle rason <br />
Petrarca mi non saper, ne fonte d'Helicon. <br />
Don don don diridiridon don don don <br />
Se ti mi foller bene mi non esser poltron; <br />
mi ficcar tutta notte, urtar come monton <br />
Don don don diri diri don don don don.<br />
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English Translation:<br />
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My dear Lady, I'd love to sing a song below your window.<br />
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I'm a lancer, and a good lad. Please listen to me, for I sing well, and I love you greatly, as a Greek does his capon.<br />
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[ A <b>capon</b> (from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>caponem</i>) is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockerel" title="Cockerel">cockerel</a> or rooster that has been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a> to improve the quality of its flesh for food and, in some countries like Spain, fattened by forced feeding.]<br />
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When I go hunting, hunting with a falcon, I'll bring you woodcocks as fat as a kidney.<br />
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Though I do not know so many elegant phases, and know nothing of Petrarch, or the fountain of Helicon, if you'll have me, I'm no laggard, I'll make love to you all night long, thrusting like a ram.<br />
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Ottawa choir, The Stairwell Carollers, perform "Matona, Mia Cara", a Renaissance madrigal by Roland de Lassus (also Orlandus Lassus, Orlando di Lasso, Orlande de Lassus, or Roland Delattre) (1532 (possibly 1530) -- 14 June 1594). The text is in Italian, but the "singer" is a German soldier and includes other other words in French and possibly Latin. Ours is an "adjusted" version according to ChoralWiki -- to make it less... naughty. http://www3.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/M...) The Stairwell Carollers, an a cappella group, formed in 1977 by director Pierre Massie, has earned the distinction of being ranked amongst the best of Ontario choirs. The group took first place in both the 2010 and 2013 Ontario Music Festival Association provincial competition. This non-profit organization raises funds for local charities through concert, CD and cookbook sales. All our CDs are available on our website in both CD form and as MP3 downloads. http://www.stairwellcarollers.com/Pur... Visit our blog or our website http://www.stairwellcarollers.com/ for updates. St-Charles Church, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, June 8th, 2001.<br />
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https://youtu.be/6ayzEESh-O8<br />
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<span style="color: #bb0000;">Week 8 Explore</span> </h3>
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<i>Michelangelo and Raphael: The Classical Tradition Reborn</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 15 (pp. 494-5, 505-513), Stylistic features and imagery from ancient classical art and myth; review Week 8 Music Folder</li>
<li>Sistine Chapel tour at <a href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/sistine-chapel-ceiling.html" target="_blank">http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/sistine-chapel-ceiling.html</a></li>
6:46 https://youtu.be/PEE3B8Fsuc0</ul>
<ul> <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PEE3B8Fsuc0" width="560"></iframe>
<li> </li>
<li>Sistine Chapel information at <a href="http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/m/michelan/3sistina/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/m/michelan/3sistina/index.html</a></li>
<li> </li>
Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Julius II della Rovere in 1508 to repaint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel frescoed earlier by Piero Matteo d'Amelia with a star-spangled sky. The work was completed between 1508 and 1512. He painted the Last Judgement over the altar, between 1535 and 1541, being commissioned by Pope Paul III Farnese. This monumental fresco covers the entire end wall of the chapel which led the obliteration of the frescoes painted at the time of Sixtus IV: the first figures of the popes, the first two scenes of the life of Christ and life of Moses, the image of the Virgin of Assumption (by Perugino), together with the first two lunettes, representing the Ancestors of Christ frescoed earlier by Michelangelo himself. The two large windows set into the altar wall were closed up.
<li>Sistine Chapel theory at <a href="http://karlzipser.com/michelangelo.html" target="_blank">http://karlzipser.com/michelangelo.html</a></li>
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Conclusion<br />
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We began with a search for traces of Michelangelo's lost 3-dimensional sketches. We found what could be careful depictions of some of them in the red chalk drawings for the Sistine Chapel ceiling.<br />
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During the difficult years of creating the ceiling frescoes, the artist signed his letters to his family with the title, "Michelangelo, Sculptor in Rome." During this time he was not able to create the marble sculpture that was his passion, and it is easy to regard this title "Sculptor" as more wishful thinking than as directly connected to his activities from 1509 to 1513.<br />
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And yet, as we have seen in this essay, the designation "Sculptor in Rome" could have been literally true during the fresco project.<br />
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Michelangelo may have formed clay models of his figures, and used them to transform his ideas onto wet plaster.<br />
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If we take Michelangelo at his word and consider this possibility, we are able to reinterpret the entire process of creation of the ceiling frescoes of the Sistine Chapel.<br />
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<i>Jan Van Eyck’s Arnolfini Double Portrait</i><br />
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<ul>
<li>Henry Sayre’s interpretation in Chapter 16, (pp. 548-551, Figs. 16.7-16.8); review Week 8 Music Folder</li>
<li>Margaret Koster's interpretation at <a href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Arnolfini+double+portrait%3A+a+simple+solution.-a0109131988" target="_blank">http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Arnolfini+double+portrait%3A+a+simple+solution.-a0109131988</a></li>
</ul>
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/112/1154/images/Discussion.png" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> <b>For this week's discussion question, you will be discussing:</b> <br />
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<li>Interpretations of classical Greek and / or Roman works or the analysis of Northern Renaissance art work </li>
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<span id="subject__49862584_1">Week 8 Discussion <b>Option A</b></span> </div>
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<b>"The Classical Tradition reborn"</b> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li>Identify two (2) classical Greek and / or Roman figures or qualities in any work by Michelangelo or by Raphael. Discuss the primary reasons why popes and other patrons might allow such trappings of ancient pagan culture within a Christian society, even in sacred contexts. Provide a rationale for your response. Describe any modern structure or sculpture or work of art where you can identify either ancient pagan images or features, or a mix of elements from different cultures and periods.</li>
</ul>
<b>Explore</b><br />
<i>Michelangelo and Raphael: The Classical Tradition Reborn</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 15 (pp. 494-5, 505-513), Stylistic features and imagery from ancient classical art and myth; review Week 8 Music Folder</li>
<li>Sistine Chapel tour at <a href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/sistine-chapel-ceiling.html" target="_blank">http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/sistine-chapel-ceiling.html</a></li>
<li>Sistine Chapel information at <a href="http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/m/michelan/3sistina/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/m/michelan/3sistina/index.html</a></li>
<li>Sistine Chapel theory at <a href="http://karlzipser.com/michelangelo.html" target="_blank">http://karlzipser.com/michelangelo.html</a></li>
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<span id="subject__49862583_1">Week 8 Discussion <b>Option B</b></span> </div>
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<b>"Van Eyck and Analyzing Art in the Northern Renaissance"</b> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li>Explain whether you agree with the interpretation of either Sayre or Koster of Van Eyck’s Arnolfini double portrait, identifying the most persuasive part of that interpretation. Describe two (2) symbolic elements of the painting and any other features that stand out to you. Pretend you are having a portrait done of you and a significant other; describe at least four (4) symbolic elements that you might include in the painting, and explain why.</li>
</ul>
<b>Explore</b><br />
<i>Jan Van Eyck’s Arnolfini Double Portrait</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Henry Sayre’s interpretation in Chapter 16, (pp. 548-551, Figs. 16.7-16.8); review Week 8 Music Folder</li>
<li>Margaret Koster's interpretation at <a href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Arnolfini+double+portrait%3A+a+simple+solution.-a0109131988" target="_blank">http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Arnolfini+double+portrait%3A+a+simple+solution.-a0109131988</a></li>
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<ul>
<li>Chapter 15: The High Renaissance in Rome and Venice</li>
<li>Chapter 16: The Renaissance in the North – Central and Northern Europe</li>
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15 The High Renaissance in Rome and Venice<br />
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PAPAL PATRONAGE AND CIVIC PRIDE 501<br />
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THINKING AHEAD <br />
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15.1 Describe the impact of papal patronage on the art of the High Renaissance in Rome.<br />
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15.2 Compare the social fabric and artistic style of Renaissance Venice to that of both Florence and Rome.<br />
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15.3 Outline the place of women in Renaissance Italy.<br />
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15.4 Discuss the new literary attitudes, musical forms, and architectural innovations of the Venetian High Renaissance.<br />
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The Art of the Papal Court in Rome 502<br />
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THE ART OF THE PAPAL COURT IN ROME<br />
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How did papal patronage impact the arts in Rome?<br />
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Of all the fifteenth-century popes, Sixtus IV was the most successful in fulfilling the Church’s mission to rebuild Rome. He rebuilt the city’s port, repaved its streets, and built a new, functional bridge across the Tiber. He restored and refreshed the city’s water supply, once the pride of the Roman emperors. All around the city, he rebuilt old churches and constructed new ones. He founded the Vatican Library, where a fresco showed Sixtus, his nephews, and the humanist scholar Platina (Fig. 15.2). At the bottom, an inscription commends Sixtus for these accomplishments: “Rome, once full of squalor, owes to you, Sixtus, its temples, foundling hospital, street squares, walks, bridges, the restoration of the Acqua Vergine at the Trevi fountain, the port for sailors, the fortifications on the Vatican Hill, and now this celebrated library.”<br />
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The Patronage of the Cardinals 503<br />
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The papal court of Sixtus IV—especially its cardinals—commissioned as many or more works than the pope himself. Sixtus VI’s nephew, Cardinal Raffaele Riario, built a huge palace for himself and also managed to lure the youthful Michelangelo to Rome, commissioning him to sculpt a nearly 7-foot-tall Bacchus. This staggering, drunken depiction of the god of wine eventually ended up in the collection of Michelangelo’s friend, the Roman banker Jacopo Galli, perhaps because it seemed unsuitable for the collection of a cardinal. Galli, in turn, seems to have arranged for Michelangelo’s second commission in Rome, a contract with another cardinal that boldly promised to provide the cardinal with the most beautiful statue in the city. Michelangelo was not yet 25, yet he succeeded in creating a sculpture of enormous emotional intensity, the Pietà, a word meaning both “pity” and “piety” in Italian, and generally used to describe Mary grieving over her dead son lying in her arms (Fig. 15.3). In this Pietà, Michelangelo has enlarged Mary’s body, though not her face, and thus diminished Christ in relation to her. As a result, Christ’s supple body, unaffected by rigor mortis, veins bulging as if blood still coursed through them, fits neatly into the soft folds of his mother’s dress and draperies, the carving of which demonstrated the sculptor’s mastery of his material. Christ seems almost alive—at least more asleep than dead—probably a metaphor of his spiritual rebirth. Likewise, though Mary would have been middle-aged at Christ’s death, Michelangelo portrays her as still young and beautiful because she is more a timeless image of purity and chastity than a real person. Nevertheless, though the scene is idealized, the emotions it evokes in the viewer are very real indeed. <br />
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Bramante and the New Saint Peter’s Basilica 504<br />
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Shortly after he was elected pope in 1503, Julius II made what may have been the most important commission of the day. He asked the architect Donato Bramante (1444–1514) to renovate the Vatican Palace and serve as chief architect of a plan to replace Saint Peter’s Basilica with a new church. The pope took the name Julius to emphasize his own imperial authority. He grew a beard, emulating Julius Caesar, who in 54 bce had let his beard grow after the Gauls had slaughtered his troops. (Caesar swore to let his beard and hair go uncut until he had taken his vengeance.) Like Caesar, Julius II was intent on defeating the hated French and driving them out of northern Italy, a triumph the papal forces accomplished in 1512 with the help of a Spanish army. His decision to demolish the Old Saint Peter’s Basilica, which had been built by the emperor Constantine in about 330, and erect a magnificent new one in its place, was the ultimate expression of his majesty and power.<br />
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Wonders of the World - <a href="https://youtu.be/_a0k-g2rXfw">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>, 2:14<br />
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St. Peter's Basilica is a Late Renaissance church located within Vatican City.Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and remains one of the largest churches in the world.<br />
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The Sistine Chapel 506<br />
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Just as the construction of the New Saint Peter’s was about to get under way, Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to design his tomb. It would be a three-storied monument, over 23 feet wide and 35 feet high, and it represents Michelangelo’s first foray into architecture. For the next 40 years, Michelangelo would work sporadically on the tomb, but from the beginning, he was continually interrupted, most notably in 1506 when Julius himself commanded the artist to paint the 45 by 128-foot ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, named after Sixtus IV, Julius’s uncle, who had commissioned its construction in 1473. Ever since its completion, the chapel has served as the meeting place of the conclave of cardinals during the election of new popes. Michelangelo at first refused Julius’s commission, but by 1508, he reconsidered, signed the contract, and began the task.<br />
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Virtual Tour of the <a href="https://youtu.be/ZaiOzJHKaRQ">Sistine Chapel</a><br />
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"Palestrina: Missa Papae Marcelli - Benedictus - Hosanna" by The Choir Of Westminster Abbey<br />
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Raphael and the Stanza della Segnatura 510<br />
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Meanwhile, in about 1505, a young painter named Raphael (Raffaello Santi or Sanzio) arrived in Florence from Urbino and began to receive a great deal of attention as a painter of portraits of wealthy Florentine citizens. He also produced a series of small, beautifully executed paintings of the Virgin and Child. The latter, of course, embraced a theme that stretched back to the Byzantine icon, down through the work of the Sienese painters, Duccio and Martini, and the Florentines, Cimabue and Giotto (see Chapter 13). However, the naturalism that these earlier painters had striven to achieve reached new heights in Raphael’s work. His paintings were immediately approachable—linearly precise, coloristically rich, and compositionally simple.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/IGwm3gOs1e8">Raffaello, The School of Athens in the Stanza della Segnatura</a> (Vatican) (manortiz), 6:06<br />
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The School of Athens, or Scuola di Atene in Italian, is one of the most famous frescoes by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. It was painted between 1510 and 1511 as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate with frescoes the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. The Stanza della Segnatura was the first of the rooms to be decorated, and The School of Athens the second painting to be finished there, after La Disputa, on the opposite wall. The picture has long been seen as "Raphael's masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the High Renaissance.<br />
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The Medici Popes 511<br />
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Pope Julius II died in 1513, not long after Michelangelo had completed the Sistine Chapel ceiling and Raphael the Stanza della Segnatura. He was succeeded by Leo X, born Giovanni de’ Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent.<br />
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The Sistine Chapel Choir 519<br />
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The inventiveness that marks the patronage of the Medici popes and cardinals as well as the work of Raphael, Leonardo, and Michelangelo was a quality shared by Renaissance musicians, especially in the virtuosity of their performances. Such originality was the hallmark of the Sistine Chapel Choir, founded in 1473 by Sixtus IV. It performed only on occasions when the pope was present and typically consisted of between 16 and 24 male singers. The choir’s repertory was limited to the polyphonic forms common to the liturgy: motets, masses, and psalm settings. These were arranged in four parts (voices), for boy sopranos, male altos, tenors, and basses. The choir usually sang without instrumental accompaniment, a cappella, “in the manner of the chapel,” an unusual practice at the time, since most chapel choirs relied on at least organ accompaniment.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/_oUqsGm9u94">Sistine Chapel Choir</a> - Palestrina: Sicut cervus, 2:45<br />
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For the first time ever, the Vatican has opened the doors of the iconic Sistine Chapel for a studio recording with the Sistine Chapel Choir – the world’s oldest choir. The landmark new album, Cantate Domino, captures the sounds of this extraordinary acoustic, with music performed by the Pope’s own choir. The album, which was made by special permission of the Vatican, includes music written for the Sistine Chapel Choir by Palestrina, Lassus and Victoria during the Renaissance. Sicut Cervus by Palestrina is the first music video from the Sistine Chapel Choir. Pre-Order the album: http://DG.lnk.to/SistineChapel_Cantat...<br />
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Josquin des Prez 519<br />
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Composers from all over Europe were attracted to the Sistine Chapel Choir. Between 1489 and 1495, one of the principal members of the choir was the Franco-Flemish composer Josquin des Prez (ca. 1450–1521). Afterward, beginning in about 1503, he served as musical director of the chapel at the court of Ferrara. During his lifetime, he wrote some 18 masses, almost 100 motets (see Chapter 12 and the discussion of Guillaume Dufay in Chapter 14), and some 70 songs, including three Italian frottole.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/LUAgAF4Khmg">Josquin Desprez</a> - "Ave Maria", 4:50<br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/DuTUU1mfUKY">High Renaissance in Venice</a> 520<br />
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Meet the masters of Renaissance Venice, 3:21<br />
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With In the Age of Giorgione currently at the RA, our curator heads to Venice to introduce three major figures in the golden age of Renaissance painting: Bellini, Giorgione and Titian. In the Age of Giorgione Until 5 June 2016 Book now: https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/exhib...<br />
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What distinguishes Venetian culture from that of Florence and Rome?<br />
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In a mid-fifteenth-century painting by Vittore Carpaccio (1450–1525) of Saint Mark’s lion (Fig. 15.21), symbol of the Venetian republic, the lion stands with its front paws on land and its rear paws on the sea, symbolizing the importance of both elements to the city. In the sixth or seventh century, invading Lombards from the north had forced the local populations of the Po River delta to flee to the swampy lagoon islands that would later become the city of Venice. Ever since, trade had been the lifeblood of Venice.<br />
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2014 Italy Trip - R<a href="https://youtu.be/Ulzx2q16b5g">ome, Florence, Venice</a>, 4:31<br />
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For our 2-year anniversary we took a trip to Italy. We visited Rome, Florence and Venice. This is just a peek at what we saw and experienced... It was the trip of a lifetime. Read more about our experience: http://www.antifoodie.com See more pictures on instagram: http://www.instagram.com/treding Song: Twenty One Pilots - "Holding On To You"<br />
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Venetian Architecture 521<br />
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During the Renaissance, an elaborate, sensuous style of architecture would develop in Venice, influenced by the elaborate Gothic style of facades of buildings such as the Doge’s Palace, which was begun in 1340 (Fig. 15.22). There is no hint in this building of any need to create a defensible space to protect the state. Two stories of open arcades, rising in pointed arches and topped by open quatrefoils, provide covered walkways around the outside, as if to invite the citizenry into its halls. The diamond pattern of the stonework in the upper stories creates a sense of lightness to what might otherwise seem a massive facade. And the color of the ornament and stone—white and pink—seem calculated to reflect light itself, so that the building might shine like a gemstone set in the public square, literally a reflection of the city’s wealth and well-being. The building’s emphasis on texture and the play of light and shadow across richly elaborated surfaces would become one of the hallmarks of Venetian art and architecture.<br />
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Experience <a href="https://youtu.be/JphHw6iU4m8">Venice’s Spectacular Beauty</a> in Under 4 Minutes | Short Film Showcase, 3:41<br />
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The Venetian life resides within the city's hundreds of canals and diverse architecture. This short documentary by directors Olvier Astrologo and Nils Astrologo immerses us in the historical and hidden places of Venice, Italy, to reveal ancient folk traditions. ➡ Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe ➡ Get More Short Film Showcase: http://bit.ly/Shortfilmshowcase About Short Film Showcase: The Short Film Showcase spotlights exceptional short videos created by filmmakers from around the web and selected by National Geographic editors. We look for work that affirms National Geographic's belief in the power of science, exploration, and storytelling to change the world. The filmmakers created the content presented, and the opinions expressed are their own, not those of National Geographic Partners. Know of a great short film that should be part of our Showcase? Email SFS@ngs.org to submit a video for consideration. See more from National Geographic's Short Film Showcase at http://documentary.com Get More National Geographic: Official Site: http://bit.ly/NatGeoOfficialSite Facebook: http://bit.ly/FBNatGeo Twitter: http://bit.ly/NatGeoTwitter Instagram: http://bit.ly/NatGeoInsta About National Geographic: National Geographic is the world's premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure. Through their world-class scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers, Nat Geo gets you closer to the stories that matter and past the edge of what's possible. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/oliver.astro... Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/oliverhl/ Vimeo: https://vimeo.com/oliverastrologo Twitter: https://twitter.com/oliverastrologo Directed by Oliver Astrologo and Nils Astrologo (fb.com/oliver.astrologo) Filmed by Tommaso Cassinis, Nils Astrologo, and Oliver Astrologo Production assistant: Valeria D’Ovidio Music produced by ZerOKilled Music Inc. (zerokilledmusic.com) Track: ”Dream Journey" by Moon Device Sound design by Peter Breaker Experience Venice’s Spectacular Beauty in Under 4 Minutes | Short Film Showcase https://youtu.be/JphHw6iU4m8 National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/natgeo<br />
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The Scuole, Painting, and the Venetian Style 522<br />
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At the end of the thirteenth century, Venice’s Grand Council divided the city’s population into three social classes. The nobility were the patrician families, from whose members the doge was elected. Beneath this small, upperechelon group were male citizens, essentially a bourgeois mercantile class of people who rotated through the elective offices of the government. To enter their ranks, one had to prove that no one in the family had ever performed manual labor. The rest of the population made up roughly 90 percent of the city’s inhabitants. They were artisans, craftspeople, shipbuilders, shopkeepers, and all foreigners, no matter how wealthy.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/H908p2pbAyA">Tintoretto at San Giorgio Maggiore and Scuola Grande di San Rocco</a>, 2:52<br />
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This videoclip shows two paintings by the Venetian Baroque painter Tintoretto hanging in San Giorgio Maggiore, the Church built by the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. One of the two works shown is the masterpiece "L'ultima Cena" (The Last Supper), a painting that with its great piercing diagonal is widely viewed as representing the essence of the baroque. The painting opposite La Cena is "Manna from Heaven". The famous floor of polychrome marble in the "cube sans fond" style is one of the best known examples of architectural trompe l'oeil illusion. Next is shown Tintoretto's overwhelming series of New and Old Testament paintings commissioned for the Scuola Grande di San Rocco. The clip ends with a view of the extraordinary "Crucifixion". Filmed by Suzanne Fredericq in June 2010 with an iphone 3GS.<br />
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Masters of the Venetian High Renaissance: Giorgione and Titian 525<br />
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The two great masters of painting in the Venetian High Renaissance were Giorgione da Castelfranco, known simply as Giorgione (ca. 1478–1510), and Titian (ca. 1488–1576). Both painters were students of Giovanni Bellini, and Giorgione had been especially inspired by Leonardo’s visit in 1500. In the first decade of the sixteenth century, they worked sometimes side by side with Bellini, gaining increased control of their surfaces, building up color by means of glazing, as Leonardo did in his soft, luminous landscapes. Their paintings, like the great palaces of Venice whose reflections shimmered on the Grand Canal, demonstrate an exquisite sensitivity to the play of light and shadow, to the luxurious display of detail and design, and to an opulent variety of pattern and texture.<br />
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Pastoral Concert by Giorgione or <a href="https://youtu.be/7ncwS6S7UZo">Titian</a>, 2:31<br />
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Pastoral Concert Painted by Giorgione in 1508 From "One Hundred Masterpieces of Painting" by John La Farge From the LearnOutLoud.com Audiobook "Art Masterpieces": http://www.learnoutloud.com/Free-Audi... For a high quality PDF of this image, please go here: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/ArtHis...<br />
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Women in Italian Humanist Society 527<br />
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How did women fare in the Italian Renaissance?<br />
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The paintings of both Giorgione and Titian raise the issue of the place of women in Italian humanist society. It remained commonplace, especially in Venice, to paint portraits of women whose identity was unknown but who represented ideal beauty. Titian’s La Bella (Fig. 15.30) seems to be the same person depicted in the Venus of Urbino (and she appears in at least two other Titian portraits), but her identity is a mystery, if in fact she was ever a “real” woman and not simply the embodiment of Titian’s idea of “true” beauty. Something of a canon of female beauty had been codified by Petrarch, in his sonnets, and Poliziano in his poems (see Reading 14.1 in Chapter 14). In her book Women in Italian Renaissance Art: Gender, Representation, Identity, Paola Tinagli sums up the canon: “Writers praised [painters for] the attractions of wavy hair gleaming like gold; of white skin similar to snow, to marble, to alabaster or to milk; they admired cheeks which looked like lilies and roses, and eyes that shone like the sun or the stars. Lips are compared to rubies, teeth to pearls, breasts to snow or apples.” Portraits of Venetian women who embodied such traits are emblems of the beautiful more than representations of real beings.<br />
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The Humanist Education of Women 528<br />
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In the Italian humanist courts, the wives of rulers and their daughters—who were, after all, prospective wives of other rulers—received a humanist education. Like the medieval author of the Book of the City of Ladies, Christine de Pizan (see Chapter 13), they possessed knowledge of French and Latin, the ability to write in their native language with grace and ease, a close acquaintance with both Classical and vernacular Italian literature, and at least a passing knowledge of mathematics and rhetoric. They were expected to be good musicians and dancers. In addition, the rise of the merchant class to a position of wealth and social responsibility necessitated at least some degree of education for the women whose husbands were members of the guilds and confraternities of the city.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/NLh3X_TBb_g">Women</a> and Family Life 529<br />
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Still, for most women the husband’s role was one of active, public life, and the wife’s was to manage domestic affairs. In On the Family, a book published in 1443 by the same Leon Battista Alberti whose On Painting had outlined the principles of perspective, the author approvingly quotes a young groom introducing his bride to his household:<br />
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After my wife had been settled in my house a few days, and after her first pangs of longing for her mother and family had begun to fade, I took her by the hand and showed her around the whole house. … At the end there were no household goods of which my wife had not learned both the place and purpose. Then we returned to my room and having locked the door, I showed her my treasures, silver, tapestry, garments, jewels, and where each thing had its place.<br />
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Infamous Women of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 3:53<br />
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The Middle Ages and Renaissance had its share of powerful and interesting women. It included rulers, intellectuals, military commanders and even some saints. But here are three women who were mostly known for their infamy! When Lucrezia was born into the Borgia family in 1480, she was destined for a life of intrigue and innuendo. She was the illegitimate daughter of Rodrigo Borgia, a churchmen who schemed his way into becoming Pope Alexander the Sixth in 1492. Known for exquisite beauty, Lucrezia was married off three times by her father for political alliances. She also had numerous affairs, and was even able to divorce her first husband on the grounds that they never had consumated their marriage - although she was pregnant at time. Her second husband was murdered by Lucrezia's brother, Cesare, who had a close relationship with his sister. The enemies of the Borgia family even accused them of having an incestuous affair. Lucrezia was perhaps one of the more innocent members of the Borgia family, but she will be forever be linked to one of the most notorious bloodlines in history. Mary the first, queen of England, gained the nickname "Bloody Mary" for the wave of executions and terror she inflicted during her reign in the years 1553 to 1558. The daughter of King Henry the Eighth, she was deeply opposed to Henry's break with the Catholic church. After the death of her brother Edward the Sixth, Mary was able to overcome a challenge to the throne and become the Queen of England. She soon found a husband - King Philip of Spain, although her marriage was deeply unpopular with her subjects. Her reputation went down further when she tried to reimpose Catholicism in England - hundreds of men and women who remained Protestant were executed - often by being burned at the stake, while hundreds more fled the country. Even those who repented, like the Archbishop of Canterbury, were executed anyways. She failed to have a child before illness struck her down at the age of 42. Her sister Elizabeth then came to the throne, and undid the repression against Protestants and going on to become one of England's best known rulers. Born 7 August 1560, Countess Erzsébet (Elizabeth) Bathory was one of history's first known serial killers. She was rumoured to be a product of upper class inbreeding; something that was prevalent in tumultuous sixteenth century Hungary. She was accused of having numerous affairs, of engaging in lesbian encounters and dabbling in witchcraft and the occult. She was also accused of unspeakable acts of cruelty and murder. Elizabeth engaged in horrific acts of brutality on her hapless victims; biting, exposure, branding, the severing of body parts and the use of an Iron Maiden were but a few of her preferred modes of torture. Elizabeth was perhaps best known for her infamous "blood baths" where she gained pleasure by smearing and bathing herself in the blood of her victims in an effort to retain her youth and beauty. She was eventually arrested on December 30, 1610. It has been speculated that between 1585 and 1610, Elizabeth and her four accomplices murdered approximately 650 women. She was sentenced to death but instead lived out the remainder of her life walled up in Csejte (Čachtický) Castle. She died on August 21st, 1614.<br />
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Laura Cereta and Lucretia Marinella: Renaissance Feminists 529<br />
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Many fifteenth-century women strove for a level of education beyond the mere “knowledge of letters, music, painting” called for by Castiglione. One of the most interesting is Laura Cereta (1469–99). She was the eldest child of a prominent family from the city of Brescia in the Venetian Terraferma. Until she was 11, she was educated by nuns at a convent school. There, she studied reading, writing, embroidery, and Latin until her father called her home to help raise her siblings. But he encouraged her to continue her studies, and in his library, she read deeply in Latin, Greek, and mathematics. At 15, however, Cereta chose motherhood over the pursuit of her studies and married a local merchant. When he died, two years later, she returned to her studies. In 1488, at just 19 years of age, she published Family Letters, a Latin manuscript containing 82 letters addressed to friends and family, an unusually large number of them women, as well as a mock funeral oration in the Classical style.<br />
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Veronica Franco: Literary Courtesan 530<br />
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Among Venice’s most educated citizens were its so-called “honest courtesans” who, unlike common prostitutes, who sold only their sexual favors, were highly sophisticated intellectuals who gained access to the city’s aristocratic circles. “Thou wilt find the Venetian Courtezan a good Rhetorician and an elegant discourser,” wrote one early seventeenth-century visitor to the city. Although subject to the usual public ridicule—and often blamed, together with the city’s Jews, for any troubles that might befall the republic—they were understood by writers such as Lucretia Marinella to be more products of men’s own shortcomings and desires than willful sinners in their own right. This group of courtesans, in fact, dominated the Venetian literary scene. Many of their poems transform the clichés of courtly love poetry into frankly erotic metaphors, undermining the superior position of men in Italian society in ways comparable to the proto-feminist writings of the likes of Cereta and Marinella.<br />
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Confession of <a href="https://youtu.be/Y0AP9rG970g">Veronica Franco</a> (1998), 2:40<br />
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Herskovitz, M. (Director). (1998). Dangerous Beauty [Motion Picture]<br />
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New Trends in Venetian Literature, Music, and Architecture 531<br />
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What new literary attitudes, musical forms, and architectural innovations distinguish the Venetian High Renaissance?<br />
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As the remarkable intellectual inventiveness of its women citizens suggests, Venice prided itself on its spirit of innovation. Ludovico Ariosto’s epic poem, Orlando Furioso, so enthralled audiences with its combination of parodic wit and wildly exciting narrative that it quickly became one of the very first examples of a truly popular literature. In music, the city hosted two of the most important composers of a new secular musical form, the madrigal. And the country homes of Andrea Palladio on the Venetian mainland would establish a new Classical standard in domestic architecture. <br />
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Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso 531<br />
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The satiric approach to chivalry and courtly love also appears in the romantic epic Orlando Furioso (“The Madness of Orlando”) by Ludovico Ariosto (1474–1533), a writer working in the nearby Ferrara court. Published in Venice in 1515 under the authority of the doge, Orlando Furioso would become the most popular book of the day, constantly revised and expanded to reflect events in contemporary Italian history artfully disguised in the conventions of medieval romance. The heroism and intellectual superiority of its many female characters served to inspire Lucretia Marinella. It also inspired artists to depict scenes from its narrative, such as the maiolica plate illustrated here (Fig. 15.32), made by a native of the town of Rovigo in the Venetian Terraferma, Francesco Xanto Avelli, known as Xanto. Maiolica is made with a tin-glazing technique first used by the Babylonians in the ancient Middle East. Tin glaze creates a brilliant white, opaque surface, which is then painted over with underglazes that absorb the pigment like fresco, resulting in brilliant colors. <br />
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Music of the Venetian High Renaissance 532<br />
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Almost without exception, women of literary accomplishment in the Renaissance were musically accomplished as well. As we have seen, Isabella d’Este played both the lute and the lira da braccio, the precursor to the modern violin. Through her patronage, she and her sister-in-law Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara, competed for musicians and encouraged the cultivation of the frottola. Courtesans such as Veronica Franco could both sing and play. And both Isabella and Elisabetta Gonzaga, Duchess of Urbino, were well known for their ability to improvise songs. By the last decades of the sixteenth century, we know that women were composing music as well. The most famous of these was the Venetian Madalena Casulana. <br />
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Andrea Palladio and the New Rural Architecture 533<br />
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The setting of Titian’s Sacred and Profane Love (see Fig. 15.28) represents an escapist tendency that we first saw in Boccaccio’s Decameron (Chapter 13). In Boccaccio’s stories, a group of young men and women flee the onset of the plague in Florence, escape to the country, and for ten days entertain each other with a series of tales, many of which are alternately ribald and erotic, moral and exemplary. Renaissance humanists considered retreats to the country to be an honored ancient Roman tradition, the pleasures of which were richly documented by such Roman poets as Horace in his Odes (Chapter 6):<br />
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ARCHITECTURE - <a href="https://youtu.be/rUOvFGh0l4Y">Andrea Palladio</a>, 5:24<br />
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Andrea Palladio was one of the world's greatest architects - who launched the Classical style which influenced how we build to this day. If you like our films take a look at our shop (we ship worldwide): http://www.theschooloflife.com/shop/all/ Brought to you by http://www.theschooloflife.com Produced in collaboration with Khyan Mansley http://www.youtube.com/khyan<br />
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READINGS<br />
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15.1 Sonnet to John of Pistoia on the Sistine Ceiling (ca. 1510) 509<br />
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15.2 from Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, Chapters 15–18 (1513) 538<br />
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15.2a–b from Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, Chapters 14 and 5 (1513) 517<br />
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15.3 from Baldassare Castiglione, The Courtier, Book 3 (1513–18; published 1528) 529<br />
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15.4 from Laura Cereta, Defense of Liberal Instruction for Women (1488) 529<br />
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15.5 from Lucretia Marinella, The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men (ca. 1600) 540 <br />
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15.5a from Lucretia Marinella, The Nobility and Excellence of Women (ca. 1600) 530<br />
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15.6 from Veronica Franco, Terze Rime, Capitolo 13 530<br />
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15.7a–b from Ludovico Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, Canto I, XI 532<br />
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15.8a–b from Andrea Palladio, Four Books on Architecture (1570) 533–534<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Raphael’s School of Athens 512<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Self-Portrait 535<br />
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THINKING BACK <br />
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15.1 Describe the impact of papal patronage on the art of the High Renaissance in Rome. <br />
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In the fifteenth century, the grandeur that had once distinguished the city of Rome had almost entirely vanished. But beginning with the ascension of Sixtus IV to the papacy in 1471, and lasting until 1527, when German mercenaries in the employ of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked the city, the patronage of the popes and their cardinals transformed Rome. This period is known as the High Renaissance. Many of the greatest works of the period, including Michelangelo’s frescoes for the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Bramante’s Tempietto and his new basilica for Saint Peter’s, and Raphael’s frescoes for the Stanza della Segnatura, were commissioned by Pope Julius II. How would you describe Julius II’s personality? <br />
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Julius II was followed in 1513 by Leo X, born Giovanni de’ Medici. Leo particularly favored Raphael as an artist. In 1523, Giulio de’ Medici became pope as Clement VII. The Sack of Rome in 1527 caused many artists to leave the city and substantially diminished Clement’s ability to sustain the same scale of patronage as his predecessors. Niccolò Machiavelli’s treatise The Prince reflects the turmoil surrounding papal politics in this era. What does he suggest is the prince’s primary duty? Do you think Machiavelli’s outlook is applicable today? <br />
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Renaissance musicians shared with other artists of the age its spirit of inventiveness. The Sistine Chapel Choir, founded in 1473 by Sixtus IV, usually sang a cappella (without instrumental accompaniment). Between 1489 and 1495, one of the principal members of the Sistine Chapel Choir was the Franco-Flemish composer Josquin des Prez. His compositions include 18 masses. What is a mass? <br />
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15.2 Compare the social fabric and artistic style of Renaissance Venice to that of both Florence and Rome. <br />
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Fifteenth-century Venice defined itself as both the most cosmopolitan and the most democratic city in the world. Its religious and political centers—Saint Mark’s Cathedral and the Doge’s Palace—stood side by side, symbolizing peace, prosperity, and, above all, unity of purpose. How does this compare to cities like Florence and Siena? How does it compare to Rome? <br />
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The city’s scuole (“schools”), religious confraternities which engaged in charity, sponsored social functions, and marched in sometimes elaborate processions associated with civic and religious festivals, reflected its democratic values. The wealth and general well-being of Venice was displayed along the Grand Canal, where its most important families built their homes. These magnificent homes were Gothic in character. How can we account for the city’s taste for this medieval style? Two of the most important Venetian painters of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, Gentile Bellini and Vittore Carpaccio, received commissions from the Scuola di San Giovanni Evangelista (Saint John the Evangelist). Why were Venetian painters like Giorgione and Titian attracted to oil painting as a medium? In what ways does their painting style differ from other High Renaissance painters such as Michelangelo and Raphael? <br />
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15.3 Outline the place of women in Renaissance Italy. <br />
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In many ways the paintings of both Giorgione and Titian reflect Venetian attitudes toward women. What does Titian’s La Bella reveal about these attitudes? In the Italian humanist courts, the wives of rulers and their daughters received a humanist education. Much of what we know about customary behavior of ladies at court derives from Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier. Several notable women strove for a level of education beyond the mere “knowledge of letters, music, painting” called for by Castiglione. Among these were Isabella d’Este, the duchess of Mantua and wife to Francesco Gonzaga, who owned an important collection of art and antiques, and two women who frankly rebelled against male attitudes toward them, Laura Cereta and Lucretia Marinella. What is the relation between Cereta’s Defense of Liberal Instruction for Women and Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man? How would you describe Marinella’s sense of women’s place? <br />
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The Venetian literary scene was dominated by a group of so-called “honest courtesans” whose reputations were built upon the ability to combine sexual and intellectual pursuits. The poetry of one of these courtesans, Veronica Franco, exemplifies their literary production. <br />
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15.4 Discuss the new literary attitudes, musical forms, and architectural innovations of the Venetian High Renaissance. <br />
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Ludovico Ariosto’s romantic epic Orlando Furioso is a landmark in Venetian literature. What aspects of its style and subject matter helped to make it so popular? <br />
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By the last decades of the sixteenth century, women began to compose music as well. The most famous of these was the Venetian Madalena Casulana, the first professional woman composer to see her own compositions in print. How do her madrigals compare to the frottola, the genre of musical song so popular in Florence? Without question, the figure most responsible for the popularity of the madrigal form in sixteenth-century Venice was Adrian Willaert, choirmaster of Saint Mark’s. His chief interest was polyphonic music such as the motet and the madrigal. What radical new ideas did Willaert bring to his music? <br />
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By the High Renaissance, wealthy Venetian families, following Classical precedent, routinely escaped the heat and humidity of the city to private villas in the countryside. Architect Andrea Palladio’s Villa La Rotonda set the standard for the country villa. How does it reflect Classical architectural values? <br />
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16 The Renaissance in the North BETWEEN WEALTH AND WANT 543<br />
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THINKING AHEAD <br />
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16.1 Explain the effect of commerce and mercantile wealth on the development of both religious and secular painting in Northern Europe. <br />
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16.2 Describe the tension between financial wealth and ethical behavior as reflected in literature, music, and dance. <br />
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16.3 Compare and contrast the mysticism of Germans such as Grünewald and the new style of art introduced by Dürer. <br />
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Art, Commerce, and Merchant Patronage 544<br />
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How did commerce and mercantile wealth influence the development of both religious and secular painting in Northern Europe? <br />
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In Bruges, painting was a major commodity, second only to cloth. The Corporation of Imagemakers produced for sale many small devotional panels, private prayer books, portraits, and town views. Each May, the city of Bruges sponsored a great fair, where painters, goldsmiths, booksellers, and jewelers displayed their wares in over 180 rented stalls on the grounds of a Franciscan cloister. Especially popular, because they were relatively inexpensive, were oil paintings. The medium of oil painting had been known for several centuries, and medieval painters had used oils to decorate stone, metal, and occasionally plaster walls. As we will see, oil painting enabled artists such as Jan van Eyck to add the kind of detail and subtle color and value gradations to their paintings that resulted in a remarkable realism. For many art historians, this detailed naturalism is the most distinctive feature of Northern European art. By the sixteenth century, at any rate, Bruges printmaker Johannes Stradanus popularized the idea of van Eyck’s mastery of the medium with the publication of his print, Jan van Eyck’s Studio (Fig. 16.2). This print shows van Eyck’s Bruges studio as a factory where paintings are made as goods for consumption by a rising middle class.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/V5ku8Qg0OpU">Jan van Eyck</a> and Naturalism: AP Euro Bit by Bit #8, 6:29<br />
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This video is about Jan van Eyck and Naturalism during the Renaissance. I emphasize the role of patronage in the development of art and the subject matter of art.<br />
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https://youtu.be/V5ku8Qg0OpU<br />
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Robert Campin in Tournai 545<br />
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The growing influence of the merchant class pervades the Mérode Altarpiece (Fig. 16.3), painted by the so-called Master of Flémalle. His real name, say many scholars, was Robert Campin (ca. 1375–1444). Campin was a member of the painters’ guild and the city council in Tournai. Since the Middle Ages, this city near the southern border of Flanders was known for metalwork, jewelry, and architectural sculpture. We know little about Campin’s life, but we do know that the Tournai city fathers condemned him for leading a dissolute life with his mistress. His punishment was reduced, but the story shows the moral seriousness of Northern European culture in the fifteenth century, a seriousness that would grow even greater during the later Protestant Reformation.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/Axox0C6aoTo">Robert Campin</a>, Christ and the Virgin, c. 1430-35, 3:02<br />
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Robert Campin (also called the Master of Flémalle), Christ and the Virgin, c. 1430-35, oil and gold on panel, 11-1/4 x 17-15/16 inches / 28.6 x 45.6 cm (Philadelphia Museum of Art) More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=Ax... View this work up close on the Google Art Project: http://www.googleartproject.com/colle...<br />
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https://youtu.be/Axox0C6aoTo<br />
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Jan van Eyck in Ghent and Bruges 548<br />
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Even a painting so monumental in size and so important to an entire community as the Ghent Altarpiece, by Hubert and Jan van Eyck (ca. 1395–1441), originated in its merchant-class patrons’ hope for personal salvation. The city of Ghent was a major port and flourishing center of the cloth industry. There, a prosperous couple, Jodocus Vijd and his wife, Isabel Borluut, sponsored a private chapel for the Cathedral of Saint Bavo, and commissioned this altarpiece for its interior. The artist depicted both patrons life-size, at the bottom of the closed doors of the altarpiece flanking painted sculptures of John the Baptist and John the Evangelist (Fig. 16.5). An inscription below them reads: “Hubert van Eyck, the most famous painter ever known, started this work of art at the request of Jodocus Vijd; his brother Jan, who was the second in art, finished the monumental commission. With this verse the donor consigns the work to your charge on May 6, 1432.” Very little is known about Hubert, who died before September 18, 1426, not long after he started the painting. He probably painted some of the panels, though his younger brother Jan probably finished most or all of them. It is not really possible to distinguish their work since other artists in Jan’s workshop also had a hand in painting the altarpiece. Most recent scholarship attributes the design and execution to Jan and his workshop.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/QCyhMUkNjiw">Jan van Eyck</a> A Flemish Master Painter - The Ghent Altarpiece, 6:35<br />
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Jan van Eyck A Flemish Painter - The Ghent Altarpiece Authentic Hand Painted Canvas Art (Famous Masterpieces) Free Shipping and Free Returns.... http://www.FamousArtistsofHistory.com...<br />
http://www.GodistheCreator.com<br />
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Jan van Eyck (or Johaes de Eyck) (1390 -- 1441) was a Flemish painter active in Bruges and is generally considered one of the most significant Northern European painters of the 15th century. The few surviving records indicate that he was born around 1390, most likely in Maaseik. Outside of works completed with his brother Hubert van Eyck and those ascribed to Hand G —believed to be Jan— of the Turin-Milan Hours illuminated manuscript, only about 23 surviving works are confidently attributed to him, of which ten, including the Ghent altarpiece, are signed and dated.<br />
Little is known of his early life, but his emergence as a collectable painter generally follows his appointment to the court of Philip the Good c. 1425, and from this point his activity in the court is comparatively well documented. Van Eyck had previously served John of Bavaria-Straubing, then ruler of Holland, Hainault and Zeeland. By this time van Eyck had assembled a workshop and was involved in redecorating the Binnenhof palace in The Hague. After John's death in 1425 he moved to Bruges and came to the attention of Philip the Good. He served as both court artist and diplomat and became a senior member of the Tournai painters' guild, where he enjoyed the company of similarly esteemed artists such as Robert Campin and Rogier van der Weyden. Over the following decade van Eyck's reputation and technical ability grew, mostly from his innovative approaches towards the handling and manipulating of oil paint. His revolutionary approach to oil was such that a myth, perpetuated by Giorgio Vasari, arose that he had invented oil painting. In the earliest significant source on van Eyck, a 1454 biography in Genoese humanist Bartolomeo Facio's De viris illustribus, Jan van Eyck is named "the leading painter" of his day. Facio places him among the best artists of the early 15th century, along with Rogier van der Weyden, Gentile da Fabriano, and Pisanello.<br />
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It is particularly interesting that Facio shows as much enthusiasm for Netherlandish painters as he does for Italian painters. This text sheds light on aspects of Jan van Eyck's production now lost, citing a bathing scene owned by a prominent Italian, but mistakenly attributing to van Eyck a world map painted by another. Facio records that van Eyck was a learned man, and that he was versed in the classics, particularly Pliny the Elder's work on painting. This is supported by records of an inscription from Ovid's Ars Amatoria, which was on the now-lost original frame of the Arnolfini Portrait, and by the many Latin inscriptions in van Eyck paintings, using the Roman alphabet, then reserved for educated men. Jan van Eyck likely had some knowledge of Latin for his many missions abroad on behalf of the Duke. Jan van Eyck died in Bruges in 1441 and was buried in the Church of St Donatian, which was later destroyed during the French Revolution. Jan van Eyck Paintings Portraits; Portrait of a Man with a Blue Chaperon (c. 1430 ), Léal Souvenir (1432 ), Portrait of Cardinal Niccolò Albergati (1432 ), Portrait of a Man (Self Portrait? ), (1433 ), Arnolfini Portrait (1434 ), Portrait of Baudouin de Lannoy (c. 1435 ), Portrait of a Man with Carnation (1435 ), Portrait of Jan de Leeuw (1436 ), Portrait of Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini (c. 1438 ), Portrait of Margaret van Eyck (1439) Single religious works; Annunciation (c. 1434--36 ), Madonna of Chancellor Rolin (1435 ), Lucca Madonna (1436 ), Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele (1436 ), Madonna in the Church (c. 1438--40 ), Madonna at the Fountain (1439 ), Annunciation (c. 1440 ), Portrait of Christ (Vera Icon) (1440) Polyptychs; Ghent Altarpiece (with Hubert van Eyck, completed 1432 ), Crucifixion and Last Judgement diptych (c. 1430--40 ), Dresden Triptych (c 1437) Drawings; Saint Barbara (1437 ), Study for Cardinal Niccolò Albergati (c. 1432). Lost or contested; Turin-Milan Hours ('Hand G', c. 1420 ), Portrait of Isabella of Portugal (c. 1428--29 ), Woman at Her Toilet (c. 1434 ), Madonna and Child with a Donor (after 1440). Workshop; Ince Hall Madonna (after 1434 ), St. Francis Receiving the Stygmata (c. 1440 ), Saint Jerome in His Study (1442 ), Crucifixion (c. 1445 ), The Fountain of Life (c. 1445).<br />
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Rogier van der Weyden of Brussels 551<br />
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The tension between material well-being and spiritual narrative that we see in the Arnolfini portrait appears in all Northern painting. The religious narratives painted by Rogier van der Weyden (ca. 1399–1464), who studied with Robert Campin in Tournai, are a good example.<br />
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0:02 / 5:24 The Renaissance Unchained - <a href="https://youtu.be/pv1oh-a-gQM">Rogier van der Weyden</a>'s Descent from the Cross <br />
The Prado Museum in Madrid houses one of Waldemar's favourite paintings of all time. Van der Weyden's use of colour and realism in The Descent from the Cross gives it an emotional power that was revolutionary for its time, and is a must-see for all art lovers.<br />
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https://youtu.be/pv1oh-a-gQM<br />
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Hieronymus Bosch in ‘s-Hertogenbosch 554<br />
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Hieronymus Bosch (1450–1516) was born, lived, and worked in the town of ’s-Hertogenbosch (now in southern Holland). The town owed its prosperity to wool and cloth. Bosch was a contemporary of the painters in southern Europe who worked in the so-called High Renaissance. Such a distinction seems inappropriate in the North, where there was greater continuity between fifteenth- and sixteenth-century art. (Only Albrecht Dürer, a German, discussed later in the chapter, fits comfortably into the High Renaissance cult of the individual creative genius.) Bosch’s paintings are at once minutely detailed and brutally imaginative, casting a dark, satiric shadow over the materialistic concerns of his Northern predecessors. In Carrying of the Cross (Fig. 16.10), Bosch presents Christ in the middle of the painting, the crown of thorns on his head, bent under the weight of the cross, his eyes closed, and several days’ growth of beard on his face. It is difficult to say whether he closes his eyes from exhaustion or from sorrow and pity for the grotesque menagerie of humanity that surrounds him. From their faces, these participants in Christ’s pain and humiliation seem morally bankrupt, hideously evil, almost sublimely stupid, if not criminally insane.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/4zC3UuGxitU">Hieronymus Bosch</a>: Touched by the Devil Official Trailer 1 (2016) - Documentary, 2:16<br />
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Directed By: Pieter van Huystee Hieronymus Bosch: Touched by the Devil Official Trailer 1 (2016) - Documentary In 2016, the Noordbrabants Museum in the Dutch city of Den Bosch held a special exhibition devoted to the work of Hieronymus Bosch, who died 500 years ago. This late-medieval artist lived his entire life in the city, causing uproar with his fantastical and utterly unique paintings in which hell and the devil always played a prominent role. In preparation for the exhibition, a team of Dutch art historians crisscrosses the globe to unravel the secrets of his art. They use special infrared cameras to examine the sketches beneath the paint, in the hope of discovering more about the artist's intentions. They also attempt to establish which of the paintings can be attributed with certainty to Bosch himself, and which to his pupils or followers. The experts shuttle between Den Bosch, Madrid and Venice, cutting their way through the art world's tangle of red tape, in a battle against the obstacle of countless egos and conflicting interests. Not every museum is prepared to allow access to their precious art works. Subscribe to INDIE & FILM FESTIVALS: http://bit.ly/1wbkfYg Subscribe to TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/sxaw6h Subscribe to COMING SOON: http://bit.ly/H2vZUn Like us on FACEBOOK: http://bit.ly/1QyRMsE Follow us on TWITTER: http://bit.ly/1ghOWmt You're quite the artsy one, aren't you? Fandango MOVIECLIPS FILM FESTIVALS & INDIE TRAILERS is the destination for...well, all things related to Film Festivals & Indie Films. If you want to keep up with the latest festival news, art house openings, indie movie content, film reviews, and so much more, then you have found the right channel.<br />
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https://youtu.be/4zC3UuGxitU<br />
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Literature, Tapestry, Dance, and Music in Northern Europe 554<br />
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What tensions existed between the financial wealth of the North and its ethical and moral climate? <br />
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The pessimism and moral ambiguity of Bosch’s paintings ran through the Northern intellectual climate as a whole: The human body was widely regarded as the vehicle and instrument of sin. This is in stark contrast to the Southern humanist approach to the body as an object of beauty that reflects the beauty of God. (See, for example, Donatello’s David, Fig. 14.14 in Chapter 14.) And, rather than offering hope, the Church seemed to many to be morally bankrupt and intent on bankrupting the faithful as it rebuilt Rome. Toward the end of the fifteenth century, the French poet Jean Meschinot (1420–91) summed up the sense of physical and spiritual melancholy that pervaded the North with these words: “O miserable and very sad life!… We suffer from warfare, death and famine; Cold and heat, day and night, sap our strength; Fleas, scabmites and so much other vermine make war upon us. In short, have mercy, Lord, upon our wicked persons, whose life is very short.” As Johan Huizinga noted in the passage from his Autumn of the Middle Ages quoted on page 543, in the North: “Sickness contrasted more strongly with health. The cutting cold and the dreaded darkness of winter were more concrete evils. Honor and wealth were enjoyed more fervently and greedily because they contrasted still more than now with lamentable poverty.” Thus, in a painting like van Eyck’s Arnolfini portrait, Giovanna’s robe, in all its bright color and fur-lined warmth, would also have evoked in the Northern imagination its opposite—dismal darkness, poverty, and cold. <br />
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The Literature of Ambiguity 555<br />
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By the first half of the sixteenth century, pessimism and doubt still pervaded Northern thought. Skepticism, about the Church in particular, reached even the highest ranks of the Northern European aristocracy. They regarded it with ambiguous feelings worthy of Bosch. This skepticism was poignantly expressed in the writings of <a href="https://youtu.be/E2OxA5-Hkrc">Marguerite de Navarre</a> (1492–1549), sister of the French king Francis I (1494–1547). She governed France herself when her brother was imprisoned in 1524 by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. She invested large sums of money and energy in order to reform monasteries and convents and establish hospitals across France. As a writer, Marguerite expressed the nuances of human relationships with a subtlety rare in her own day. Clearly a person of high moral and ethical character, she could nevertheless sympathize with sensibilities far less refined than her own, as the 72 stories that make up the Heptameron indicate time and again.<br />
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Divine Feminine Art - Marguerite de Navarre<br />
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Divine Feminine Art by Deborah McLernon, honouring Marguerite de Navarre... Website: www.scottishgraillegacy.com Follow Deborah on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/The-Scottish... Follow Deborah on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/deborahmcle... Blogs:<br />
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http://sacredscotland.blogspot.co.uk/ To purchase prints: https://www.etsy.com/uk/shop/Scottish...<br />
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Tapestry 555<br />
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In this atmosphere, the great fairs of both Bruges and Antwerp still overflowed with luxury goods. Goldsmiths and jewelers rented stalls, featuring elaborately decorated ornaments, wine canisters, goblets, punch bowls, and drinking cups. Picture frames were a specialty, and the joiners (specialized carpenters) who crafted these also sold pulpits, church benches, altars, organ cases, and furniture. The textile merchants conducted a brisk trade in very costly luxury broadcloth, usually woven from British wool. The most luxurious of these rivaled Italian silks in their fine, soft, and close weaves. The stalls of the tapestry merchants were among the busiest. These luxury goods supplemented the fine art market, and along with the popular art forms in dance and music, constituted a rich cultural heritage.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/PxkJyvsaupA">Belgium - Tapestries</a> - Travel - Jim Rogers World Adventure, 1:54<br />
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Leading economic expert Jim Rogers traveled to 150 countries over 150,000 miles in three years - follow his adventures here on FentonReport. In this video Jim and Paige browse tapestries in Belgium. Copyright Jim Rogers - provided as a special contribution to The Fenton Report. http://www.fentonreport.com<br />
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Dance and Music 559<br />
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Elaborate decorative programs were not limited to palaces and churches. Many town halls across Northern Europe were richly decorated as well, and the great halls in these buildings often played host to important civic social gatherings, including dances. In 1477, the Munich town council commissioned for the city’s new feast room sculptures of 16 Morris dancers by Erasmus Grasser (ca. 1445/50–1518) (Fig. 16.12). Over 2 feet tall, each of the sculptures depicts a dancer leaping or twisting around to what, in real life, would be flute and drum music. <a href="https://youtu.be/RZjLATAUwao">Morris dancing</a> is thought to have originated in Moorish Spain, Morris being a corruption of Moorish. The dances were popular not only among the common people—Morris dance troupes often wandered from town to town performing at carnivals and festivals—but as interludes at more formal dance occasions. The garments of most of the Morris dancers were adorned with bells, which made an agreeable tinkle as the dancers moved. The dances were often frankly slapstick, a source of great amusement to their audience.<br />
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Morris Dancing in Oxford, 2:31<br />
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I did a cycling tour of Medieval England after attending the Summer Research Institute at Harris Manchester. Somewhere up the Thames towpath in Oxford I cam across this motley crew of Morris Dancers. Not only can they dance, but they also choose bars with the best bitter!<br />
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The German Tradition 559<br />
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How does Albrecht Dürer’s work compare to that of Matthias <a href="https://youtu.be/p-IvNWAWQ08">Grünewald</a>?<br />
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By 1500, cities in the German-speaking regions to the southeast of Flanders and in the Netherlands to the northeast had begun to grow rapidly. Many of the larger cities had doubled in size in the century after 1400. The population of Cologne, the largest city in Germany, was about 40,000, and Nuremberg, Strasbourg, Vienna, Prague, and Lübeck could all claim between 20,000 and 30,000 residents, which made them substantial centers of culture, though smaller than Florence, Paris, and London at about 100,000 inhabitants. In all these cities, an increasingly wealthy, self-made mercantile class supported the production of art. Caught between North and South, between the richly detailed and luminous oil painting of a van Eyck and the more linear, scientific, and Classically idealized style of a Raphael, German painters at the dawn of the sixteenth century exhibited instances of each.<br />
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matthias grunewald.Isham.mov, 4:23<br />
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Emotion and Christian Miracle: The Art of Matthias Grünewald 560<br />
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The intensity of feeling and seriousness that we saw in the painting of van der Weyden and Bosch also appear in the work of Matthias Grünewald (ca. 1470–1528). Multitalented Grünewald served as architect, engineer, and painter to the court of the archbishops of Mainz. His most famous work is the so-called Isenheim Altarpiece, a monumentally large polyptych painted around 1510 to 1515 for the hospital of the Abbey of Saint Anthony, a facility in Isenheim, near Strasbourg, dedicated to the treatment of people with skin diseases. These included syphilis, leprosy, and ergotism, a gangrenous condition caused by eating grain contaminated with the ergot fungus. Physical illness was viewed as a function of spiritual illness, and so Grünewald’s altarpiece, like Pope Innocent III’s sermon On the Misery of the Human Condition of nearly 300 years earlier, was designed to move these sinners to repentance. But it also reminded the patients at the Abbey that they were not alone in their suffering, that Christ had suffered like them.<br />
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Bishop Barron at the <a href="https://youtu.be/SgFK5sry2gU">Isenheim Crucifixion by Grünewald</a>, :59<br />
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Bishop Barron comments on the Grünewald Altarpiece in Colmar, France while filming for The Catholicism Project - 4/27/09<br />
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Women and <a href="https://youtu.be/6nyylQ1p5os">Witchcraft</a> 561<br />
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Grünewald’s altarpiece captures the miracle of the Christian story as powerfully as any work of its age. Yet since the Middle Ages, other apparent miracles had occurred more routinely in secular society, and the Church could not tolerate them. Local legends had it that practicing miracle workers caused impotence, droughts, multiple births, and miraculous recovery from disease—anything that seemed unnatural. From 1400 to 1700, across Europe and especially in Germany, the threat of witchcraft seemed very real. In this time period, somewhere between 70,000 and 100,000 people were sentenced to death for the practice of “harmful magic,” and 80 percent of the witchcraft trials over the three centuries were conducted against women. In village culture, people with apparently special gifts—the “cunning folk”—had traditionally been called upon during times of crisis: plague, drought, or personal problems, such as disability and the inability to conceive. These “cunning folk” were often single women and widows who also functioned as midwives and were almost totally estranged from the community financially. Through the practice of their putative magical powers, they achieved, on the other hand, a certain real status in the community.<br />
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Witchcraft in the late Italian renaissance, 4:45<br />
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Northern Detail Meets Southern Humanism: The Art of Albrecht Dürer 563<br />
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Born in 1471 in the city of Nuremberg, Albrecht Dürer represents a trend in German culture distinct from the emotionalism and mysticism of Grünewald or the superstition and misogyny of Krämer, one based on humanism. By his death in 1528, he had become one of the leading painters of the Renaissance, successfully wedding his German-Netherlandish Gothic heritage with the Renaissance interest in perspective, empirical observation, and rules of ideal beauty for representing the human figure. </div>
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Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait, 1500, 3:23<br />
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Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait, 1500 (Alte Pinakothek, Munich) More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=Zo... Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker & Dr. Beth Harris<br />
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https://youtu.be/ZoiY6ZLEKaY<br />
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THINKING BACK <br />
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16.1 Explain the effect of commerce and mercantile wealth on the development of both religious and secular painting in Northern Europe. <br />
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The center of commercial activity in Flanders by the beginning of the fifteenth century was Bruges. Each year, it sponsored a great fair where luxury art goods, especially tapestries and paintings, were sold to a rising merchant class, for both local consumption and export. Flemish painters took oil painting to new heights. Often, the objects depicted in these paintings seem so real that the viewer might actually touch them. What effects does oil painting make possible in altarpieces? How do these effects contribute to the presentation of the Christian story, and in more secular works, such as van Eyck’s portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife, to the symbolic complexity of the work? How do these effects contribute, less optimistically, to Bosch’s work, especially the conversation piece, the Garden of Earthly Delights? <br />
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16.2 Describe the tension between financial wealth and ethical behavior, as reflected in literature, music, and dance. <br />
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The sister of the French king, Marguerite de Navarre, governed France while her brother was a prisoner of the Holy Roman Emperor. A woman of refined sensibilities, she also wrote a collection of insightful stories modeled after Boccaccio’s Decameron. What does Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptameron share with the paintings of Hieronymus Bosch? What does the work reveal about the moral and ethical climate of the period? Tapestries were an especially important Flemish art form that often imitated the realism of Flemish painting. What accounts for the popularity of tapestries? Also extremely popular were Morris dances, which were performed to flute and drum music at carnivals and festivals and as interludes at more formal affairs. How are the Morris dance’s sensibilities reflected in Northern European madrigals, especially in the subgenre of the villanella? <br />
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16.3 Compare and contrast the mysticism of Germans such as Grünewald and the new style of art introduced by Dürer. <br />
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Matthias Grünewald’s Isenheim Altarpiece is grimly realistic in its portrayal of death, and yet transcendently emotional. How does his work compare to that of the Flemish painters? How does mysticism inform German art and literature? Perhaps the most interesting development in Germany is Nuremburg artist Albrecht Dürer’s attempt to synthesize the Northern interest in detailed representation with the traditions of Italian humanism he had assimilated on his visit there in 1505 to 1506. How does this synthesis manifest itself in his art? <br />
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READINGS<br />
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16.1 from Marguerite de Navarre, Heptameron, Story 55 (1558) 566<br />
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16.2 from Heinrich Krämer, Malleus Maleficarum (1486) 562 <br />
Hammer of the witch: <a href="https://youtu.be/bQPnihitQdM">Malleus Maleficarum</a><br />
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FEATURES<br />
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MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES<br />
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Oil Painting 547<br />
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Tapestry 558<br />
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CONTEXT Altars and Altarpieces 553<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Bosch’s Garden of Earthly Delights 556<br />
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Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
In The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men, what does Lucretia Marinella claim motivated men who denigrate women?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Anger and envy</div>
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Anger and envy</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172327634_1"><input id="points__172327634_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172327634_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Pope Julius II wish to identify himself with Julius Caesar?</div>
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Like Caesar, he wanted to defeat the hated French</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Like Caesar, he wanted to defeat the hated French</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172327635_1"><input id="points__172327635_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172327635_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What criticism did Vasari offer of the Venetian artists such as Giorgione and Titian?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Their work lacked the intellectual design of the Florentines</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Their work lacked the intellectual design of the Florentines</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172327636_1"><input id="points__172327636_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172327636_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What musical interval corresponds with Vitruvius's theory of proportion?</div>
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Octave</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Octave</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172327637_1"><input id="points__172327637_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172327637_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Bramante apply the Vitruvian circle inscribed with a square to his church designs?</div>
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To symbolize the perfection of God</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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To symbolize the perfection of God</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172327638_1"><input id="points__172327638_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172327638_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
In his landscape study The Large Turf, Albrecht Dürer was able to blend his northern interest in minute detail with what Italian Renaissance interest?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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The phenomenon of the natural world</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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The phenomenon of the natural world</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172327639_1"><input id="points__172327639_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172327639_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What is an advantage of a polyptych over a diptych or a triptych?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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A polyptych allowed for different arrangements</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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A polyptych allowed for different arrangements</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172327640_1"><input id="points__172327640_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172327640_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What physical attribute provided Bruges its status as an important trade center?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Its waterway that led from a lock on the North Sea</div>
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Its waterway that led from a lock on the North Sea</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172327641_1"><input id="points__172327641_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172327641_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What trend in German culture did artist Albrecht Dürer represent?</div>
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Humanism</div>
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Humanism</div>
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Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What did patrons of works such as Robert Campin's Mérode Altarpiece and Jan and Hubert van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece hope to gain through their financial support?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Personal salvation</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Personal salvation</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class=" " id="_172359926_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">
Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
According to the ancient Roman Vitruvius, what standard should the ideal human body be eight times the size?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The head</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The head</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172359926_1"><input id="points__172359926_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172359926_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172359927_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">
Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What Leonardo work illustrates Vitruvius's ideas of human and geometric perfection of proportion and symmetry?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Vitruvian Man</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Vitruvian Man</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172359927_1"><input id="points__172359927_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172359927_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172359928_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">
Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Titian paint a sleeping dog on the foot of his Venus of Urbino's bed?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To symbolize fidelity and lust</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To symbolize fidelity and lust</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172359928_1"><input id="points__172359928_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172359928_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172359929_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">
Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
On what earlier work did Ludovico Ariosto base his romantic epic, Orlando Furioso?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The Song of Roland</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The Song of Roland</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172359929_1"><input id="points__172359929_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172359929_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172359930_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">
Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did early Venetians abandon the mainland for the swampy lagoon islands?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To flee the invading Lombards from the north</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To flee the invading Lombards from the north</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172359930_1"><input id="points__172359930_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172359930_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172359931_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What physical attribute provided Bruges its status as an important trade center?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Its waterway that led from a lock on the North Sea</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Its waterway that led from a lock on the North Sea</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172359931_1"><input id="points__172359931_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172359931_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172359932_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">
Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What did patrons of works such as Robert Campin's Mérode Altarpiece and Jan and Hubert van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece hope to gain through their financial support?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Personal salvation</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Personal salvation</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172359932_1"><input id="points__172359932_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172359932_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172359933_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">
Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What typical feature of northern art do the abundant symbolic elements in Jan van Eyck's Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Giovanna Cenami signify?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Religion</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Religion</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172359933_1"><input id="points__172359933_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172359933_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_172359934_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">
Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Flemish painters use oil instead of the tempera paint favored by the Italian Renaissance painters?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To create layers of paint that reflected light</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To create layers of paint that reflected light</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__172359934_1"><input id="points__172359934_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_172359934_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
As discussed in the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, what was the irony of monk and humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
He opposed the Church's excesses yet loved beauty and art</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
He opposed the Church's excesses yet loved beauty and art</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Modern Devotion and a New Austerity in Art 565 <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct In The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men, what does Lucretia Marinella claim motivated men who denigrate women? Given Answer: Correct Anger and envy Correct Answer: Anger and envy out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Incorrect What was Michelangelo's first commission in Rome? Given Answer: Incorrect A statue of Moses Correct Answer: A statue of Bacchus out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Venetians consider themselves blessed by Saint Mark? Given Answer: Correct Saint Mark's relics resided in Venice's cathedral Correct Answer: Saint Mark's relics resided in Venice's cathedral out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why in the School of Athens does Plato point toward the heavens? Given Answer: Correct It's the realm of ideal forms Correct Answer: It's the realm of ideal forms out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct What musical interval corresponds with Vitruvius's theory of proportion? Given Answer: Correct Octave Correct Answer: Octave out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct What trend in German culture did artist Albrecht Dürer represent? Given Answer: Correct Humanism Correct Answer: Humanism out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Matthias Grünewald's Isenheim Altarpiece underscores what northern European preoccupation? Given Answer: Correct Death Correct Answer: Death out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Hieronymus Bosch's famous triptych, the Garden of Earthly Delights, seems intended for what purpose? Given Answer: Correct To be a conversation piece Correct Answer: To be a conversation piece out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Where is Morris dancing believed to have originated? Given Answer: Correct Moorish Spain Correct Answer: Moorish Spain out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct As discussed in the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, what was the irony of monk and humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus? Given Answer: Correct He opposed the Church's excesses yet loved beauty and art Correct Answer: He opposed the Church's excesses yet loved beauty and art </div>
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Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-47022205287450765792018-08-28T15:15:00.000-04:002018-08-28T15:22:18.047-04:00HUM 111 Week 7 Summer 2018The presentation may contain content that is deemed objectionable to a particular viewer because of the view expressed or the conduct depicted. The views expressed are provided for learning purposes only, and do not necessarily express the views, or opinions, of Strayer University, your professor, or those participating in videos or other media.<br />
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One 15-minute break at 8:00; roll taken before dismissal at 10:00 pm.<br />
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Review<br />
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What caused the end of the Khmer Empire?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmpBkkFkhqgAIfEyPrhjWC3gXqjfgBxvMYi6QrMbptLo33NhunVaKSwVKkHmc3rYmfX9u5yrMdYcP4mPlgNmbHUXOG1u9XOaCdz6Bk0AnfH-WU2xTWlLHq-JY70SgqyQT8dPbxzw/s1600/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmpBkkFkhqgAIfEyPrhjWC3gXqjfgBxvMYi6QrMbptLo33NhunVaKSwVKkHmc3rYmfX9u5yrMdYcP4mPlgNmbHUXOG1u9XOaCdz6Bk0AnfH-WU2xTWlLHq-JY70SgqyQT8dPbxzw/s640/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png" width="452" /></a></div>
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Decline">Decline</span></h3>
By the 14th century, the Khmer empire suffered a long, arduous, and steady decline. Historians have proposed different causes for the decline: the religious conversion from Vishnuite-Shivaite Hinduism to Theravada Buddhism that affected social and political systems, incessant internal power struggles among Khmer princes, vassal revolt, foreign invasion, plague, and ecological breakdown.<br />
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For social and religious reasons, many aspects contributed to the decline of the Khmer empire. The relationship between the rulers and their elites was unstable – among the 27 Angkorian rulers, eleven lacked a legitimate claim to power, and civil wars were frequent. The Khmer empire focused more on the domestic economy and did not take advantage of the international maritime network. In addition, the input of Buddhist ideas conflicted and disturbed the state order built under the predominant Hinduism.<br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Conversion_of_faith">Conversion of faith</span></h4>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodia-buddha-11thcentury.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2592" data-file-width="1944" height="640" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cambodia-buddha-11thcentury.jpg/170px-Cambodia-buddha-11thcentury.jpg" width="479" /></a> <br />
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11th-century Cambodian sculpture of the Buddha<br />
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The last Sanskrit inscription is dated 1327 and describes the succession of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrajayavarman" title="Indrajayavarman">Indrajayavarman</a> by Jayavarmadiparamesvara.<sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:228</sup> Historians suspect a connection with the kings' adoption of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>: they were therefore no longer considered "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">devarajas</a>", and there was no need to erect huge temples to them, or rather to the gods under whose protection they stood. The retreat from the concept of the devaraja may also have led to a loss of royal authority and thereby to a lack of workers. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">water-management</a> apparatus also degenerated, meaning that harvests were reduced by floods or drought. While previously three rice harvests per year were possible – a substantial contribution to the prosperity and power of Kambuja – the declining harvests further weakened the empire.<br />
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Looking at the archaeological record, however, archaeologists noticed that not only were the structures ceasing to be built, but the Khmer's historical inscription was also lacking from roughly 1300–1600. With this lack of historical content, there is unfortunately very limited archaeological evidence to work with. Archaeologists have been able to determine that the sites were abandoned and then reoccupied later by different people.<br />
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There is evidence that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> had affected the situation described above, as the plague first appeared in China around 1330 and reached Europe around 1345. Most seaports along the line of travel from China to Europe felt the impact of the disease, which had a severe impact on life throughout South East Asia.<br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_pressure">Foreign pressure</span></h4>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stele_with_seated_Buddha_from_Cambodia_or_northeast_Thailand,_Khmer,_12th_century,_sandstone,_HAA.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2820" data-file-width="2322" height="640" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Stele_with_seated_Buddha_from_Cambodia_or_northeast_Thailand%2C_Khmer%2C_12th_century%2C_sandstone%2C_HAA.JPG/170px-Stele_with_seated_Buddha_from_Cambodia_or_northeast_Thailand%2C_Khmer%2C_12th_century%2C_sandstone%2C_HAA.JPG" width="528" /></a> <br />
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Seated Buddha from the 12th century<br />
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The western neighbour of the Khmer, the first Thai kingdom of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_kingdom" title="Sukhothai kingdom">Sukhothai</a>, after repelling Angkorian hegemony, was conquered by another stronger Thai kingdom in the lower <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya" title="Chao Phraya">Chao Phraya</a> Basin, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_kingdom" title="Ayutthaya kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>, in 1350. From the fourteenth century, Ayutthaya became Angkor's rival.<sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:222–223</sup> Angkor was besieged by the Ayutthayan king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthong" title="Uthong">Uthong</a> in 1352, and following its capture the next year, the Khmer monarch was replaced with successive Siamese princes. Then in 1357, the Khmer king Suryavamsa Rajadhiraja regained the throne. In 1393, the Ayutthayan king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesuan_%28king_of_Ayutthaya%29" title="Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)">Ramesuan</a> besieged Angkor again, capturing it the next year. Ramesuan's son ruled Khmer a short time before being assassinated. Finally, in 1431, the Khmer king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponhea_Yat" title="Ponhea Yat">Ponhea Yat</a> abandoned Angkor as indefensible, and moved to the Phnom Penh area.<br />
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The new centre of the Khmer kingdom was in the southwest, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudong" title="Oudong">Oudong</a> in the region of today's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>. However, there are indications that Angkor was not completely abandoned. One line of Khmer kings may have remained there, while a second moved to Phnom Penh to establish a parallel kingdom. The final fall of Angkor would then be due to the transfer of economic – and therewith political – significance, as Phnom Penh became an important trade centre on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>. Besides, severe droughts and ensuing floods were considered as one of the contributing factors to its fall. The empire focused more on regional trade after the first drought. Overall, climate change, costly construction projects, and conflicts over power between the royal family sealed the end of the Khmer empire.<br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Ecological_breakdown">Ecological breakdown</span></h4>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angkor_Ruins_from_Space.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3200" data-file-width="3200" height="640" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Angkor_Ruins_from_Space.jpg/220px-Angkor_Ruins_from_Space.jpg" width="640" /></a> <br />
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Satellite image of Angkor, the dried <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Baray" title="East Baray">East Baray</a> suggests the environmental changes in the region<br />
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Ecological failure and infrastructural breakdown is a new alternative theory regarding the end of the Khmer Empire. Scientists working on the Greater Angkor Project believe that the Khmers had an elaborate system of reservoirs and canals used for trade, transportation, and irrigation. The canals were used for harvesting rice. As the population grew there was more strain on the water system. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, there were also severe climatic changes impacting the water management system. Periods of drought led to decreases in agricultural productivity, and violent floods due to monsoons damaged the infrastructure during this vulnerable time. To adapt to the growing population, trees were cut down from the Kulen hills and cleared out for more rice fields. That created rain runoff carrying sediment to the canal network. Any damage to the water system would have enormous consequences.<br />
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Faith, foreign pressure, and ecological breakdown have all been advanced for the decline. No one theory has proved convincing or it may simply be a combination of all of these factors.<br />
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Angkor Adventure - The <a href="https://youtu.be/O_zQMAbCmWc">fall of the Great Khmer Empire</a> re-edit, 4:15<br />
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Our tour guide explains the reason for the fall of the Great Khmer Empire that built the magnificent temples at Angkor Wat, the ancient city and seat of one of the Hindu kingdom and of the greatest empires of the 12th century.<br />
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https://youtu.be/O_zQMAbCmWc<br />
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Can you say more about the Benin Kingdom?<br />
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The Benin Empire was a pre-colonial empire located in what is now southern Nigeria. Its capital was Edo, now known as Benin City, Edo. It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin, formerly called Dahomey. The Benin Empire was "one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa, dating perhaps to the eleventh century CE", until it was annexed by the British Empire in 1897.<br />
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A Brief History of the <a href="https://youtu.be/vazknOVzZ_c">Benin Empire</a>, 4:09<br />
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https://youtu.be/vazknOVzZ_c<br />
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Were there any major civilizations in the Amazon or in Russia?<br />
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There is no record of a civilization in the Amazon.<br />
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The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of Varangians, the traders, warriors and settlers from the Baltic Sea region. Primarily they were Vikings of Scandinavian origin, who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. In 882 his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars, founding Kievan Rus'. Oleg, Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar khaganate and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia.<br />
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In the 10th to 11th centuries Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054) constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda. <br />
In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north, particularly to the area known as Zalesye.<br />
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The age of feudalism and decentralization was marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurik Dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, Novgorod Republic in the north-west and Galicia-Volhynia in the south-west.<br />
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Ultimately Kievan Rus' disintegrated, with the final blow being the Mongol invasion of 1237–40[51] that resulted in the destruction of Kiev and the death of about half the population of Rus'. The invading Mongol elite, together with their conquered Turkic subjects (Cumans, Kipchaks, Bulgars), became known as Tatars, forming the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged the Russian principalities; the Mongols ruled the Cuman-Kipchak confederation and Volga Bulgaria (modern-day southern and central expanses of Russia) for over two centuries.<br />
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Galicia-Volhynia was eventually assimilated by the Kingdom of Poland, while the Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal and Novgorod Republic, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, established the basis for the modern Russian nation. The Novgorod together with Pskov retained some degree of autonomy during the time of the Mongol yoke and were largely spared the atrocities that affected the rest of the country. Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240, as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle of the Ice in 1242, breaking their attempts to colonize the Northern Rus'.<br />
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History of Europe #10 - <a href="https://youtu.be/vntfSGJfqXM">Kievan Rus</a>', England and Norse! 5:10<br />
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https://youtu.be/vntfSGJfqXM<br />
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Why did the Mayan sharpen their teeth?<br />
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Human tooth sharpening is the practice of manually sharpening the teeth, usually the front incisors. Filed teeth are customary in various cultures. Many remojadas figurines found in part of Mexico have filed teeth and it is believed to have been common practice in their culture. The Zappo Zap people of the Democratic Republic of Congo are believed to have filed their teeth.<br />
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Historically it was done for spiritual purposes, with some exceptions, but in modern times it is usually aesthetic in nature as an extreme form of body modification.<br />
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In Mayan culture, the teeth were sharpened, and sometimes had designs carved into them, to distinguish those in the upper-classes.<br />
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Stained glass: how long to clean, how removed?<br />
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1:52 How to <a href="https://youtu.be/CL6lEeYmwYs">Clean a Stained Glass Lead</a> Panel<br />
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Delphi Artist Steena Gaut demonstrates how to clean cement off of a lead stained glass panel using whiting powder. http://bit.ly/pPnlKa<br />
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https://youtu.be/CL6lEeYmwYs<br />
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To clean the glass is not necessarily removed and cleaning is done slowly and carefully. <br />
Careful cleaning of stained glass can be a very effective means of improving its overall condition, because its appearance and function are so heavily dependent on its ability to transmit light.<br />
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Unfortunately, owing to the fragility of corroded glass, nearly all cleaning treatments can cause changes in the surface of the glass that can expedite corrosion rates, or damage delicate paint layers (Romich et al. 2000). Thus, cleaning efforts should not necessarily be concerned with the complete removal of all encrustrations, but rather the careful thinning of these layers to a point where light can be transmitted through the glass at an acceptable level (Rauch 2004, 5). The simplest cleaning can be performed using carefully applied deionised water, although other mechanical or chemical means are often necessary, and must always be done slowly, in a controlled and focused manner (Rauch 2004, 5-6; Vogel et al. 2007, 9-10). Scalpels or a micro-jet process* can be used to gradually, mechanically thin out these encrustations layer by layer, in the lab. Conversely, poultices or gel pads steeped in a non-ionic detergent or EDTA can be applied to the surface of the glass for long periods of time for “deep, focused cleaning” (Rauch 2004, 6). With any of these methods, care must be taken to ensure the stability of painted layers, before treatment can take place. In the event that these layers appear particularly friable, it is necessary to clean the glass delicately with cotton swabs, and in more extreme cases, manually affix the original paint lines to the surface, under a microscope, by applying small tiny drops of resin at specific points (Rauch 2004, 6; Vogel et al. 2007, 10). Care should be taken not to remove any later over-painting without due consideration, as such layers may have historic value, in their own right (Rauch 2004, 7).<br />
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Within conservation, repairs are meant to last, but should also be as reversible as possible, in keeping with the general ethical guidelines of modern conservation practice (Sloane 1993, 13). In the context of stained glass, repairs can involve treatment of the glass itself, treatment of missing areas, or structural consolidation of the matrix or surrounding architectural fabric.<br />
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Broken glass is typically repaired in one of thee ways: copper foiling (thin copper tape that is applied to both sides of the break and then soldered); epoxy edge-gluing; and silicone edge-gluing. Each of these has its own inherent benefits and problems. For instance, copper foiling produces a strong, reversible, attractive repair, but is unsuitable for use with unstable glass because of the heat involved in the application process. Epoxy edge-gluing on the other hand is strong and nearly invisible, but deteriorates in direct sunlight, while silicone edge-gluing dries clear and is easily reversible, but unfortunately refracts light differently from glass, making such repairs more readily apparent (Vogel et al. 2007, 12).<br />
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Missing areas can be filled or replaced but should be done so with caution. All additions must be marked as such, and documented. Ultimately, “it is nearly always better to use an imperfect original piece of glass than to replace it” (Vogel et al. 2007, 12). Modern replacement of glass with “exact” replicas is virtually impossible, and goes against conservation philosophy by potentially clouding viewers’ perception of the original. Instead it is preferable to use similarly coloured, but clearly differentiated glass in order to preserve the aesthetic effect of the stained glass without sacrificing the integrity of the original (Rauch 2004, 7; Vogel et al. 2007, 11).<br />
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Structurally speaking it is most important to keep the frame intact and in good condition, to ensure the overall safety of the window (Vogel et al. 2007, 10). That being said, the original materials that make up this matrix are also integral aspects of the historic value and artistic design of the panel and should be preserved. Steps should always be taken to ensure that panels retain their current matrix whenever possible, rather than opting for replacement (CVMA 2004).<br />
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Where did the idea of cleaning arise and who was the first to complete a stained glass?<br />
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Coloured glass has been produced since ancient times. Both the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> excelled at the manufacture of small coloured glass objects. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> was important in glass manufacture with its chief centres <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> holds two of the finest Roman pieces, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a>, which is a murky mustard colour but glows purple-red to transmitted light, and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_vase" title="Portland vase">Portland vase</a> which is midnight blue, with a carved white overlay.<br />
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In early Christian churches of the 4th and 5th centuries, there are many remaining windows which are filled with ornate patterns of thinly-sliced alabaster set into wooden frames, giving a stained-glass like effect.<br />
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Evidence of stained glass windows in churches and monasteries in Britain can be found as early as the 7th century. The earliest known reference dates from 675 AD when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a> imported workmen from France to glaze the windows of the monastery of St Peter which he was building at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkwearmouth" title="Monkwearmouth">Monkwearmouth</a>. Hundreds of pieces of coloured glass and lead, dating back to the late 7th century, have been discovered here and at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><br />
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In the Middle East, the glass industry of Syria continued during the Islamic period with major centres of manufacture at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and the most important products being highly transparent colourless glass and gilded glass, rather than coloured glass. The production of coloured glass in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a> existed by the 8th century, at which time the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam">alchemist</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" title="Jābir ibn Hayyān">Jābir ibn Hayyān</a>, in <i>Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna</i>, gave 46 recipes for producing coloured glass and described the technique of cutting glass into artificial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><br />
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A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a> flask from 100 BC to 200 AD</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n5.jpg"><img alt="" data-file-height="3333" data-file-width="2200" height="640" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n5.jpg/132px-Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n5.jpg" width="422" /></a></div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</a>, a rare example of Roman flashed glass</div>
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An alabaster window in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a>, Italy</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px;"> <div style="width: 235px;">
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasirolmolk.jpg"><img alt="" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="300" height="640" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nasirolmolk.jpg/133px-Nasirolmolk.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
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Stained glass in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Mulk_mosque" title="Nasir al-Mulk mosque">Nasir al-Mulk mosque</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, Iran</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval_glass">Medieval glass</span></h3>
Stained glass, as an art form, reached its height in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> when it became a major pictorial form used to illustrate the narratives of the Bible to a largely illiterate populace.<br />
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In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and Early <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> period, from about 950 AD to 1240 AD, the untraceried windows demanded large expanses of glass which of necessity were supported by robust iron frames, such as may be seen at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> and at the eastern end of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>. As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> developed into a more ornate form, windows grew larger, affording greater illumination to the interiors, but were divided into sections by vertical shafts and tracery of stone. This elaboration of form reached its height of complexity in the Flamboyant style in Europe, and windows grew still larger with the development of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular_style" title="Perpendicular style">Perpendicular style</a> in England.<br />
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Integrated with the <b>lofty verticals</b> of Gothic cathedrals and parish churches, glass designs became more daring. The circular form, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a>, developed in France from relatively simple windows with openings pierced through slabs of thin stone to wheel windows, as exemplified by the West front of Chartres Cathedral, and ultimately to designs of enormous complexity, the tracery being drafted from hundreds of different points, such as those at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, Paris and the "Bishop's Eye" at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>.<br />
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While stained glass was widely manufactured, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> in France was the greatest centre of stained glass manufacture, producing glass of unrivalled quality.<br />
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Were Gothic Cathedrals used for a different purpose than Romanesque Cathedrals?<br />
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Theologically, no, but they were characteristically different.<br />
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Romanesque: simpler rounded arches weight was on walls Gothic: more complex pointed arches weight was on columns, pilasters (rectangle column) and arches more buttresses <br />
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Complete and submit Week 7 Quiz 6: Chapters 11 and 12<br />
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<ul>
<li style="border: 0.0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.0px; outline: 0.0px; padding: 0.0px;">Read the following from your textbook: <ul style="border: 0.0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0.0px; outline: 0.0px; padding: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 40.0px;">
<li style="border: 0.0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: circle; margin: 0.0px; outline: 0.0px; padding: 0.0px;">Chapter 13: Siena and Florence in the Fourteenth Century</li>
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The <i><b>Divine Comedy</b></i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <span lang="it"><i>Divina Commedia</i></span> <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Italian" title="Help:IPA for Italian">[diˈviːna komˈmɛːdja]</a></span>) is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, begun c. 1308 and completed 1320, a year before his death in 1321. It is widely considered the preeminent work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> and is seen as one of the greatest works of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">world literature</a>. The poem's imaginative vision of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> is representative of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval world-view</a> as it had developed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Western Church</a> by the 14th century. It helped establish the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_language" title="Tuscan language">Tuscan language</a>, in which it is written, as the standardized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>. It is divided into three parts: <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_%28Dante%29" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiso_%28Dante%29" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></i>.<br />
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On the surface, the poem describes Dante's travels through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_hell" title="Christian views on hell">Hell</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, and Paradise or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_%28Christianity%29" title="Heaven (Christianity)">Heaven</a>;but at a deeper level, it represents, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Allegory in the Middle Ages">allegorically</a>, the soul's journey towards God. At this deeper level, Dante draws on medieval Christian theology and philosophy, especially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomistic philosophy</a> and the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>. Consequently, the <i>Divine Comedy</i> has been called "the <i>Summa</i> in verse".<br />
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The work was originally simply titled <i>Comedìa</i> and the word <i>Divina</i> was added by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>. The first printed edition to add the word <i>divina</i> to the title was that of the Venetian <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Humanism" title="Renaissance Humanism">humanist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodovico_Dolce" title="Lodovico Dolce">Lodovico Dolce</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> published in 1555 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Giolito_de%27_Ferrari" title="Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari">Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari</a>.<br />
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<span style="color: white;">Would You Like to Know More? - Dante and The Divine Comedy</span> </h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Ring side seat!--Join Dante's spiritual tour of the afterlife.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Ring side seat!--Join Dante's spiritual tour of the afterlife.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week6/WYLTKM-Dante/story.html</span></b></span></div>
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The <b>Black Death</b> or <b>Black Plague</b> was <b>one of the most devastating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world" title="History of the world">human history</a>, resulting in the deaths of an estimated <span class="nowrap">75 to 200 million</span> people</b> and peaking in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the years <b>1346–1353</b>.<br />
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Although there were several competing theories as to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology_%28medicine%29" title="Etiology (medicine)">etiology</a> of the Black Death, analysis of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from victims in northern and southern Europe published in 2010 and 2011 indicates that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> responsible was the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a>, probably causing several forms of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_%28disease%29" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>.<br />
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<b>The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, where it then travelled along the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, reaching <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> by 1343</b>.<br />
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<b>From there, it was most likely carried by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_rat_flea" title="Oriental rat flea">Oriental rat fleas</a> living on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">black rats</a> that were regular passengers on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">merchant ships</a></b>.<br />
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Spreading throughout the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> and Europe, the <b>Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population</b>.<br />
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In total, the plague may have reduced the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century.<br />
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<b>The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century</b>.<br />
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The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.<br />
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The plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_history" title="European history">European history</a>.<span style="color: white;">Would You Like to Know More? - The Black Death</span> <br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Devastation and Recovery: A "big picture" look at the Black Death of 1347-1350, and some of the unexpected impacts.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Devastation and Recovery: A "big picture" look at the Black Death of 1347-1350, and some of the unexpected impacts.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week6/WYLTKM-BlackDeath/story.html</span></b></span><br />
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<b>Renaissance humanism is the study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, at first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">in Italy</a> and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries</b>.<br />
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The term <b><i>Renaissance humanism</i></b> is contemporary to that period—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> (<i>rinascimento</i> "<b>rebirth</b>") and "<b>humanist</b>" (whence modern <i>humanism</i>; also <i>Renaissance humanism</i> to distinguish it from later developments grouped as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>).<br />
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Renaissance humanism was a response to the utilitarian approach and what came to be depicted as the "narrow pedantry" associated with medieval <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a>.<br />
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<b>Humanists sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging in the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions</b>.<br />
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This was to be <b>accomplished through the study of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">studia humanitatis</a></i>, today known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a></b>: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy.<br />
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According to one scholar of the movement,<br />
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Early Italian humanism, which in many respects continued the grammatical and rhetorical traditions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, not merely provided the old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a> with a new and more ambitious name (<i>Studia humanitatis</i>), but also increased its actual scope, content and significance in the curriculum of the schools and universities and in its own extensive literary production. The <i>studia humanitatis</i> excluded logic, but they added to the traditional grammar and rhetoric not only history, Greek, and moral philosophy, but also made poetry, once a sequel of grammar and rhetoric, the most important member of the whole group.</blockquote>
Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a small elite, a <b>program to revive the cultural legacy, literary legacy, and moral philosophy of classical antiquity</b>.<br />
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There were important centres of humanism in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>.<br />
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The <b>House of Medici</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/ or /ə/ 'e' in 'roses'">ᵻ</span><span title="/tʃ/ 'ch' in 'china'">tʃ</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span title="English pronunciation respelling"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i><b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MED</span></span></b>-i-chee</i></a></span>; <small>Italian pronunciation: </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Italian" title="Help:IPA for Italian">[ˈmɛːditʃi]</a></span>) was an Italian <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking" title="Banking">banking</a> family, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_dynasty" title="Political dynasty">political dynasty</a> and later <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_house" title="Royal house">royal house</a> that first began to gather prominence under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a> during the first half of the 15th century.<br />
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The family originated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugello_region" title="Mugello region">Mugello region</a> of the Tuscan countryside, gradually rising until they were able to fund the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici_Bank" title="Medici Bank">Medici Bank</a>. The <b>bank</b> was the largest in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> during the 15th century, seeing the Medici gain political power in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> — though officially they remained citizens rather than monarchs.<br />
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The Medici produced three <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></b> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> (1513–1521), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> (1523–1534), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Pope Leo XI</a> (1605); two <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_%28government%29" title="Regency (government)">regent</a> queens of France—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> (1547–1559) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> (1600–1610). In 1531, the family became <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary" title="Hereditary">hereditary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Florence" title="Duke of Florence">Dukes of Florence</a>. In 1569, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> was elevated to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">grand duchy</a> after territorial expansion. They ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from its inception until 1737, with the death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Gian Gastone de' Medici</a>. The grand duchy witnessed degrees of economic growth under the earlier grand dukes, but by the time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_III_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo III de' Medici</a>, Tuscany was fiscally bankrupt.<br />
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Their wealth and influence initially derived from the textile trade guided by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_della_Lana" title="Arte della Lana">Arte della Lana</a></i>. Like other <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signore" title="Signore">signore</a> families, they dominated their city's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, they were able to bring Florence under their family's power, and they created an environment where art and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> could flourish.<br />
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They along with other families of Italy, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Visconti" title="House of Visconti">Visconti</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">Sforza</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Este" title="House of Este">Este</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">Gonzaga</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, fostered and inspired the birth of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>.<br />
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The <b>Medici Bank was one of the most prosperous and most respected institutions in Europe</b>.<br />
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There are some estimates that the Medici family were the wealthiest family in Europe for a time.<br />
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From this base, they acquired political power initially in Florence and later in wider Italy and Europe.<br />
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A notable contribution to the profession of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a> was the improvement of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_ledger" title="General ledger">general ledger system</a> through the development of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system" title="Double-entry bookkeeping system">double-entry bookkeeping system</a> for tracking <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credits" title="Credits">credits</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debits" title="Debits">debits</a>. The Medici family were among the earliest businesses to use the system.<br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week7/WYLTKM-Humanism/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about humanism and the Medici.</a></span><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week7/WYLTKM-Humanism/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W7_Minici_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week7/WYLTKM-Humanism/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about humanism and the Medici.</a></span><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week7/WYLTKM-Humanism/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W7_Minici_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Bankrolling the Renaissance: Explore how the Medici and others made the Renaissance possible.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Bankrolling the Renaissance: Explore how the Medici and others made the Renaissance possible.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week7/WYLTKM-Humanism/story.html</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bb0000;">Week 7 Explore</span> </h3>
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<i>Late Medieval Art, Literature, and Plague</i><br />
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<li>Chapter 13 (pp. 449-453, 456, 462-3), Boccaccio; (pp. 453-4), Petrarch; (pp. 454-6), Chaucer; (pp. 455-457), Christine de Pisan</li>
<li>Chapter 13 ( 449-451, 458), The Plague</li>
<li>The Plague at <a href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/black_death_of_1348_to_1350.htm" target="_blank">http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/black_death_of_1348_to_1350.htm</a></li>
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The Black Death of 1348 to 1350</h2>
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Citation: C N Trueman "The Black Death of 1348 to 1350"<br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 0px; cwidth: 160; ez_min_text_wdth: 160; hcalc: 23; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/header/div/span[2]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 60; rcnt: 3; rend_px_area: 0; req_margin_and_padding: 0; req_px_area: 7360; req_px_height: 23px; text-transform: lowercase; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 160px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 160px;"><a href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/">historylearningsite.co.uk</a></span>. <a href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/">The History Learning Site</a>, 5 Mar 2015. 20 Oct 2016. </div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">In <b>Medieval England, the Black Death was to kill 1.5 million people out of an estimated total of 4 million people between <span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">1348</span> and <span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">1350</span></b>. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>No medical knowledge existed in Medieval England to cope with the disease</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">After 1350, it was to strike England another six times by the end of the century. Understandably, peasants were terrified at the news that the Black Death might be approaching their village or town.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">The Black Death is the name given to a deadly plague (<b>often called bubonic plague, but is more likely to be pneumonic plague</b>) which was rampant during the Fourteenth Century. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">It was believed to have arrived from Asia in late 1348 and caused more than one epidemic in that century – though its impact on English society from 1348 to 1350 was terrible. No amount of medical knowledge could help England when the plague struck. It was also to have a major impact on England’s social structure which lead to the Peasants Revolt of 1381.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">Up until recently the Black Death was thought to have been caused by fleas carried by rats that were very common in towns and cities. When the fleas bit into their victims, it was thought they were literally injecting them with the disease.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">However evidence produced by <b>forensic scientists and archaeologists in 2014</b> from human remains in the north of the City of London suggests that <b> fleas could not actually have been responsible</b> for an infection that spread so fast – it <b>had to be airborne</b>. Once the disease reached the lungs of the malnourished, it was then spread to the wider population through sneezes and coughs.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">Whatever the cause of the infection, death was often very quick for the weaker victims. By Spring 1349 the Black Death had killed six out of every ten Londoners. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">It symptoms were described in 1348 by a man called <b>Boccaccio</b> who lived in Florence, Italy:</span></div>
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<table class="ezo_table_border ez_wrap_table " data-ez-gwidth="100%" data-ez-uid="234412739" data-orig-width="537" data-role="table" style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-style: none; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 2px 1px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 85px; cwidth: 688px; ez_min_text_wdth: 82; hcalc: 83; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div[1]/table/tbody; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 90; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 56938; req_margin_and_padding: 14; req_px_area: 47334; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 686px; wocalc: 686px;">
<tr style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 85px; cwidth: 688px; hcalc: 83; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div[1]/table/tbody/tr; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 91; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 56938; req_margin_and_padding: 14; req_px_area: 47334; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 686px; wocalc: 686px;"> <td data-ez-req-px="47334px" data-orig-height="63" data-orig-width="537" style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 69px; cwidth: 656px; ez_min_text_wdth: 82; hcalc: 83; height: 98px; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; min-height: 98px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div[1]/table/tbody/tr/td; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 7px 15px 7px 15px; padding: 7px 10px 7px 10px; pagepos: 92; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 56938; req_margin_and_padding: 14; req_px_area: 47334; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 656px; width: 491px; wocalc: 686px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 0px; cwidth: 170; ez_min_text_wdth: 84; font-weight: bold; hcalc: 667; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div[1]/table/tbody/tr/td/span/b; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 94; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 0; req_margin_and_padding: 0; req_px_area: 54740; req_px_height: 23px; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 170px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 66px;">“The first signs of <a href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/stuart-england/the-plague-of-1665/">the plague</a> were lumps in the groin or armpits. After this, livid black spots appeared on the arms and thighs and other parts of the body. Few recovered. Almost all died within three days, usually without any fever.”</b></span></td></tr>
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<div style="-webkit-box-sizing: content-box; background-color: transparent; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto; background: transparent; border-image-outset: 0px; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-spacing: 0px 0px; bottom: auto; cheight: 46px; clear: none; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 57; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; hcalc: 437px; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 23px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; mcalc: 0px 0px 20px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[8]; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 96; pcalc: 0px 0px 0px 0px; position: static; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 31740; req_px_area: 31464; right: auto; text-indent: 0px; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; wcalc: 57px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 57px; word-wrap: normal;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">Written evidence from the time indicates that nearly all the victims died within three days though a small number did last for four days.</span> </div>
<div style="-webkit-box-sizing: content-box; background-color: transparent; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto; background: transparent; border-image-outset: 0px; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-spacing: 0px 0px; bottom: auto; cheight: 92px; clear: none; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 71; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; hcalc: 897px; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 23px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; mcalc: 0px 0px 20px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[10]; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 101; pcalc: 0px 0px 0px 0px; position: static; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 63480; req_px_area: 80017; right: auto; text-indent: 0px; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; wcalc: 71px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 71px; word-wrap: normal;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>Why did <a href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/stuart-england/the-plague-of-1665/">the plague</a> spread so quickly</b>?</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-box-sizing: content-box; background-color: transparent; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto; background: transparent; border-image-outset: 0px; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-spacing: 0px 0px; bottom: auto; cheight: 92px; clear: none; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 71; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; hcalc: 897px; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 23px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; mcalc: 0px 0px 20px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[10]; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 101; pcalc: 0px 0px 0px 0px; position: static; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 63480; req_px_area: 80017; right: auto; text-indent: 0px; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; wcalc: 71px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 71px; word-wrap: normal;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>In towns and cities people lived very close together and they knew nothing about contagious diseases. If they did, they would have avoided close contact with others (staying at least a metre apart) if they themselves were ill or if others around them were ill. They would also have been careful to cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing</b>.</span> </div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 46px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 107; hcalc: 368; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; max-width: none; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[11]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 104; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 31740; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 33327; req_px_height: 23px; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 110px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 80px;">
Additionally, the <b>disposal of bodies was very crude and helped to spread the disease still further as those who handled the dead bodies did not protect themselves in any way</b>.</div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 69px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 98; hcalc: 713; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; max-width: none; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[12]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 105; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 47610; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 49990.5; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 75px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 75px;">
<b><span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">Lack of medical knowledge meant that people tried anything to help them escape the disease. </span></b><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>One of the more extreme was the flagellants. </b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>These people wanted to show their love of God by whipping themselves, hoping that God would forgive them their sins and that they would be spared the Black Death</b>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;">Flagellants</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"> are practitioners of an extreme form of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mortification of the flesh">mortification of their own flesh</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"> by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Whip">whipping</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"> it with various instruments. Most notably, Flagellantism was a 14th-century movement, consisting of radicals in the Catholic Church. It began as a militant </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilgrim">pilgrimage</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"> and was later condemned by the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"> as </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heresy">heretical</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;">. The followers were noted for including public flagellation in their rituals.</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOhZnk30TcapWaJpFBqKejDtsw2_u2D-5XkCO_qun63sv0E3u31xF9MzduAwCuRi8OiQRQYfkbJzHvamP1tj3r_aQgQYiiADsN2qvsgsOfwz3IFNB-fNFRUyIKZx2lUZBbXfk7mw/s1600/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Flagellants_%2528CCXVr%2529+1493.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="653" data-original-width="800" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOhZnk30TcapWaJpFBqKejDtsw2_u2D-5XkCO_qun63sv0E3u31xF9MzduAwCuRi8OiQRQYfkbJzHvamP1tj3r_aQgQYiiADsN2qvsgsOfwz3IFNB-fNFRUyIKZx2lUZBbXfk7mw/s640/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Flagellants_%2528CCXVr%2529+1493.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div align="center" style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 23px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 90; hcalc: 115; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; max-width: none; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[14]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 113; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 15870; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 10166; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 68px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 68px;">
<b style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 0px; cwidth: 68; ez_min_text_wdth: 68; font-weight: bold; hcalc: 115; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[14]/b; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 114; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 0; req_margin_and_padding: 0; req_px_area: 10166; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 68px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 68px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">Flagellants hoping to escape the Black Death</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 69px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 82; hcalc: 736; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; max-width: none; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[15]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 116; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 47610; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 49990.5; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 74px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 74px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>The Black Death had a huge impact on society</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>Fields went unploughed as the men who usually did this were victims of the disease</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">Harvests would not have been brought in as the manpower did not exist. Animals would have been lost as the people in a village would not have been around to tend them.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 138px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 90; hcalc: 1242; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; max-width: none; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[16]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 118; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 95220; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 99981; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 84px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 84px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">Therefore <b>whole villages would have faced starvation</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>Towns and cities would have faced food shortages as the villages that surrounded them could not provide them with enough food</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">Those lords who lost their manpower to the disease, turned to sheep farming as this required less people to work on the land. Grain farming became less popular – this, again, kept towns and cities short of such basics as bread. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">One consequence of the Black Death was inflation – the price of food went up creating more hardship for the poor. In some parts of England, food prices went up by four times.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 23px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 66; hcalc: 69; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; max-width: none; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[17]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 120; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 15870; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 6785; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 59px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 59px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>How did peasants respond</b>?</span></div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 46px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 90; hcalc: 575; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; max-width: none; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[18]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 122; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 31740; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 33327; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 70px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 70px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">Those who survived the Black Death believed that there was something special about them – almost as if God had protected them. Therefore, they took the opportunity offered by the disease to improve their lifestyle.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 92px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 90; hcalc: 943; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; max-width: none; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[19]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 124; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 63480; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 66654; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 74px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 74px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>Feudal law stated that peasants could only leave their village if they had their lord’s permission. </b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>Now many lords were short of desperately needed labour for the land that they owned</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">After the Black Death, lords actively encouraged peasants to leave the village where they lived to come to work for them. When peasants did this, the lord refused to return them to their original village.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 23px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 74; hcalc: 276; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; max-width: none; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[20]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 126; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 15870; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 16663.5; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 63px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 63px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b>Peasants could demand higher wages as they knew that a lord was desperate to get in his harvest</b>.</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-box-sizing: content-box; background-color: transparent; background-origin: padding-box; background-size: auto; background: transparent; border-image-outset: 0px; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-spacing: 0px 0px; bottom: auto; cheight: 92px; clear: none; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 74; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; hcalc: 805px; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 23px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; mcalc: 0px 0px 20px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[21]; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 128; pcalc: 0px 0px 0px 0px; position: static; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 63480; req_px_area: 79994; right: auto; text-indent: 0px; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; wcalc: 74px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 74px; word-wrap: normal;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">So the government faced the prospect of peasants leaving their villages to find a better ‘deal’ from a lord thus upsetting the whole idea of the Feudal System which had been introduced to tie peasants to the land. Ironically, this movement by the peasants was encouraged by the lords who were meant to benefit from the Feudal System.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">To curb peasants roaming around the countryside looking for better pay, the government introduced the <b style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 0px; cwidth: 69; ez_min_text_wdth: 69; font-weight: bold; hcalc: 46; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[22]/span/b[1]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 134; rcnt: 5; rend_px_area: 0; req_margin_and_padding: 0; req_px_area: 5554.5; req_px_height: 23px; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 69px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 69px;">Statute of Labourers</b> in <b style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 0px; cwidth: 32; ez_min_text_wdth: 32; font-weight: bold; hcalc: 23; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[22]/span/b[2]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 136; rcnt: 5; rend_px_area: 0; req_margin_and_padding: 0; req_px_area: 1472; req_px_height: 23px; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 32px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 32px;"> 1351</b> that stated:</span></div>
<div class="vtbegenerated">
<br />
<div style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 46px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 66; hcalc: 575; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; max-width: none; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[23]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 138; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 31740; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 33327; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 75px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 58px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 0px; cwidth: 75; ez_min_text_wdth: 67; font-weight: bold; hcalc: 207; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[23]/span[1]/b; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 140; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 0; req_margin_and_padding: 0; req_px_area: 13800; req_px_height: 23px; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 75px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 57px;">No peasants could be paid more than the wages paid in 1346.</b></span> <span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 0px; cwidth: 75; ez_min_text_wdth: 51; font-weight: bold; hcalc: 230; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[23]/span[2]/b; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 142; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 0; req_margin_and_padding: 0; req_px_area: 13800; req_px_height: 23px; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 75px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 43px;">No lord or master should offer more wages than paid in 1346.</b></span> <span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 0px; cwidth: 75; ez_min_text_wdth: 67; font-weight: bold; hcalc: 184; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/p[23]/span[3]/b; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 144; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 0; req_margin_and_padding: 0; req_px_area: 12075; req_px_height: 23px; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 75px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 58px;">No peasants could leave the village they belonged to.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 23px; cwidth: 690px; ez_min_text_wdth: 9; hcalc: 23; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 20px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div[2]/p[1]; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 148; parent-line-height: 23px; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 15870; req_margin_and_padding: 20; req_px_area: 0; req_px_height: 0; vertical_margin: 20; wcalc: 4px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 4px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">Though some peasants decided to ignore the statute, many knew that disobedience would lead to serious punishment. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;">This created great anger amongst the peasants which was to boil over in 1381 with the Peasants Revolt. Hence, it can be argued that the Black Death was to lead to the Peasants Revolt.</span> </div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 0px; cwidth: 65; ez_min_text_wdth: 65; font-weight: bold; hcalc: 368; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr/td/span/b; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 154; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 0; req_margin_and_padding: 0; req_px_area: 35880; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 65px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 65px;">Was there a cure for the Black Death?</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><b style="background-color: transparent; background-size: auto; cheight: 0px; cwidth: 65; ez_min_text_wdth: 65; font-weight: bold; hcalc: 368; margin-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; nodepath: /html/body/div[2]/div/div/article/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr/td/span/b; obj_px_area: 0; padding-for-scale: 0px 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; pagepos: 154; rcnt: 1; rend_px_area: 0; req_margin_and_padding: 0; req_px_area: 35880; req_px_height: 23; vertical_margin: 0; wcalc: 65px; wcalc_source: child; wocalc: 65px;"><br />
No, but at the time, there were many ‘cures’ suggested.</b></span><br />
<br />
Some of the best accounts from the period come from the leading writers. <b><br />
</b><br />
<br />
<b>Giovanni Boccaccio</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/tʃ/ 'ch' in 'china'">tʃ</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>, <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/-/ affix">-</span><span title="/tʃ/ 'ch' in 'china'">tʃ</span><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>, <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/-/ affix">-</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <small>Italian: </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Italian" title="Help:IPA for Italian">[dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]</a></span>; 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, and an important <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a>.<br />
<br />
Boccaccio wrote a number of notable works, including <b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Decameron" title="The Decameron">The Decameron</a></i></b> and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_mulieribus_claris" title="De mulieribus claris">On Famous Women</a></i>.<br />
<br />
He wrote his imaginative literature mostly in the Italian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>, as well as other works in Latin, and is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue which differed from that of his contemporaries, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval writers</a> who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot.<br />
<br />
<b>Francesco Petrarca</b> (<small>Italian pronunciation: </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Italian" title="Help:IPA for Italian">[franˈtʃesko peˈtrarka]</a></span>; July 20, 1304 – July 20, 1374), commonly <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicized" title="Anglicized">anglicized</a> as <b>Petrarch</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/ long 'e' in 'seed'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑːr/ 'ar' in 'bard'">ɑːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>, <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑːr/ 'ar' in 'bard'">ɑːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>), was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> scholar and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance Italy</a>, and one of the earliest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanists</a>. Petrarch's rediscovery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<br />
<br />
Petrarch is often considered the founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>. In the 16th century, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> created the model for the modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> based on Petrarch's works, as well as those of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, and, to a lesser extent, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>.<br />
<br />
Petrarch would be later endorsed as a model for Italian style by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a>. Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_poetry" title="Lyrical poetry">lyrical poetry</a>. He is also known for being the first to develop the concept of the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_%28historiography%29" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DarkAges_3-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarch#cite_note-DarkAges-3">[3]</a></sup> This standing back from his time was possible because he straddled two worlds—the classical and his own modern day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarch#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><br />
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<b>Geoffrey Chaucer</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/ 'ch' in 'china'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɔː/ 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ər/ 'er' in 'finger'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; c. 1343 – 25 October 1400), known as the Father of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and was the first poet to be buried in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<br />
<br />
While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, composing a scientific treatise on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> for his ten-year-old son Lewis, Chaucer also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_court" title="Noble court">courtier</a> and diplomat. Among his many works are <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Duchess" title="The Book of the Duchess">The Book of the Duchess</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Fame" title="The House of Fame">The House of Fame</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Good_Women" title="The Legend of Good Women">The Legend of Good Women</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Troilus and Criseyde">Troilus and Criseyde</a></i>. He is best known today for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i>.<br />
<br />
Chaucer's work was crucial in legitimizing the literary use of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin.<br />
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<b>Christine de Pizan</b> (also seen as <b>de Pisan</b> ; <small>French pronunciation: </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_French" title="Help:IPA for French">[kʁistin də pizɑ̃]</a></span><small class="nowrap metadata"> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr-Christine_De_Pisan.ogg" title="File:Fr-Christine De Pisan.ogg"><img alt="" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="500" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" /></a> <a class="internal" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Fr-Christine_De_Pisan.ogg" title="Fr-Christine De Pisan.ogg">listen</a>)</small> ; 1364 – c. 1430) was an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_French" title="Italian French">Italian French</a> late medieval author.<br />
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She served as a court writer for several dukes (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis I, Duke of Orléans">Louis of Orleans</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a> of Burgundy, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John the Fearless</a> of Burgundy) and the French royal court during the reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a>. She wrote both poetry and prose works such as biographies and books containing practical advice for women. She completed forty-one works during her 30-year career from 1399–1429. She married in 1380 at the age of 15, and was widowed 10 years later. Much of the impetus for her writing came from her need to earn a living to support her mother, a niece and her two surviving children. She spent most of her childhood and all of her adult life in Paris and then the abbey at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poissy" title="Poissy">Poissy</a>, and wrote entirely in her adopted language, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a>.<br />
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Her early courtly poetry is marked by her knowledge of aristocratic custom and fashion of the day, particularly involving women and the practice of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>. Her early and later allegorical and didactic treatises reflect both autobiographical information about her life and views and also her own individualized and humanist approach to the scholastic learned tradition of mythology, legend, and history she inherited from clerical scholars and to the genres and courtly or scholastic subjects of contemporary French and Italian poets she admired. Supported and encouraged by important royal French and English patrons, she influenced 15th-century English poetry. Her success stems from a wide range of innovative writing and rhetorical techniques that critically challenged renowned writers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Meun" title="Jean de Meun">Jean de Meun</a>, author of the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Rose" title="Romance of the Rose">Romance of the Rose</a></i>, which she criticized as immoral.<br />
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In recent decades, Christine de Pizan's work has been returned to prominence by the efforts of scholars such as Charity Cannon Willard, Earl Jeffrey Richards and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>. Certain scholars have argued that she should be seen as an early <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist" title="Feminist">feminist</a> who efficiently used language to convey that women could play an important role within society. This characterization has been challenged by other critics, who say that it is either an anachronistic use of the word or a misinterpretation of her writing and intentions.<br />
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The writers of the time tell us a great deal about the period; the most important event of the time was the Black Death. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">In Medieval England, the Black Death was to kill 1.5 million people out of an estimated total of 4 million people between <b>1348</b> and <b>1350</b>. No medical knowledge existed in Medieval England to cope with the disease. After 1350, it was to strike England another six times by the end of the century. Understandably, peasants were terrified at the news that the Black Death might be approaching their village or town. </span><br />
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<div class="watch-title-container">
<span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="The Black Death | Top 5 Facts">The <a href="https://youtu.be/coDVVsTuEco">Black Death | Top 5 Facts</a>, 2:48</span></div>
<div class="watch-title-container">
<span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="The Black Death | Top 5 Facts"><br />
</span></div>
<br />
https://youtu.be/coDVVsTuEco<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/coDVVsTuEco" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<br />
<i>Leonardo da Vinci</i><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 14 (pp. 489-492), art of da Vinci; review Week 7 Music Folder</li>
<li>Partial restoration of the <i>Last Supper</i> at <a href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/black_death_of_1348_to_1350.htm" target="_blank">http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/LeonardoLastSupper.htm</a></li>
</ul>
Consider: <br />
Full picture, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Schematic">Schematic Diagram of the Last Supper, </a><br />
<br />
Bruce Boucher on The Last Supper (art historian):<br />
<br />
Leonardo's composition points, in fact, in another direction, for it conforms to traditional Florentine depictions of the Last Supper, stressing the betrayal and sacrifice of Jesus rather than the institution of the Eucharist and the chalice. </div>
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</div>
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Florentine theology, as in the later Reformation theology, moves away from the early Church emphasis on the Eucharist and chalice. </div>
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</div>
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<br />
<br />
and Dan Brown<br />
<br />
Author of <i>The Da Vinci Code</i><i> </i>Dan Brown's] preposterous theory that the figure of the Apostle John is really Mary Magdalene also founders in the face of the facts.<br />
<br />
The painting happens to be on the wall in the refectory of the Dominican convent annexed to the church, where the monks ate all their meals. Not only would such a place be ill-suited for subversive art, given that it was never viewed by the public, the Dominican order had the responsibility of seeking out heresy before it spread. Only a colossal fool would paint a heresy where the monks could study it day after day. While no evidence suggest that Leonardo held the church in contempt, proof abounds that he was no fool.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/black_death_of_1348_to_1350.htm" target="_blank">http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/LeonardoLastSupper.htm</a><br />
<br />
The most recent restoration of Leonardo's <i> Last Supper</i> was completed in May 1999. Work on this most recent restoration began in 1979 to repair areas where paint had flaked away, and quickly expanded to uncover fragments of the original painting covered by repainting from the above "early restorations."<br />
<br />
Pinin Brambilla Barcilon has conducted this latest restoration of Leonardo's <i> Last Supper</i> under the auspices of Milan's Superintendent for Artistic and Historic Heritage. She is a renowned restoration artist who made use of various new technologies to bring life back into Leonardo's masterpiece.<br />
<br />
Brambilla's task was first and foremost to stop further deterioration. Chemical analysis suggested that the over-painting which remained, was still eating away at Leonardo's original paint, and areas that were flaking away were taking parts of Leonardo's work with it as well. So, she decided the most pressing project was to remove everything that had been added after Leonardo finished the painting in 1498.<br />
<br />
The restoration therefore demanded accuracy at the micron level, and attention to the smallest details. Microscopic pictures were utilized to magnify most areas of the painting. Such pictures demonstrated how mold, glue, repaint, and smog collected on the painting while infrared reflectoscopy enabled restorers to see the artist's original painting under layers of paint. Small diameter coring surveys also were performed. Samples taken from the corings were analyzed in laboratories to provide information on colors and materials utilized by Leonardo da Vinci. Miniature TV cameras inserted in the boreholes also provided information on the cracks and cavities. Sonar and radar surveys were also taken to provide information about the elastic and structural characteristics of the masonry and base that the painting resides upon.<br />
<br />
Therefore using the above technologically advanced techniques for analysis and employing the use of solvents to remove multiple layers, Pinin Brambilla faced an extremely slow and meticulous process. Often, only an area the size of a postage stamp was cleaned each day. The twenty year project has proved to be quite successful however.<br />
<br />
Once referring to Leonardo's <i> Last Supper</i> as a sick patient, Brambilla has proclaimed that she and her colleagues have been able to give back a reading of the dimensions, "of the expressive and chromatic intensity that we thought was lost forever." Brambilla, besides letting the original colors come through, added some basic color to blank areas in a way that the addition cannot be confused by the viewer with the original color. In certain areas, blank spots were left and not even painted over. Most importantly, the restorer believes that the luminosity of the original painting has been regained.<br />
<br />
Leonardo's <i> Last Supper</i> was reopened to the public in May 1999. The painting is now preserved by a sophisticated air filtration system, moistured monitored environment, and dust-filtering chambers. Visitors must make reservations and groups are limited to 25 people for viewing times of only 15 minutes. <br />
<br />
<ul></ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2txrOw21VoM8A8kFae4dRpc5EF572kA37tL9Xw5VIaeAUiBLwUGJef2AtK5qQ1zGWrWtRUPFsUC_Nww5jJhN8T3B5otAHtIM6k73n6xY-cCRVf1eX6BZTPia_AOnxZZEy8tmJdw/s1600/LastSupperRestored.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2txrOw21VoM8A8kFae4dRpc5EF572kA37tL9Xw5VIaeAUiBLwUGJef2AtK5qQ1zGWrWtRUPFsUC_Nww5jJhN8T3B5otAHtIM6k73n6xY-cCRVf1eX6BZTPia_AOnxZZEy8tmJdw/s640/LastSupperRestored.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Images, article, and 16th century copy of the <i>Last Supper</i> at <a href="http://www.abcgallery.com/L/leonardo/leonardo4.html" target="_blank">http://www.abcgallery.com/L/leonardo/leonardo4.html</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
The copy and the original:<br />
<br />
http://www.abcgallery.com/L/leonardo/leonardo4.html<br />
<br />
Which do you prefer? And why? <br />
<ul></ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO9UFGkAWjmCZRnKINjSI4WJdInHotqQToJytP6Fa7ms45meKVs__-eBotR-Vcl-SnMkf5-EqYggqmRF1Z8NL2ZnK3hDe65YgBScAxwa6zYy7w2GteURQGmCmjXy6kRN2mtvTTOQ/s1600/Copy+leonardo4a.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO9UFGkAWjmCZRnKINjSI4WJdInHotqQToJytP6Fa7ms45meKVs__-eBotR-Vcl-SnMkf5-EqYggqmRF1Z8NL2ZnK3hDe65YgBScAxwa6zYy7w2GteURQGmCmjXy6kRN2mtvTTOQ/s640/Copy+leonardo4a.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
To illustrate Renaissance painting to its fullest, and as an expression of Eucharistic, Medieval Christianity, consider <a href="http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.com/2011/09/last-supper-as-painted-by-ghirlandaio.html">two paintings</a>.<br />
<br />
http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.com/2011/09/last-supper-as-painted-by-ghirlandaio.html<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Leonardo’s work in science and invention at <a href="http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/models-exhibited" target="_blank">http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/models-exhibited</a> (scroll down to thumbnail photos; click to enlarge and read more information)</li>
</ul>
The historic models built in the early 1950s, which are on display in the Leonardo Gallery, are the outcome of an interpretation work that translated and completed Leonardo Da Vinci’s drawings. <br />
<br />
http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/models-exhibited/<br />
<br />
This is one example of his brilliant anticipation of later, successful inventions; however, he conceived of them centuries before they were possible. <br />
<ul></ul>
<br />
Leonardo tries repeatedly to apply to a flying machine the articulations of a bird's wing in the various phases of flight: he calls this type of mechanical flight instrument flight.<br />
<div class="intro">
Codex Atlanticus, sheet 934</div>
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<div class="intro">
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<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">In this week's readings (<b>chaps. 13-14</b>), there are two musical compositions mentioned, both of them in chapter 14. These (or decent equivalents) can be found on YouTube. Watch and give them a listen. Here below is some background and description of each--and the link to the YouTube (and sometimes other helps).</span></div>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><b><b>Nuper Rosarum Flores </b></b>(by Guillaume Dufay) (chap. 14, p. 472) </span></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8hx_hguwTo%20" target="_blank"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8hx_hguwTo</span></a> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(The Latin text is <a href="http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=46201" target="_blank"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=46201</span></a> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">and an English translation is at </span><a href="https://kevgru.wordpress.com/2013/09/29/guillaume-du-fays-nuper-rosarum-flores/" target="_blank"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">https://kevgru.wordpress.com/2013/09/29/guillaume-du-fays-nuper-rosarum-flores/</span></a> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">)</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">This <b><b>polyphonic motet</b></b> was composed by Dufay for the occasion of the consecration of Florence's great cathedral in the spring of 1436. <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>The ceremony had flowers all over, and the Pope dedicated a golden rose at the high altar. <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>In Italian, the cathedral’s formal name would be Santa Maria del Fiore, or St. Mary of the Flower).<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Dufay’s motet, given its title from its first line, is <i>Nuper Rosarum Flores,</i> which means "Recently Blossoms of Roses…". He makes use of a fixed melody with complex but beautiful vocals. Note our book's discussion (<b><b>p. 472 in chap. 14</b></b>) about how Dufay tried to mirror this composition on the proportions of Solomon's Temple. After reading p. 472, give the YouTube above a listen. </span><br />
<br /></div>
<a href="https://youtu.be/m8hx_hguwTo">Nuper Rosarum Flores</a>, Harvard Chamber Singers, 6:10<br />
<br />
Translation of text:<br />
<i>Recently Roses (came)</i><br />
<i>as a gift of the Pope,</i><br />
<i>although in cruel winter,</i><br />
<i>to you, heavenly Virgin.</i><br />
<i>Dutifully and blessedly is dedicated</i><br />
<i>(to you) a temple of magnificient design.</i><br />
<i> May they together be perpetual ornaments.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Today the Vicar</i><br />
<i>of Jesus Christ and Peter’s</i><br />
<i>successor, Eugenius,</i><br />
<i>this same most spacious</i><br />
<i>sacred temple with his hands</i><br />
<i>and with holy waters</i><br />
<i>he is worthy to concecrate.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Therefore, gracious mother</i><br />
<i>and daughter of your offspring,</i><br />
<i>Virgin, ornament of virgins,</i><br />
<i>your Florence’s people</i><br />
<i>devoutly pray</i><br />
<i>so that together with all mankind,</i><br />
<i> with mind and body, their entreaties may </i><br />
<i>move you.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Through your prayer,</i><br />
<i>your anguish and merits,</i><br />
<i>may (the people) deserver to receive of the Lord,</i><br />
<i>born of you according to the flesh,</i><br />
<i>the benefits of grace</i><br />
<i>and the remission of sins.</i><br />
<i>Amen.</i><br />
<br />
Guillaume Dufay’s Motet <i>Nuper rosarum flores</i> was written for the consecration of the cathedral of Santa Maria del Florence,<b> </b>Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (English translation: Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower), on March 25, 1436. The event was monumental in that it was attended by Pope Eugene the IV, who made an offering of a golden rose, to decorate the high altar, a week before the consecration. Both of these events are mentioned in the text of the motet. It is noteworthy that it was very uncommon for the Pope to attend the dedication of a church.<br />
<br />
Du Fay uses <i>Terribilis est locus iste,</i> an introit traditionally used for the consecration of churches, as the cantus firmus of his work. These words come from the Book of Genesis (Gen 28:17) and can be translated as “Awesome is this place.”<br />
<br />
The piece is written for four voices and the sound is treble dominant, which is common for DuFay’s music. When viewing the score, the upper two voices are the only ones who sing the text. The phrases line up, more or less, at the start and end of each phrase.<br />
<br />
Du Fay based the music on elements of the church’s architecture. The dome of the church was designed by architect Filippo Brunelleschi who created the innovative double vaulted design of the cupola. It is believed that Dufay echoed this design in the lower two voices by having them sing the cantus firmus without words. This happens at four distinct times in the piece. The two lower voices are an octave and a fifth apart and their entrances are offset and rhythmically altered with no distinct diminution or augmentation that can quickly be detected. Eye witness accounts of the day’s ceremony state that there were many singers and instrumentalists performing which could suggest that the cantus firmus was played on instruments and/or the voices were doubled by them. The following link is a performance where the cantus firmus is played by organ. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOkf_wxIcfQ" target="_blank" title="Nuper rosarum flores with organ accompaniment">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOkf_wxIcfQ </a><br />
<br />
(No longer available)<br />
<br />
The word “Successor” stands out a great deal because of Du Fay’s use of canonic imitation in the upper two voices and the stark use of an open perfect 5<sup>th</sup>, between all four voices, at that point in the music. The following word “Eugenius” is given additional attention through homorhythmic scoring, again in the top two voices. This is the first time in the piece where the voices sing the same rhythm on the same word. The effect is very strong and, aside from Du Fay’s obvious attempt at impressing the Pope, a good indication that variety is a must in good music. The only other place where there is an almost (with some variety) unified rhythmic treatment of a word, this time with all four voices, is at the very end with the word “Amen.”<br />
<br />
There is a great deal of structure to Du Fay’s work here. Each phrase has 7 syllables, an obvious nod to the use of the number 7 in the bible.<br />
<br />
If the entire piece were to be divided into four parts, each section begins with the upper two voices and is eventually accompanied by the cantus firmus which continues until the final cadence of these sections. In the score each section is represented by 28 measures. Each section is broken into 14 measures of just the upper voices followed by 14 measures with cantus firmus. The duration of each section, however, varies based on their time signatures. If a constant tempo is assumed and the time signatures of the cantus firmus are reduced to having a common denominator then we can see these as being 12/4, 8/4, 4/4, 6/4 or a ratio of 6:4:2:3. This ratio reflects the proportions of the cathedral itself.<br />
<br />
These last observations could be seen more as a theoretical analysis than something appropriate for a listening blog. This undoubtedly raises the question “can such organization be depicted aurally?” Whether some people have the ability to hear such things is debatable. Regardless, it is my opinion that every bit of detail that goes into the organization of music has a profound effect on the final product, the sound. It also gives a glimpse into the high level of craftsmanship possessed by these composers which, in my opinion, is so often missing in compositions today, often under the guise of “I just write what I hear.” Wouldn’t it be nice to have composers today give the same devotion to their audience as Du Fay did his, whether it was the church, the Pope, or just the people in attendance for the consecration of this place of worship?<br />
<br />
<br />
The Chamber Singers of the Harvard-Radcliffe Collegium Musicum perform Dufay's Nuper Rosarum Flores<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/m8hx_hguwTo<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/m8hx_hguwTo" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> ----------</span></div>
<ol start="2">
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><b><b>Un di Lieto</b></b> (Heinrich Isaac) (chap. 14, p. 483) </span></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RADd6Io2WG4" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RADd6Io2WG4</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Read <b><b>p. 483 (in chap. 14</b></b>) carefully. Then give this a listen. This is an example of a lighthearted <i>frottola</i> song that is clearly simpler than some of the polyphonic church music that had developed over the years. Isaac lived in the late 1400s and early 1500s AD. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Does this sound simpler and possibly more popular as a result than the polyphonic church music? </span><br />
<br /></div>
Heinrich Isaac - <a href="https://youtu.be/RADd6Io2WG4">Un dì lieto giammai</a> (Lorenzo de' Medici), 4:42<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/RADd6Io2WG4<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RADd6Io2WG4" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> -----------------------------</span><br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Four examples: </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><i>O Rosa bella</i> </span><br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span><br />
<br />
<h4>
<i><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'où vient cela, belle</span></i></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Fine Knacks for Ladies</span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Trionfo di Bacco</i></span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h4>
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/r/renaissance-music/ </span><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<b><b>BONUS:</b></b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>If you wish to listen to some more music composed in the 1400s and 1500, try the selections at the following link—some are sacred music, and some are secular.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> These are from the website of London’s Victoria and Albert Museum:</div>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><a href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/r/renaissance-music/" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/r/renaissance-music/</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<br />
<h4>
<i>O Rosa bella</i></h4>
<h4>
<i>http://media.vam.ac.uk/audio/o-rosa-bella-o-lovely-rose.mp3 </i></h4>
Songs which reflected the heartbreak and pain of love were extremely popular in the 14th and 15th centuries.This one, <i>O Rosa bella</i> (O Lovely Rose), describes courtly love, a formalised secret passion between aristocrats that was both erotic and spiritual, even morally uplifting. This type of song was first written in the 12th century by the troubadours; aristocratic poets of southwest France.<br />
<br />
The music for <i>O Rosa bella</i> was written around 1400 by Johannes Ciconia, a Franco-Flemish composer, who worked mainly in Italy. The original singers were probably soloists from the court chapel or cathedral choir. In this recording the piece is performed with two male voices accompanied by a lute. This recording was made by the Royal College of Music especially for the Medieval & Renaissance Galleries thanks to an award from the Arts and Humanities Research Council.</div>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
</div>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
O lovely rose<br />
My sweet soul<br />
Don't leave me to die<br />
In courtly love<br />
Aie, leave me<br />
in pain, I must end<br />
in serving well and faithfully loving<br />
Rescue me already<br />
from my pining<br />
Heart of my heart, don't leave me to suffer<br />
O beautiful rose<br />
oh my sweet soul<br />
don't leave me to die in courtly love<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> </div>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<h4>
<i>http://media.vam.ac.uk/audio/o-rosa-bella-o-lovely-rose.mp3</i></h4>
<i>D'où vient cela, belle</i> (How is it, my love) is one of the most famous works written by one of the greatest masters of the Renaissance chanson, Claudin de Sermisy. A chanson is a lyrical song with French words. This one is the sad lament of a jilted lover, wondering how it is that his beloved no longer wants him.<br />
<br />
Sermisy composed for several French monarchs in the early 16th century, including François I and Henri II. His chansons were performed on a variety of instruments, but in this recording, four singers are accompanied only by a lute, a typical set-up of the time. Music like this, involving only a few performers, was probably heard in the private quarters of the palace, an intimate and exclusive experience.<br />
<br />
How is it, my love, I beg you,<br />
That you no longer seek my company?<br />
I shall always be filled with sadness<br />
Until the day you call me back and mean it; <br />
I think you no longer need a lover,<br />
Or that someone has slandered me to you,<br />
Or that your heart has found a new love.<br />
<br />
If you let love go at its pretty pace<br />
your beauty will make a prisoner<br />
If because of others you have forgotten me<br />
God will give you what you deserve<br />
but there is nothing bad in you capturing me<br />
I wish that as much as you seem beautiful to me<br />
As much or more be cruel to me. <br />
<br />
http://media.vam.ac.uk/audio/dou-vient-cela-belle-how-is-it-my-love.mp3<br />
<br />
<i>Fine Knacks for Ladies</i> is a madrigal - a poetic song. In it the singer presents himself as a humble pedlar. In the 16th century pedlars travelled from town to town selling combs, ribbons, knives, and other small objects, the 'knacks' of the title. This pedlar sings in elegant language that reflects his status as an educated member of court circles. Through the words to the song he argues eloquently that although his wares might seem superficially precious, they're worthless compared to the honesty and loyalty of his heart.<br />
<br />
The piece was written in about 1600 by John Dowland, one of the most famous English composers of his day. He was known for his witty songs that could be performed with a variety of different voices and instruments. This one is performed to the accompaniment of a lute.<br />
<br />
<span id="audio-fine_knacks">Good penniworthes, but money cannot woo,<br />
I keep a fair, but for the fair to view,<br />
A beggar may be liberal of love.<br />
Tho' all my wares be trash, the heart is true,<br />
the heart is true, the heart is true.<br />
<br />
Great gifts are guiles and look for gifts again,<br />
My trifles come, as treasures from my mind,<br />
It is a precious jewel to be plain,<br />
Sometimes in shell, the orient pearls we find.<br />
All others take a sheaf, of me a grain,<br />
of me a grain, of me a grain.<br />
<br />
Within the pack, pins, points, laces, and gloves<br />
And diverse toys, fitting a country fair<br />
But in my heart, where duty serves and loves,<br />
Turtles and twins, courts brood, a heavenly pair.<br />
Happy the heart that thinks, of no removes,<br />
of no removes, of no removes.</span> <br />
<br />
http://media.vam.ac.uk/audio/fine-knacks-for-ladies.mp3 <br />
<br />
<i>Trionfo di Bacco</i> (The Triumph of Bacchus) was written for a Florentine festival and would have been performed in the city's crowded streets. There were three major outdoor festivals each year in Florence. The feast of the patron saint of the city, St John the Baptist, was one of the most important and is still celebrated today. Trionfo di Bacco belongs to the Trionfo genre which focused on events from ancient history and mythology. It is one of the best examples of Florentine festival music written before 1500 to have survived. Trionfo were sometimes performed whilst short dramatic scenes were presented by people on wagons that travelled throughout the streets and squares of the city.<br />
<br />
The words for <i>Trionfo di Bacco</i> were written by Lorenzo de' Medici, the de-facto ruler of the Florentine Republic between 1469–92. Under Lorenzo the festivals in Florence became even more spectacular as the city's best craftsmen, artists and artisans were commissioned to make magnificent designs and costumes.<br />
<br />
Latin was the language used for music written for the church. However songs like this one were sung in the Italian vernacular and would have been understood by all. Composers took great care to insure the proper accentuation of the text, as the words had to be heard above the commotion of an outdoor festival.<br />
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In the recording you can listen to here, the three voices sing to the accompaniment of a lute. The popularity of this song means that it is most likely to have been performed in all sorts of situations: with the accompaniment and reinforcement of many more instruments and voices for outdoor performances or to the accompaniment of lute, as in this recording, for indoor renditions of the song.<br />
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A thing of beauty is lovely youth<br />
Whose fleeting looks fade quite away<br />
Let those who seek, find joy today,<br />
tomorrow brings no certain truth.<br />
Here are Bacchus and Ariadne<br />
Both beautiful, and one loving the other<br />
Because time escapes and deceives<br />
Always together they are happy<br />
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These nymphs and other people<br />
Are light-hearted anyway<br />
Let those who seek, find joy today,<br />
tomorrow brings no certain truth.<br />
These joyful little satyrs<br />
In love with the nymphs<br />
In the caverns and in the woods<br />
They have in their places one hundred traps<br />
now fired up by Bacchus<br />
They dance and jump again.<br />
Let those who seek, find joy today,<br />
tomorrow brings no certain truth.<br />
Everyone open wide their ears<br />
Of tomorrow no one should feed<br />
Today each one of the young and old,<br />
female and male, should be joyful<br />
Every sad thought should fall<br />
Let's have a party anyway<br />
Let those who seek, find joy today,<br />
tomorrow brings no certain truth.<br />
Women and young lovers,<br />
Long live Bacchus and long live Love!<br />
Everyone play music, dance and sing!<br />
The heart burns with sweetness!<br />
No toil and no pain!<br />
That what must be, it had better be<br />
Let those who seek, find joy today,<br />
tomorrow brings no certain truth.<br />
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http://media.vam.ac.uk/audio/trionfo-di-bacco-the-triumph-of-bacchus.mp3 <br />
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Add to that this useful background and summary:</div>
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<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="https://files.nyu.edu/lga2/public/Renaissance%20Nutshell/Renaissance%20Nutshell/Renaissance%20in%20a%20Nutshell.html" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://files.nyu.edu/lga2/public/Renaissance%20Nutshell/Renaissance%20Nutshell/Renaissance%20in%20a%20Nutshell.html</a></span></li>
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<span id="subject__55538687_1">Week 7 Discussion Option A</span> </div>
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<b>"Late Medieval Art, Literature, and Plague"</b> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li>Quote a one (1) or two (2) line section that you enjoy from Petrarch, Chaucer, Boccaccio, or Christine de Pisan, and provide your reason(s) for the choice. Next, describe the historical significance of the writer whose work you have chosen. Comment on the degree to which the Black Death epidemic (1347-1350 CE) impacted that writer’s work. Compare the writer you chose to a specific writer (whether prose writer or poet or lyricist) of modern times.</li>
</ul>
<b>Explore</b><br />
<i>Late Medieval Art, Literature, and Plague </i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 13 (pp. 449-453, 456, 462-3), Boccaccio; (pp. 453-4), Petrarch; (pp. 454-6), Chaucer; (pp. 455-457), Christine de Pisan</li>
<li>Chapter 13 ( 449-451, 458), The Plague</li>
<li>The Plague at <a href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/black_death_of_1348_to_1350.htm" target="_blank">http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/black_death_of_1348_to_1350.htm</a></li>
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<span id="subject__55538686_1">Week 7 Discussion Option B</span> </div>
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<b>"Leonardo, the Renaissance Master"</b> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li>Describe the moment captured in Leonardo’s Last Supper painting, and discuss the reasons why disciples are shown on the same side of the table. Describe the most well-known techniques that Leonardo used to give more realism to the painting. Next, discuss one (1) of Leonardo’s inventions (or proposed inventions) that most fascinates or surprises you, and explain why. Compare Leonardo to some modern figure of the 20th or 21st century.</li>
</ul>
<b>Explore</b><br />
<i>Leonardo da Vinci</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 14 (pp. 489-492), art of da Vinci; review Week 7 Music Folder</li>
<li>Partial restoration of the <i>Last Supper</i> at <a href="http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/LeonardoLastSupper.htm" target="_blank">http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/LeonardoLastSupper.htm</a></li>
<li>Images, article, and 16th century copy of the <i>Last Supper</i> at <a href="http://www.abcgallery.com/L/leonardo/leonardo4.html" target="_blank">http://www.abcgallery.com/L/leonardo/leonardo4.html</a></li>
<li>Leonardo’s work in science and invention at <a href="http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/models-exhibited" target="_blank">http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/models-exhibited</a> (scroll down to thumbnail photos; click to enlarge and read more information)</li>
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<br />
13 Siena and Florence in the Fourteenth Century TOWARD A NEW HUMANISM 435<br />
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Siena and Florence: Civic and Religious Life in Tuscany 436<br />
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Siena: A Free Commune 437<br />
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Florence: Archrival of Siena 439<br />
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Painting: A Growing Naturalism 440<br />
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Duccio and Simone Martini 440<br />
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Cimabue and Giotto 442<br />
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Dante and the Rise of Vernacular Literature in Europe 446<br />
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Dante’s Divine Comedy 446<br />
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The Black Death and Its Literary Aftermath 449<br />
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Literature after the Black Death: Boccaccio’s Decameron 451<br />
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Petrarch’s Sonnets 453<br />
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Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales 454<br />
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Women in Late Medieval Society 455<br />
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READINGS<br />
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13.1 from Dante, Inferno, Canto 1 460<br />
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13.2 from Dante, Inferno, Canto 34 448<br />
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13.3 from Dante, Paradiso, Canto 33 449<br />
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13.4 from Boccaccio, Decameron 451<br />
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13.5 from Boccaccio, Decameron, Dioneo’s Tale 462<br />
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13.6 Petrarch, Sonnet 134 454<br />
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13.7 from Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Prologue 454<br />
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13.8 from Boccaccio, Decameron, Filippa’s Tale 463<br />
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13.9 from Christine de Pizan, Book of the City of Ladies 456<br />
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13.10 Christine de Pizan, Tale of Joan of Arc 457<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Giotto’s Scrovegni Chapel 444<br />
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MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES<br />
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Tempera Painting 446<br />
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Buon Fresco 447<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Dance of Death 458<br />
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PART THREE THE RENAISSANCE AND THE AGE OF ENCOUNTER 1400–1600 464<br />
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14 Florence and the Early Renaissance HUMANISM IN ITALY 467<br />
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The State as a Work of Art: The Baptistery Doors, Florence Cathedral, and a New Perspective 468<br />
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The Gates of Paradise 470<br />
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Florence Cathedral 472<br />
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Scientific Perspective and Naturalistic Representation 472<br />
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Perspective and Naturalism in Painting: Masaccio 476<br />
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The Classical Tradition in Freestanding Sculpture: Donatello 478<br />
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The Medici Family and Humanism 479<br />
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Cosimo de’ Medici 479<br />
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Lorenzo the Magnificent: “… I find a relaxation in learning.” 482<br />
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Beyond Florence: The Ducal Courts and the Arts 486<br />
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The Montefeltro Court in Urbino 486<br />
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The Gonzaga Court in Mantua 488<br />
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The Sforza Court in Milan and Leonardo da Vinci 489<br />
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Florence after the Medici: The New Republic 493<br />
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READINGS<br />
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14.1 from Poliziano, Stanzas for the Joust of Giuliano de’ Medici (1475–78) 483<br />
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14.2 “Song of Bacchus,” or “Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne,” from Lorenzo de’ Medici: Selected Poems and Prose 485<br />
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14.3 from Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) 485<br />
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14.4 from Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, Book 1 (1513–18; published 1528) 497<br />
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14.5 from Giorgio Vasari, “Life of Leonardo: Painter and Sculptor of Florence,” in Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Architects, and Sculptors (1550, 1568) 498<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Brunelleschi’s Dome 474<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE Michelangelo in Rome 495<br />
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13 Siena and Florence in the Fourteenth Century TOWARD A NEW HUMANISM 435<br />
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THINKING AHEAD<br />
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13.1 Compare and contrast civic life in Siena and Florence.<br />
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13.2 Outline how an increasingly naturalistic art replaced the Byzantine style in Italy.<br />
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13.3 Describe the distinguishing characteristics of Dante’s Divine Comedy.<br />
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13.4 Examine how the vernacular style developed after the Black Death.<br />
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Siena and Florence: Civic and Religious Life in Tuscany 436<br />
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How do the Sienese and Florentine republics compare?<br />
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The rival cities of Siena and Florence were located in Tuscany, the area of central Italy that lies between the Apennine Mountains, the central spine of the Italian peninsula, and a section of the Mediterranean known as the Tyrrhenian Sea (Map 13.1). Siena lies in the mountainous southern region of Tuscany, at the center of a rich agricultural zone famous for its olive oil and wine. Florence is located in the Arno River valley, the region’s richest agricultural district. Their rivalry dates back to the contest for supremacy between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor during the time of Charlemagne (see Chapter 10). One faction, known as the Guelphs, sided with the pope, while another faction, the Ghibellines, sided with the emperor. Siena was generally considered a Ghibelline city, and Florence a Guelph stronghold, although factions of both parties competed for leadership within each city, especially in Florence. By the end of the thirteenth century, the pope retaliated against Siena for its Ghibelline leanings by revoking the city’s papal banking privileges and conferring them instead on Florence. As a result, by the fourteenth century, Florence would become the principal economic and political power in Tuscany.<br />
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Siena: A Free Commune 437<br />
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But in the late Middle Ages, Siena was still one of the most powerful cities in Europe. Its sense of its past lent it a feeling of historical weight. According to legend, its founders were Senius and Aschius, the sons of Remus, who with his brother, Romulus, founded Rome. Romulus had killed their father in a quarrel, and the boys, in retribution, stole Rome’s she-wolf shrine and carried it back to Siena, protected by a white cloud by day and a black cloud by night. The facade of the Palazzo Pubblico celebrates their feat: Sculptures of Romulus and Remus suckled by the she-wolf decorate it, and a heraldic crest, the balzana, consisting of a white field atop a black one, appears under each arch.<br />
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Siena remained a small Etruscan village for 700 years, until the Roman emperor Augustus colonized it in 13 bce. The town was dominated first by Rome and then by local nobles, Lombard and Frankish feudal counts, who arrived in successive invasions to rule in the name of their king. By the tenth century, large numbers of serfs had migrated from the surrounding countryside to three separate hilltop villages that soon merged into one. Feudal authorities were not altogether opposed to such migration. They had trained many of the serfs to manufacture the finished goods that they desired. It seemed practical to concentrate such production by chartering Siena and other towns. The charter stipulated that the townspeople would make manufactured goods, and in return, the feudal lord would protect them. Gradually, the towns gained more importance and power, and their citizens began to pay allegiance not to feudal lords or papal authority but to the wealthiest citizens of the community, whose power base was founded on cooperation and the orderly conduct of affairs. When Siena established itself, in 1125, as a free commune (a collective of people gathered together for the common good), it achieved an immense advantage over its feudal neighbors. “Town air brings freedom” was a common saying in the late Middle Ages. As the prospect of such freedom attracted an increasing number of people to Siena, its prosperity was soon unrivaled. <br />
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Florence: Archrival of Siena 439<br />
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Like Siena, Florence was extremely wealthy, and that wealth was based on trade. By the twelfth century, Florence was the center of textile production in the Western world and played a central role in European trade markets (Map 13.2). The Arno River provided ample water for washing and rinsing sorted wool and finished cloth. The city’s dyeing techniques were unsurpassed—to this day, the formulas for the highly prized Florentine reds remain a mystery. Dyestuffs were imported from throughout the Mediterranean and even the Orient, and each year, Florentine merchants traveled to England, Portugal, Spain, and Flanders to purchase raw wool for their manufactories.<br />
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As in Siena, it was the city’s bankers and money lenders who made Florence a vital player in world trade. Florentine bankers invented checks, credit, even life insurance. Most importantly, in 1252, they introduced Europe’s first single currency, the gold florin. By 1422, over 2 million florins were in circulation throughout Europe. This was a staggering number considering that a family could live comfortably on about 150 florins a year, and the finest palace cost about 1,000 florins. Florence was Europe’s bank, and its bankers were Europe’s true nobility.<br />
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Transition to the Renaissance – <a href="https://youtu.be/q8xR8KR0xUA">Siena & Florence</a>, 6:25<br />
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Brief overview of historical developments leading to the Renaissance and the transitional paintings of Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto and others. <br />
https://youtu.be/q8xR8KR0xUA<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/q8xR8KR0xUA" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Painting: A Growing Naturalism 440<br />
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What came to replace the Byzantine style of painting in Italy, and why?<br />
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Even though Saint John the Baptist was the patron saint of Florence, the city, like Siena, relied on the Virgin Mary to protect it. Her image appeared frequently in the mendicant churches and elsewhere, and these images were said to perform miracles. Pilgrims from Tuscany and beyond flocked to Florence to receive the Madonna’s good graces. As in Siena, whenever the city was threatened—by war, by flood, by plague—the Madonna’s image was carried through the city in ceremonial procession. The two cities put themselves under the protection of the Virgin, and it was not long before they were competing to prove who could paint her the most magnificently. In the process, they began to represent her less in the stiff, abstracted manner of the Byzantine icon and more as a real person of flesh and blood. <br />
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Duccio and Simone Martini 440<br />
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After the Venetian rout of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade in 1204 (see Chapter 10), Byzantine imagery flooded Europe. One of the first artists to break from the Byzantine tradition was the Sienese native Duccio di Buoninsegna (active 1278–1318). In 1308, the commune commissioned Duccio to paint a Maestà, or Virgin and Child in Majesty (Fig. 13.5), to be set under the dome of Siena’s cathedral. The finished work was greeted with a great celebration. “On the day that it was carried to the [cathedral],” a contemporary chronicler reports<br />
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the shops were shut, and the bishop conducted a great and devout company of priests and friars in solemn procession, accompanied by… all the officers of the commune, and all the people, and one after another the worthiest with lighted candles in their hands took places near the picture, and behind came the women and children with great devotion… making the procession around the Campo, as is the custom, all the bells ringing joyously, trumpets and bagpipes playing, out of reverence for so noble a picture as is this.<br />
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Duccio was well aware of the greatness of his achievement. Along the base of the Virgin’s throne he wrote these words: “Holy Mother of God, give Siena peace and Duccio life because he painted Thee thus,” announcing both the artist’s piety and pride in his work and the growing prominence of artists in Italian society as a whole.<br />
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Sienese Art: <a href="https://youtu.be/0zfBltgsGVA">Duccio, Martini</a>, and Lorenzetti, 5:13<br />
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Works discussed: Duccio di Buoninsegna, Madonna Enthroned, c. 1285 (Uffizi Gallery, Florence) Simone Martini, Annunciation Altarpiece, 1333 (Uffizi Gallery, Florence) Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country, 1338-1339 (Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena) http://smarthistory.org/duccio-and-si...<br />
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https://youtu.be/0zfBltgsGVA<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0zfBltgsGVA" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Cimabue and Giotto 442<br />
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Florence, too, had its master painters of the Virgin. At about the same time that Duccio was first becoming active in Siena, a painter known as Cimabue was painting a large-scale Virgin for the altarpiece of the Church of Santa Trinità in Florence (Fig. 13.7). Cimabue’s Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets solidified his position as the leading painter in Florence. Although its Byzantine roots are clear—following closely, for instance, a Byzantine hierarchy of figures, with the Madonna larger than the figures that surround her—the painting is remarkable on several fronts. First, it is enormous. Standing over 12 feet high, it seems to have begun a tradition of large-scale altarpieces, helping to affirm the altar as the focal point of the church. But most important are Cimabue’s concern for spatial volume and his treatment of human figures with naturalistic expressions. The throne is especially interesting, creating as it does a spatial setting for the scene, and the angels seem to be standing on the architectural frame; the front two clearly are. If the Virgin and Child are stock Byzantine figures, the four prophets at the base of the throne are surprisingly individualized, suggesting the increasing prominence of the individual personality in the era, an especially important characteristic, as we will see later in the chapter, of the literature of the period. These remarkably individual likenesses also tell us that Italian artists were becoming more skillful in painting with tempera, which allowed them to portray the world in everincreasing detail (see Materials & Techniques, page 446). Perhaps most interesting of all is the position of the Virgin’s feet, the right one propped upon the throne in an almost casual position.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/DKnFvXmUlOI">Cimabue's Santa Trinita Madonna & Giotto</a>'s Ognissanti Madonna, 6:58<br />
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Cimabue's Santa Trinita Madonna, c. 1280-90 and Giotto's Ognissanti Madonna, c. 1310 More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=DK... Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker & Dr. Beth Harris<br />
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https://youtu.be/DKnFvXmUlOI<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DKnFvXmUlOI" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Dante and the Rise of Vernacular Literature in Europe 446<br />
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Dante’s Divine Comedy?<br />
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Until the early twelfth century, the language of almost all educated circles in Europe, and certainly in literature, was Latin. Gradually, however, writers began to address their works to a wider lay audience and to write in the vernacular, the language spoken in the streets. The French led the way, in twelfth-century works such as the Song of Roland (see Chapter 10) and Chrétien de Troyes’s Lancelot (see Chapter 10), but early in the fourteenth century, vernacular works began to appear throughout Italy as well, spreading to the rest of Europe.<br />
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1.0 - 6 Rise of <a href="https://youtu.be/_mpwHXLwauQ">Nationalist Literature</a> in the Late Middle Ages, 3:56<br />
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Nationalist Literature, Vernacular, Dante, Chaucer, Villon<br />
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https://youtu.be/_mpwHXLwauQ<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_mpwHXLwauQ" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Dante’s Divine Comedy 446<br />
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One of the greatest medieval Italian writers working in the vernacular was the poet Dante Alighieri (1265–1321). In Florence, in about 1308, he began one of the greatest works of the literary imagination, the Divine Comedy (Fig. 13.9). This poem records the travels of the Christian soul from Hell to Purgatory and finally to Salvation in three books—the Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. It is by no means an easy journey. Dante, who is the leading character in his own poem, is led by the Roman poet Virgil, author of the Aeneid (see Chapter 6). (Virgil, too, visits the underworld in the sixth book of his poem.)<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/4CPug2geRSs">Dante's Inferno - Divine Comedy</a> - Realms of the Dead - 7 Deadly Sins - after effects, 4:27<br />
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Dante Alighieri wrote the Divine Comedy, an epic poem, in the 14th century, where he tells of his journeys through the three realms of the dead: Inferno (hell), Purgatory (limbo), & Paradise (heaven). This video highlights the divisions of each realm, with dramatic scenes and background music. ***Please also watch my other DanteInferno video @ http://youtu.be/3LPsPm-YQ08<br />
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https://youtu.be/4CPug2geRSs<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4CPug2geRSs" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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The Black Death and Its Literary Aftermath 449<br />
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How did the vernacular style continue to develop after the Black Death?<br />
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In 1316 and 1317, not long before Dante’s death, crop failures across Europe resulted in the greatest famine the continent had ever known. For two summers, the sun rarely shone (no one knew that huge volcanic eruptions thousands of miles away in Indonesia had sent vast clouds of ash into the atmosphere). Furthermore, between 1000 and 1300, the continent’s population had doubled to a point where it probably exceeded its ability to feed itself even in the best of times. In these dark years, which were followed by a century-long cooling period marked by too much rain to allow for good grain harvests, common people were lucky to eat, let alone eat well. Then, in December 1347, rats infested with fleas carrying bubonic plague arrived on the island of Sicily. They were carried on four Genoese ships that had set sail from Kaffa, a Genoese trading center on the Black Sea.<br />
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Exploring the <a href="https://youtu.be/wOTZsURGANI">Black Death in Literature</a>, 5:03<br />
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EDUC 262 Educational Film (iMovie) Project Ever wonder where the Black Death/Bubonic Plague came from? Want to know how it has influenced literature? Then this is the video from you!<br />
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https://youtu.be/wOTZsURGANI<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wOTZsURGANI" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Literature after the Black Death: Boccaccio’s Decameron 451<br />
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The frank treatment of reality found in the visual arts carried over into literature, where the direct language of the vernacular proved an especially appropriate vehicle for rendering truth. The Decameron, or “Work of Ten Days,” is a collection of framed prose tales in the manner of The Thousand and One Nights and Nezami’s Haft Paykar (see Chapter 9). The Florentine writer Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–75), who lived through the plague, sets the stage for the 100 prose stories of the collection with a startlingly direct description of Florence in the ravages of the disease (Reading 13.4): <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/tctUnanAUmY">Decameron</a>, 2:12<br />
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https://youtu.be/tctUnanAUmY<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tctUnanAUmY" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Petrarch’s Sonnets 453<br />
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One of Boccaccio’s best friends was the itinerant scholar and poet Francesco Petrarca (1304–74), known as Petrarch (Fig. 13.13). Raised near Avignon, in France, where the papacy had established itself in 1309 and where it remained through most of Petrarch’s lifetime, Petrarch studied at Montpellier and Bologna and traveled throughout northern France, Germany, and Italy. He was always in search of manuscripts that preserved the priceless literary works of antiquity—copying those he could not pry loose from monastic libraries. As he wrote to a friend in 1351, these manuscripts, in a Classical Latin and hard for monks to decipher, were in danger of being lost forever:<br />
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What is a <a href="https://youtu.be/NsPnUkVQyMA">Petrarchan Sonnet</a>? | Petrarchan Sonnet Definition, Structure & Example, 2:07<br />
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What is a Petrarchan Sonnet? | Petrarchan Sonnet Definition, Structure & Example: This video will show you the structure, definition and history of a Petrarchan Sonnet. I hope you will enjoy it. Please, share and subscribe if you like it.<br />
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This is a sonnet form popularized by Petrarch, consisting of an octave with the rhyme scheme <span class="dbox-italic">abbaabba</span> and of a sestet with one of several rhyme schemes, as <span class="dbox-italic">cdecde</span> or <span class="dbox-italic">cdcdcd.</span><br />
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Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales 454<br />
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The first Englishman to translate Petrarch was Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1342–1400). Well-educated, able to read both Ovid and Virgil in the original Latin, Chaucer was a middle-class civil servant and diplomat. In 1368, both he and Petrarch were guests at a wedding in Milan Cathedral, and four years later, he was in Florence, where he probably met Boccaccio. Chaucer’s masterwork, The Canterbury Tales, is modeled roughly on Boccaccio’s Decameron, but it is written in verse, not prose, and is composed in heroic couplets. Like the Decameron, it is a framed collection of stories, this time told by a group of pilgrims traveling from London to the shrine of Saint Thomas à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1170, Becket had been murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II in a dispute over the rights and privileges of the Church. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/E0pZKXNzngg">Chaucer, Satire, and The Canterbury Tales</a> Notes, 4:30<br />
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Lecture about Chaucer, Satire, and The Canterbury Tales<br />
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Women in Late Medieval Society 455<br />
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The seven women in Boccaccio’s Decameron and characters like Chaucer’s Wife of Bath represent the increasing social prominence of women in medieval society. This is no doubt at least in part a reflection of the growing role of the Virgin in medieval religious life, and her prominence helped raise the dignity of women in general. By the thirteenth century, women were active in all trades, especially the food and clothing industries; they belonged to guilds, and increasingly had the opportunity to go to school and learn to read, at least in their vernacular languages. They were, however, still generally excluded from the learned professions of medicine and law, and they performed the same work as men for wages on the average 25 percent lower.<br />
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THINKING BACK<br />
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13.1 Compare and contrast civic life in Siena and Florence.<br />
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Tuscany was dominated by two competing city-states, Siena and Florence. Both were republics, and central to their success was a new form of government in which Church and State were closely aligned. Siena established itself in 1125 as a free commune. What is a commune? By the twelfth century, Florence was the center of textile production in the Western world and played a central role in European trade markets. As with Siena, it was the city’s bankers and money lenders who made Florence such a vital player in world trade. Also as in Siena, in Florence, the guilds controlled the commune. How would you define a guild?<br />
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13.2 Outline how an increasingly naturalistic art replaced the Byzantine style in Italy.<br />
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In both Siena and Florence, artists began to break from the Byzantine style. One of the first was Duccio, who began to incorporate the Gothic tendency to naturalism into his Maestà, painted for Siena’s cathedral. Even more naturalistic is Simone Martini’s Maestà, painted for the city hall. How would you compare them? Florence, too, had its master painters of the Virgin, Cimabue and Giotto. In what did the latter exceed the others in terms of the naturalism of his art?<br />
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13.3 Describe the distinguishing characteristics of Dante’s Divine Comedy.<br />
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In the early twelfth century, writers across Europe began to address their works to a wider lay audience and to write in the vernacular. How would you define the vernacular? What does it imply about this new literature’s audience? One of the greatest medieval Italian vernacular writers was the poet Dante Alighieri, whose Divine Comedy records the travels of the Christian soul from Hell to Purgatory and finally to Salvation in three books—the Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. How does Dante’s poem reflect the epic tradition? Consider its relation to, for instance, the Odyssey and the Aeneid.<br />
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13.4 Examine how the vernacular style developed after the Black Death.<br />
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In December 1347, bubonic plague arrived in Sicily. Within months, the disease spread northward, through Europe. In Tuscany, the death rate in the cities ran somewhere near 60 percent. Many blamed the Jews, who were widely persecuted. One of the most remarkable accounts of the plague opens Boccaccio’s Decameron, a collection of stories told by young noblemen and women who have escaped Florence for the countryside. Perhaps reflecting the reality of death that surrounds them, the stories are themselves imbued with a realistic representation of life as it is truly lived. After the Black Death, the realistic treatment of life continued in vernacular literature. The sonnets of Petrarch, composed in memory of the poet’s beloved Laura, inaugurate one of the most important poetic forms in Western literature. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, modeled on Boccaccio’s Decameron, approach life in the Middle Ages with a realism even more profound than Boccaccio’s. Many of both Boccaccio’s and Chaucer’s characters are women. How do their female characters and Christine de Pizan’s help to establish new roles for women?<br />
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READINGS<br />
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13.1 from Dante, Inferno, Canto 1 460<br />
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13.2 from Dante, Inferno, Canto 34 448<br />
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13.3 from Dante, Paradiso, Canto 33 449<br />
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13.4 from Boccaccio, Decameron 451<br />
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13.5 from Boccaccio, Decameron, Dioneo’s Tale 462<br />
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13.6 Petrarch, Sonnet 134 454<br />
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13.7 from Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Prologue 454<br />
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13.8 from Boccaccio, Decameron, Filippa’s Tale 463<br />
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13.9 from Christine de Pizan, Book of the City of Ladies 456<br />
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13.10 Christine de Pizan, Tale of Joan of Arc 457<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Giotto’s Scrovegni Chapel 444<br />
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MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES<br />
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Tempera Painting 446<br />
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Buon Fresco 447<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Dance of Death 458<br />
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PART THREE THE RENAISSANCE AND THE AGE OF ENCOUNTER 1400–1600 464<br />
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During the period extending from about 1400 to 1600, Western European culture experienced a rebirth of Classical learning and values. For this reason we call the period the Renaissance, which means “rebirth” in French. By the middle of the fourteenth century, Dante Alighieri had picked the ancient Roman poet Virgil as his guide through his fictional Inferno and Purgatory, Petrarch was busy amassing his own Classical library, and Boccaccio, who like Dante wrote in the vernacular Italian instead of Latin, was also learning Greek.<br />
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At the dawn of the Renaissance, then, the values of the Classical past—simplicity, balance, and restraint in design, proportionality of parts, and purity of form—had already firmly established their place in Western culture. These values stimulated the emergence of humanism—the recovery, study, and spread of the art and literature of Greece and Rome, and the application of their principles to education, politics, social life, and the arts in general. In turn, humanism stimulated a new sense of the value of the individual. Each person had the capacity for self-determination in the search for truth and morality. Faith, sacred texts, or religious tradition were no longer the only guides.<br />
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After the Black Death, it seemed possible, even necessary, to begin again. In politics, feudal rule gave way to centralized forms of government. City-states flourished, strengthened by the influx of workers migrating from the countryside, as manufacture and trade supplanted agriculture as the basis of the European economy. The Church, which in medieval times had been the very foundation of Western culture, found itself challenged on all fronts. Politically, European monarchs questioned its authority. Philosophically, a growing class of intellectuals challenged its long-held doctrines. Morally, many of these same intellectuals denounced the behavior of its clergy and called for reform.<br />
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It was a time of invention and encounter. The printing press in Germany became a major instrument of change by making available to an ever-growing middle class works of literature, political tracts, and philosophical arguments that literally transformed their way of thinking. Even as the telescope revised human understanding of the cosmos and the world’s place in it, previously unknown civilizations in the Americas, Africa, and the Far East changed the Western understanding of its world. The Age of Encounter, which began in the fifteenth century and ended in the seventeenth, resulted in the colonization of most of the non-Western world. The effect of Western colonization was the displacement, enslavement, and large-scale death of native peoples. Those cultures that the West did not come to dominate—China and Japan especially—were deeply affected by their encounters with the West.<br />
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By the start of the sixteenth century, the humanistic spirit had begun to generate new forms of art and literature. The use of the rules of scientific perspective allowed for the convincing representation of three-dimensional space on the two-dimensional surface of a panel or canvas. The introduction of oil painting as a medium contributed to this naturalism by enabling artists to render the natural world in more precise detail than did tempera and to imitate effects of light and shadow both in the atmosphere and on the surface of objects. In architecture, structural innovations permitted the construction of the largest spaces since antiquity. New literary forms—the English sonnet, the personal essay, and popular theater—responded to a growing secular taste. And in music, where the courts maintained their own rosters of musicians, vernacular song and dance became popular even as the Church sanctioned innovative forms of polyphonic music for its liturgy. In this atmosphere, individual composers began to be recognized across Europe, and their works were published and widely circulated. Following the lead of the early fifteenth-century writer Christine de Pizan, women increasingly insisted on their own worth and dignity, assuming important roles as patrons, as artists in their own right, and, in England, as heads of state. All of these developments combined to bring Western culture to the threshold of modern life. <br />
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14 Florence and the Early Renaissance HUMANISM IN ITALY 467<br />
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THINKING AHEAD<br />
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14.1 Examine how sculpture and the use of scientific perspective were instrumental in the early development of the Italian Renaissance.<br />
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14.2 Discuss the influence of the Medici family on Florentine art and the development of humanist thought.<br />
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14.3 Describe how other Italian courts followed the lead of the humanist court in Florence.<br />
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14.4 Explain the symbolic significance of Michelangelo’s David. <br />
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The State as a Work of Art: The Baptistery Doors, Florence Cathedral, and a New Perspective 468<br />
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How did sculpture and the use of scientific perspective contribute to the “rebirth” that is the Italian Renaissance?<br />
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Florence was, in fact, so thoughtfully and carefully constructed over the course of the fifteenth century that later scholars would come to view it as a work of art in its own right. No event better exemplifies its character—and the character of the Italian Renaissance in general—than a competition held at the very beginning of the century, in 1401, to choose a designer for a pair of bronze doors for the north entrance to the city’s baptistery (Map 14.1; and see Fig. 14.1). The bapistery is a building standing in front of a cathedral and used for the Christian rite of baptism.<br />
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By the thirteenth century, a legend had developed that the Baptistery stood on the site of a Roman temple to Mars, subsequently rededicated to Saint John the Baptist. The octagonal building was thus the principal civic monument connecting Florence to its Roman roots, and it stood at the very heart of the city, in front of the cathedral, which was still under construction in 1401. The original doors, at the south entrance, had been designed by Andrea Pisano in 1336, before the advent of the Black Death, and the Wool Guild, or Arte della Lana (see Chapter 13), which was in charge of the Opera del Duomo—literally, the “Works of the Cathedral”—was determined to create a new comparable set of doors for the north entrance.<br />
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In many ways, it is remarkable that the competition to find the best design for the Baptistery doors could even take place. As much as four-fifths of the city-state’s population had died in the Black Death of 1348, and the plague had returned, though less severely, in 1363, 1374, 1383, and 1390. Finally, in the summer of 1400, it came again, this time killing 12,000 Florentines, about one-fifth of the population. Perhaps the guild hoped that a facelift for the Baptistery might appease an evidently wrathful God. Furthermore, civic pride and patriotism were also at stake. Milan, the powerful city-state to the north, had laid siege to Florence, blocking trade to and from the seaport at Pisa and creating the prospect of famine. The fate of the Florentine republic seemed to be in the balance. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/x2CWfDghkZk">Florentine Baptistery: The Renaissance</a> Begins, 4:32<br />
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The competition that started the Renaissance (which is a thing). This is the story of Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi. A note on my mistakes: The doors shown at the end of the video are not the doors Ghiberti made after 1401. His success after the competition inspired the commission of a second set of doors, and this second set is shown at the end of my video. He made them between 1425 and 1452. The original set appear on the north side of the Baptistery. Thank you to subscriber Nancy Pettigrew for calling this to my attention. Written, editing, and narrated by James Earle Feedback given by Mr. Jensen, Mr. Watzka, and Mr. Wong. All images are in the public domain, or shot by James Earle Works cited: Brunelleschi's Dome: How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture by Ross King<br />
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The Gates of Paradise 470<br />
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Ghiberti worked on the north-side doors for the next 22 years, designing 28 panels in four vertical rows illustrating the New Testament (originally the subject had been the Hebrew Bible, but the Wool Guild changed the program). Immediately upon their completion in 1424, the guild commissioned a second set of doors from Ghiberti for the east side of the Baptistery. These would take him another 27 years. Known as the Gates of Paradise because they open onto the paradiso, Italian for the area between a baptistery and the entrance to its cathedral, these doors depict scenes from the Hebrew Bible in ten square panels (Fig. 14.4). The borders surrounding them contain other biblical figures, as well as a self-portrait (Fig. 14.5). The artist’s head is slightly bowed, perhaps in humility, but perhaps, situated as it is just above the average viewer’s head, so that he might look out upon his audience. The proud image functions as both a signature and a bold assertion of Ghiberti’s own worth as an artist and individual.<br />
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Each of the panels in the east doors depicts one or more events from the same story. For instance, the first panel, at the upper left of the doors (Fig. 14.6), contains four episodes from the Book of Genesis: the Creation of Adam, at the bottom left; the Creation of Eve, in the center; the Temptation, in the distance behind the Creation of Adam; and the Expulsion, at the bottom right. This portrayal of sequential events in the same frame harkens back to medieval art. But if the content of the space is episodic, the landscape is coherent and realistic, stretching in a single continuity from the foreground into the far distance. The figures themselves hark back to Classical Greek and Roman sculpture. Adam, in the lower left-hand corner, resembles the recumbent god from the east pediment of the Parthenon (see Fig. 5.10 in Chapter 5), and Eve, in the right-hand corner, is a Venus of recognizably Hellenistic origin; compare Praxiteles’ fourth-century bce Aphrodite of Knidos (see Fig. 5.20 in Chapter 5).<br />
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Exploring Art History in the City: Lorenzo Ghiberti's "<a href="https://youtu.be/3jlT-s9jGfI">Gates of Paradise</a>" (1425-1452), 5:04<br />
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Lorenzo Ghiberti's "Gates of Paradise" (1425-1452) stand as an achievement of the creativity and brilliance of the Florentine imagination during the early days of the Italian Renaissance. This video examines the narrative and stylistic charm of each panel as seen in the copy at Grace Cathedral in San Francisco. Subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/user/academyo... The Academy of Art University Established in 1929, Academy of Art University is the largest accredited private art and design school in the US. Visit http://academyart.edu to learn about total costs, median student loan debt, potential occupations and other information. Interested in learning more? Follow us below Visit us on the web: http://academyart.edu Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AcademyofArt... Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/academy_of_art<br />
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Florence Cathedral 472<br />
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Construction of the Duomo (see Fig. 14.1), as Florence Cathedral is known, began in 1296 (see Chapter 12) under the auspices of the Opera del Duomo, which was controlled by the Wool Guild. The cathedral was planned as the most beautiful and grandest in all of Tuscany. It was not consecrated until 140 years later, and even then, was hardly finished. Over the years, its design and construction became a group activity as an ever-changing panel of architects prepared model after model of the church and its details were submitted to the Opera and either accepted or rejected. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/0l7VolYTGp8">Florence Cathedral</a>, Italy, 3:21<br />
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The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (English: Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower) is the cathedral church of Florence, Italy. The Duomo, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris. The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile. The three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre of Florence and are a major attraction to tourists visiting the region of Tuscany. The basilica is one of Italy's largest churches, and until development of new structural materials in the modern era, the dome was the largest in the world. It remains the largest brick dome ever constructed. The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, whose archbishop is currently Giuseppe Betori.<br />
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Scientific Perspective and Naturalistic Representation 472<br />
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No aspect of the Renaissance better embodies the spirit of invention evidenced by both Brunelleschi’s dome and Dufay’s music than scientific, or linear perspective, which allowed artists to translate three-dimensional space onto a two-dimensional surface, thereby satisfying the age’s increasing taste for naturalistic representations of the physical world. It was the basis of what would later come to be called buon disegno, literally “good design” or “drawing,” but the term refers more to the intellectual conception of the work than to literal drawing. Giorgio Vasari (1511–74), whose Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Architects, and Sculptors is one of our most important sources of information about Italian Renaissance art in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, defined it as follows: “Design (disegno) is the imitation of the most beautiful things of nature in all figures whether painted or chiseled, and this requires a hand and genius to transfer everything which the eye sees, exactly and correctly, whether it be in drawings, on paper panel, or other surface, both in relief and sculpture.” It distinguished, in his mind, the art of Florence above all others. <br />
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Perspective and Naturalism in Painting: Masaccio 476<br />
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Although Alberti dedicated On Painting first and foremost to Brunelleschi, he also singled out several other Florentine artists. One of these was Masaccio, whose Trinity (Fig. 14.10) was probably painted in 1425. This fresco is painted directly on the wall of the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence and represents a chapel off the nave of that building. All of its architectural features are painted according to the laws of perspective, and the man and woman who kneel on what looks like a narrow ledge on either side of this chapel are so realistically positioned and naturalistically rendered that they seem to exist within our own space. (They are actually images of the donors who commissioned the work.) <br />
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Italian Renaissance Painter " <a href="https://youtu.be/yf93BbnxKyk">Masaccio</a> " (1401-1428), 3:41<br />
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Hi everyone! I truly love Italian renaissance paintings because of their perfection and beauty and a sense of massage as well as the emotions which they spread everywhere. So today I am sharing the work of one of such wonderful Italian painter. His name is Masaccio and he is known to be the first great painter of the Italian Renaissance. His work was called to be one of the innovative works in the use of scientific perspective which inaugurated the modern era in painting. - See more at: http://www.fineartandyou.com/2013/11/...<br />
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The Classical Tradition in Freestanding Sculpture: Donatello 478<br />
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Masaccio probably learned about the Classical disposition of the body’s weight from Donatello, who had accompanied Brunelleschi to Rome years before. Many of Donatello’s own works seem to have been inspired by antique Roman sculpture.<br />
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This Classical inspiration is visible in one of his earliest commissions, a statue of Saint Mark created for one of Florence’s lesser guilds, the linen weavers and peddlers (Fig. 14.13). It was one of a number of commissions by the city’s guilds to decorate niches on the outer walls of Orsanmichele, a building originally constructed in 1336 as a market and grain store (in case of famine or siege). As early as 1339, it was decided that each of the city’s guilds should provide a statue of their respective patron saints to decorate each of the niches on the Orsanmichele’s outer walls, but by 1400, only three of the guilds had complied. As civic pressure was brought to bear on the guilds to fulfill their obligations in the first years of the fifteenth century, the city was treated to a virtual exposition of the new Classical direction in sculpture, a direction matched only by Ghiberti’s work on his two sets of doors for the Baptistery, the other great commissions of the era. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/qba1faCNl1I">Donatello</a> and the Renaissance, 6:26<br />
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This beautiful short video briefly describes the works and contribution of Donatello, one of the most famous sculptors of the Renaissance. It also describes 3 of his most famous works - David, Mary Magdalene and the Equestrian at Gattamelata. Music: Piero Umiliani - Crepuscolo sul mare (Twilight On the Sea) Coldplay - Life in Technicolor<br />
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The Medici Family and Humanism 479<br />
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How did the Medici family help shape humanist Florence?<br />
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The Medici were the most powerful family in Florentine affairs for 76 years, from 1418, when they became banker to the papacy, until 1494, when irate citizens removed them from power. (They were briefly exiled earlier, for one year, in 1433.) A family of bankers with offices in Pisa, Rome, Bologna, Naples, Venice, Avignon, Lyon, Geneva, Basel, Cologne, Antwerp, Bruges, and London during the fifteenth century, the Medici never ruled Florence outright, but they managed its affairs from behind the scenes.<br />
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Over the course of those 76 years, they molded and manipulated, controlled and cajoled, persuaded and provoked the citizens of Florence into becoming a citizenry befitting the city they envisioned, a city that in some sense they sculpted, painted, and built. For them, the city was their own personal work of art. But the Medici trained the citizenry so well, especially imbuing it with a fierce independence of spirit, that the people eventually chafed at the control that the family exercised, and rebelled. <br />
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Cosimo de’ Medici 479<br />
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The family’s power was fully cemented by Cosimo de’ Medici (1389–1464), who, as banker to the papacy, secured Florence’s domination over rival Siena (see Chapter 13), putting the city at the very center of Italian politics. He had inherited great wealth from his father and secured the family’s hold on the political fortunes of the city. Without upsetting the appearance of republican government, he mastered the art of behind-the-scenes power by controlling appointments to chief offices. But he also exerted considerable influence through his patronage of the arts. His father had headed the drive to rebuild the Church of San Lorenzo (see Fig. 14.8), which stood over the site of an early Christian basilica dedicated in 393. San Lorenzo thus represented the entire Christian history of Florence, and after his father’s death, Cosimo himself paid to complete its construction and decorate it. In return, it was agreed that no family crest other than the Medici’s would appear in the church. Cosimo also rebuilt the old monastery of San Marco for the Dominican Order, adding a library, cloister, chapter room, bell tower, and altarpiece. In effect, Cosimo had made the entire religious history of Florence the family’s own. <br />
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Lorenzo the Magnificent: “… I find a relaxation in learning.” 482<br />
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After Cosimo’s death in 1464, his son Piero (1416–69) followed in his father’s footsteps, championing the arts, supporting the Platonic Academy, and otherwise working to make Florence the cultural center of Europe. But when Piero died only five years after his father, his 20-year-old son Lorenzo (1449–92) assumed responsibility for leading the family and the city. So great and varied were his accomplishments that in his own time he was known as il Magnifico—“the Magnificent.” <br />
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HANGIN' AT <a href="https://youtu.be/QSGwV0rhIp4">LORENZO THE MAGNIFICENT</a>'S SUMMER 'COTTAGE', 2:43<br />
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Head for Poggio a Caiano, a half hour max blue bus trip from Via Nazzionale near the train station. The Villa, gardens and woods are open seven days a week with entrance every hour on the half hour. Be sure to ask the office for directions to the return bus stop (the arrival bus stop is on a one way street). Also, foreign Medici brides-to-be spent their first nights in Italy here. Total price for the half day trip is four euros (RT bus fare). Of course that is the Medici Villa over my shoulder. BIG THANKS to Laura Mongillo for her article that disclosed the wonderful day trip. Find her article at: http://www.eurocheapo.com/blog/floren...<br />
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Beyond Florence: The Ducal Courts and the Arts 486<br />
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How did the art and literature created in the ducal courts of Italy reflect Florentine humanist values?<br />
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Pico’s message of individual free will and of humanity’s ability to choose a path of virtue and knowledge inspired Lorenzo’s circle and the courts of other Italian city-states as well. These leaders were almost all nobility, not merchants like the Medici (who, it must be said, had transformed themselves into nobility in all but name), and each court reflected the values of its respective duke—and, very often, his wife. But if they were not about to adopt the republican form of government of Florence, they nevertheless all shared the humanistic values that were so thoroughly developed there. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/ULBFI3YvC2M">Humanism and the Renaissance</a>, 4:26<br />
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The Montefeltro Court in Urbino 486<br />
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One of the most prominent of these city-states was Urbino, some 70 miles east of Florence across the Apennine Mountains, where the military strategist and learned Duke Federigo da Montefeltro (1422–82) ruled. Federigo surrounded himself with humanists, scholars, poets, and artists, from whom he learned and from whom he commissioned works to embellish Urbino. He financed these expenditures through his talents as a condottiero, a mercenary soldier who was a valuable and highly paid ally to whomever could afford both him and his army. His court was also a magnet for young men who wanted to learn the principles of noble behavior. <br />
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The Gonzaga Court in Mantua 488<br />
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The marquis Ludovico Gonzaga (1414–78) brought his northern Italian city-state of Mantua, located on a marsh-surrounded plain between Milan and Venice, into prominence among the Italian courts in the middle of the fifteenth century. Like Federigo da Montefeltro in Urbino, the Gonzagas hired themselves out as mercenaries to other city-states, accumulating enormous wealth in this manner. At the same time, they encouraged literary studies and commissioned works of architecture and the other visual arts. The Gonzaga court exhibited the same mixture of humanist and chivalric values found at other Renaissance courts and likewise reflected the values of its ruler. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/_Z63sJHurxY">MANTUA glory of Gonzag</a>a family, 1:00<br />
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Mantua, glory of Gonzaga family. A Vaghi per il mondo production, by Fabrizio Vaghi. See the full video "Pronti Partenza...Via", discovering MANTUA http://youtu.be/Su8QJpc9HHU<br />
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https://youtu.be/_Z63sJHurxY<br />
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The Sforza Court in Milan and Leonardo da Vinci 489<br />
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The Sforza family’s control over the court of Milan was somewhat less legitimate than most other ducal city-states in Italy. Francesco Sforza (1401–66) became ruler of Milan by marrying the illegitimate daughter, but sole heir, of the duke of Milan. His own illegitimate son, Ludovico (1451–1508), called il Moro, “the Moor,” because of his dark complexion, wrested control of the city from the family of Francesco’s legitimate brother and proclaimed himself Duke of Milan in 1494. Both Francesco and Ludovico understood the tenuousness of their claims to rule, and they actively sought to win the support of the people through the arts. They welcomed artists from throughout central Italy to their city and embraced humanism.<br />
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The most important of these artists was Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), who first arrived in Milan in 1482 as the emissary of Lorenzo de’ Medici to present a silver lyre, perhaps made by Leonardo himself, to Ludovico Sforza. Ludovico was embroiled in military matters, and Leonardo pronounced himself a military engineer, capable of constructing great “machines of war,” including designs for a catapult and covered vehicles that resemble modern-day armored cars. <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/zU7XgVxL4aI">Sforza</a> Castle in Milan - the fortress of the Duke, 2:49<br />
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Explore one of the biggest military buildings in Europe - find out more on http://www.leonardoamilano.org/english Transcript: Originally built in the XIV century as a military fortress, it became the Residence of the Duke during the Renaissance, when it was enriched and decorated in order to show the power of the duke well beyond its original military function. Let's have a look at the majestic fortress as it appears today. The first thing you notice is the impressive central tower. This tower was originally designed by the great Renaissance architect Filarete, but its fate was signed by a lightning which set fire to the explosives amassed in the tower. The tower exploded, and it wasn't rebuilt till the end of the XIX century, when the architect Luca Beltrami based his reconstruction on a surviving Filarete drawing. As you enter the castle, you'll find yourself in the great central courtyard, surrounded by walls, where you can easily imagine to be in the Renaissance. Go further into the castle through the second gate, and you can buy the tickets to visit the various museums hosted in the Castle. They are definitely worth a visit! I will point out only a few highlights here, but you'll find many more by yourself. The first is the Sala delle Asse, frescoed by Leonardo da Vinci with an intricate decoration of trees and leaves, as if to create a virtual garden. Leonardo put lots of symbols here, like its signature knot. The fresco is currently being restored, and we can't wait to see it in its original splendour. Another great artwork hosted in the Castle is the Pieta' Rondanini by Michelangelo, the last work of the great Renaissance master, an unfinished sculpture which is striking in its modernity, like a Modigliani sculpture. Don't miss the Sala della Balla, called after a Renaissance ball game which was played here. In this hall you can find twelve amazing giant tapestries designed by the Renaissance artist Bramantino, one for each month of the year, showing the activities that characterize each month. You will love the colours and richness of details of this textile masterworks! Finally, have a look the furniture museum, on the first floor. It exhibits the evolution of the Milanese furniture design from the Middle age to the contemporary. You will discover how the well known contemporary interior design has ancient roots.<br />
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Florence after the Medici: The New Republic 493<br />
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How did Michelangelo’s David symbolize the new Florentine republic?<br />
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In November 1494, the domination of Florence by the Medici family came to an end. Lorenzo had died two years earlier, and his successor, Piero the Unfortunate, faced with the threat of the same French invasion that ousted Ludovico Sforza in Milan, had blundered through a series of political moves and alliances until finally agreeing to cooperate with the French king, Charles VIII (1470–98). The Florentines would have none of it, and a mob drove Piero from the city. Into this power vacuum stepped a Dominican friar, Girolamo Savonarola (1452–98), abbot of the monastery of San Marco. Although, as a priest, he could not hold office, and although the city, freed of the Medici, was ostensibly a republic once again, Savonarola wielded tremendous political control. He appealed, first and foremost, to a moralistic faction of the populace that saw, in the behavior of the city’s upper classes, and in their humanistic attraction to Classical Greek and Roman culture, clear evidence of moral decadence. He appealed as well to the Florentine populace’s desire to reestablish its identity as a republic, which by 1490 everyone recognized had been lost, so dominant had the Medici family become. As early as 1491, Savonarola had preached that Florence was little more than a den of thieves. The arrival of Charles VIII was the scourge of the Lord, he said, ridding the city of the decadent and tyrannical Medici.<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/-oXAekrYytA">Michelangelo, David</a>, marble, 1501-04 (Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence), 5:39<br />
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Michelangelo, David, 1501-04, marble, 517 cm (Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence) More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=-o... A conversation with Khan Academy's Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris<br />
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THINKING BACK<br />
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14.1 Examine how sculpture and the use of scientific perspective were instrumental in the early development of the Italian Renaissance.<br />
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Florence was the center of the cultural revival that we have come to call the Renaissance, a “rebirth” that amounted to a revolution in human consciousness. How does the Baptistery doors competition of 1401 exemplify this new consciousness? How does Lorenzo Ghiberti’s new set of doors, the Gates of Paradise, articulate Renaissance values even more?<br />
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By 1418, Florence Cathedral still lacked a dome above its octagonal crossing. Brunelleschi won the competition for the dome’s design, a feat of architectural engineering unsurpassed in his day. For the cathedral’s consecration on March 25, 1436, French composer Guillaume Dufay created a new musical work, a motet called Nuper rosarum flores (“The Rose Blossoms”). How does Dufay’s composition reflect Brunelleschi’s feat?<br />
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Brunelleschi was also the first Renaissance artist to master the art of scientific perspective, probably as a result of his humanistic study of optics in Arab science and his own surveying of Roman ruins. What values does his interest in scientific perspective reflect? How does the work of sculptor Donatello also reflect these values?<br />
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14.2 Discuss the influence of the Medici family on Florentine art and the development of humanist thought.<br />
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Medici control of Florentine politics was secured by Cosimo de’ Medici, who surrounded himself with humanists. He sought their guidance about which books and manuscripts of the ancients to collect, and he commissioned translations of Greek philosophy and literature, championing especially the translations and interpretations of the works of Plato by Marsilio Ficino. How would you describe Ficino’s Neoplatonist philosophy? How does it recast Platonic thought? Cosimo’s grandson, Lorenzo, “the Magnificent,” continued the Medici tradition. His own circle of acquaintances included many of the greatest minds of the day, including the composer Heinrich Isaac, the poet Poliziano, the painter Botticelli, and the philosopher Pico della Mirandola. Can you describe how the work of each reflects humanistic principles?<br />
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14.3 Describe how other Italian courts followed the lead of the humanist court in Florence.<br />
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Lorenzo’s court inspired the courts of the leaders of other Italian city-states, the leaders of which were almost all nobility. In Urbino, Duke Federigo da Montefeltro championed the use of scientific perspective in the painting of Piero della Francesca. Also at Urbino, Baldassare Castiglione wrote The Book of the Courtier. How does this treatise define l’uomo universale? In Mantua, Ludovico Gonzaga commissioned the painter Andrea Mantegna to decorate his palazzo with highly illusionistic frescoes. And in Milan, Ludovico Sforza commissioned Leonardo da Vinci to paint the Last Supper for the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. What would you say is Leonardo’s greatest strength as a painter? How does his portraiture reflect humanistic values?<br />
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14.4 Explain the symbolic significance of Michelangelo’s David.<br />
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In 1494, a Florentine mob drove the last of the Medici rulers from the city. Yet, into the breach stepped the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola, who preached a moralistic brand of fire and brimstone, condemning humanist values. At first wielding great political power, Savonarola was finally tried as a heretic in 1498, and burned at the stake. Afterward, a relieved city council sought to reassert republican values in visual terms, and commissioned the giant nude sculpture. Why did the story of David seem so appropriate a subject? <br />
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READINGS<br />
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14.1 from Poliziano, Stanzas for the Joust of Giuliano de’ Medici (1475–78) 483<br />
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14.2 “Song of Bacchus,” or “Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne,” from Lorenzo de’ Medici: Selected Poems and Prose 485<br />
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14.3 from Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) 485<br />
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14.4 from Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, Book 1 (1513–18; published 1528) 497<br />
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14.5 from Giorgio Vasari, “Life of Leonardo: Painter and Sculptor of Florence,” in Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Architects, and Sculptors (1550, 1568) 498<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Brunelleschi’s Dome 474<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE Michelangelo in Rome 495 <br />
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13 Siena and Florence in the Fourteenth Century TOWARD A NEW HUMANISM 435<br />
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Siena and Florence: Civic and Religious Life in Tuscany 436<br />
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Siena: A Free Commune 437<br />
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Florence: Archrival of Siena 439<br />
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Painting: A Growing Naturalism 440<br />
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Duccio and Simone Martini 440<br />
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Cimabue and Giotto 442<br />
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Dante and the Rise of Vernacular Literature in Europe 446<br />
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Dante’s Divine Comedy 446<br />
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The Black Death and Its Literary Aftermath 449<br />
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Literature after the Black Death: Boccaccio’s Decameron 451<br />
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Petrarch’s Sonnets 453<br />
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Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales 454<br />
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Women in Late Medieval Society 455<br />
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READINGS<br />
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13.1 from Dante, Inferno, Canto 1 460<br />
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13.2 from Dante, Inferno, Canto 34 448<br />
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13.3 from Dante, Paradiso, Canto 33 449<br />
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13.4 from Boccaccio, Decameron 451<br />
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13.5 from Boccaccio, Decameron, Dioneo’s Tale 462<br />
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13.6 Petrarch, Sonnet 134 454<br />
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13.7 from Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Prologue 454<br />
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13.8 from Boccaccio, Decameron, Filippa’s Tale 463<br />
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13.9 from Christine de Pizan, Book of the City of Ladies 456<br />
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13.10 Christine de Pizan, Tale of Joan of Arc 457<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Giotto’s Scrovegni Chapel 444<br />
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MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES<br />
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Tempera Painting 446<br />
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Buon Fresco 447<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Dance of Death 458<br />
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PART THREE THE RENAISSANCE AND THE AGE OF ENCOUNTER 1400–1600 464<br />
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14 Florence and the Early Renaissance HUMANISM IN ITALY 467<br />
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The State as a Work of Art: The Baptistery Doors, Florence Cathedral, and a New Perspective 468<br />
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The Gates of Paradise 470<br />
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Florence Cathedral 472<br />
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Scientific Perspective and Naturalistic Representation 472<br />
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Perspective and Naturalism in Painting: Masaccio 476<br />
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The Classical Tradition in Freestanding Sculpture: Donatello 478<br />
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The Medici Family and Humanism 479<br />
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Cosimo de’ Medici 479<br />
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Lorenzo the Magnificent: “… I find a relaxation in learning.” 482<br />
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Beyond Florence: The Ducal Courts and the Arts 486<br />
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The Montefeltro Court in Urbino 486<br />
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The Gonzaga Court in Mantua 488<br />
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The Sforza Court in Milan and Leonardo da Vinci 489<br />
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Florence after the Medici: The New Republic 493<br />
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READINGS<br />
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14.1 from Poliziano, Stanzas for the Joust of Giuliano de’ Medici (1475–78) 483<br />
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14.2 “Song of Bacchus,” or “Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne,” from Lorenzo de’ Medici: Selected Poems and Prose 485<br />
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14.3 from Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) 485<br />
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14.4 from Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, Book 1 (1513–18; published 1528) 497<br />
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14.5 from Giorgio Vasari, “Life of Leonardo: Painter and Sculptor of Florence,” in Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Architects, and Sculptors (1550, 1568) 498<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Brunelleschi’s Dome 474<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE Michelangelo in Rome 495 <br />
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Question 1: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why does Virgil guide Dante through Hell and Purgatory? Given Answer: Incorrect Dante considered Virgil, author of the Greek Iliad, the greatest of the pagan poets Correct Answer: Virgil represented the embodiment of rationality out of 3 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Incorrect In what language did Chaucer write his Tales? Given Answer: Incorrect Latin Correct Answer: Middle English out of 3 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why did the Scrovegni family build and then hire Giotto to decorate Arena Chapel in Padua? Given Answer: Incorrect To sanctify the site of a Roman pagan arena Correct Answer: To atone for their flagrant usury out of 3 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct What literary trend does Boccaccio's Decameron introduce into Western literature? Given Answer: Correct Social realism Correct Answer: Social realism out of 3 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why by the end of the fourteenth century did Florence become an important banking city? Given Answer: Correct The Pope conferred Siena's papal banking privileges on Florence Correct Answer: The Pope conferred Siena's papal banking privileges on Florence out of 3 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct What 150-year time period in Italy did nineteenth-century historians label the Renaissance? Given Answer: Correct Mid fourteenth to early sixteenth Correct Answer: Mid fourteenth to early sixteenth out of 3 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why probably did Brunelleschi use nine circles of horizontal ribs for the dome? Given Answer: Correct As the reverse of Dante's nine circles of hell Correct Answer: As the reverse of Dante's nine circles of hell out of 3 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Medici supporters hurl stones at Michelangelo's David as it was moved through the streets? Given Answer: Correct They understood David's symbolism of the city standing up to tyrants Correct Answer: They understood David's symbolism of the city standing up to tyrants out of 3 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Who won the competition to create a dome for Florence Cathedral? Given Answer: Correct Filippo Brunelleschi Correct Answer: Filippo Brunelleschi out of 3 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Donatello depict his David as a young adolescent? Given Answer: Correct To symbolize Florence's youthful vitality and ability to conquer tyrants Correct Answer: To symbolize Florence's youthful vitality and ability to conquer tyrants <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why in the Arena Chapel frescoes does Giotto deliberately abandon the Byzantine balance and symmetry? Given Answer: Correct To make the scenes look more realistic Correct Answer: To make the scenes look more realistic out of 3 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct According to legend, who founded Siena? Given Answer: Correct Remus's sons, Senius and Aschius Correct Answer: Remus's sons, Senius and Aschius out of 3 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Christine de Pizan become the first female professional writer in European history? Given Answer: Correct A widow, she needed to support her family Correct Answer: A widow, she needed to support her family out of 3 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct How does Duccio's Maestrá break from Byzantine portrayals of Mary and the Christ child? Given Answer: Correct Mary's body has substance, and Christ resembles an actual baby Correct Answer: Mary's body has substance, and Christ resembles an actual baby out of 3 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why is the camel in Giotto's Adoration of the Magi not exactly realistic? Given Answer: Correct It has blue eyes Correct Answer: It has blue eyes out of 3 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct According to legend, what originally had stood on the site of the baptistery? Given Answer: Correct A Roman temple to Mars Correct Answer: A Roman temple to Mars out of 3 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Florentines drive the Medici family from the city in 1494? Given Answer: Correct Piero de Medici formed an unpopular alliance with the French king Correct Answer: Piero de Medici formed an unpopular alliance with the French king out of 3 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct What distinction does Donatello's David hold? Given Answer: Correct The first life-size freestanding male nude since antiquity Correct Answer: The first life-size freestanding male nude since antiquity out of 3 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Michelangelo's Moses have horns? Given Answer: Correct A mistranslation of the Bible from Hebrew to Latin Correct Answer: A mistranslation of the Bible from Hebrew to Latin out of 3 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Lorenzo de' Medici prefer frottole sung in Italian, not Greek or Latin? Given Answer: Correct Italian was the most beautiful of languages for music Correct Answer: Italian was the most beautiful of languages for music <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why were Siena's guilds able to rise to such levels of power? Given Answer: Correct Siena was an important manufacturing city Correct Answer: Siena was an important manufacturing city out of 3 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the flagellants believe Europe was devastated by plague? Given Answer: Correct God's wrath against human sins Correct Answer: God's wrath against human sins out of 3 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Virgil guide Dante through Hell and Purgatory? Given Answer: Correct Virgil represented the embodiment of rationality Correct Answer: Virgil represented the embodiment of rationality out of 3 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why by the end of the fourteenth century did Florence become an important banking city? Given Answer: Correct The Pope conferred Siena's papal banking privileges on Florence Correct Answer: The Pope conferred Siena's papal banking privileges on Florence out of 3 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct What is an advantage of the buon fresco (paint on wet plaster) technique? Given Answer: Correct The paint becomes part of the wall Correct Answer: The paint becomes part of the wall out of 3 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why was Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan, so interested in Leonardo da Vinci? Given Answer: Correct Leonardo could design great machines of war for him Correct Answer: Leonardo could design great machines of war for him out of 3 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Lorenzo de' Medici invite the young Michelangelo Buonarroti to live in his palace? Given Answer: Correct Lorenzo recognized Michelangelo's artistic promise Correct Answer: Lorenzo recognized Michelangelo's artistic promise out of 3 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Which is the only panel on the Baptistery doors to represent a single event? Given Answer: Correct Meeting of Solomon and Sheba Correct Answer: Meeting of Solomon and Sheba out of 3 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Dufay's Nuper rosarum flores repeat the fixed melody on 6, 4, 2, and 3 units per breve? Given Answer: Correct To mirror the proportions of Solomon's Temple and Florence Cathedral Correct Answer: To mirror the proportions of Solomon's Temple and Florence Cathedral out of 3 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Cosimo de' Medici found the Platonic Academy in Florence? Given Answer: Correct To provide a place for the study and discussion of Plato's works Correct Answer: To provide a place for the study and discussion of Plato's works <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why were the people eager to buy the indulgences that Julius II sold to finance the St. Peter's project? Given Answer: Correct They wanted to shorten their stay in purgatory Correct Answer: They wanted to shorten their stay in purgatory out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did early Venetians abandon the mainland for the swampy lagoon islands? Given Answer: Correct To flee the invading Lombards from the north Correct Answer: To flee the invading Lombards from the north out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Who was permitted to join a Venetian scuole? Given Answer: Correct Anyone regardless of political group or class Correct Answer: Anyone regardless of political group or class out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Pope Julius II wish to identify himself with Julius Caesar? Given Answer: Correct Like Caesar, he wanted to defeat the hated French Correct Answer: Like Caesar, he wanted to defeat the hated French out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why in the School of Athens does Plato point toward the heavens? Given Answer: Correct It's the realm of ideal forms Correct Answer: It's the realm of ideal forms out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct As discussed in the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, what was the irony of monk and humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus? Given Answer: Correct He opposed the Church's excesses yet loved beauty and art Correct Answer: He opposed the Church's excesses yet loved beauty and art out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Who is reflected in the mirror in Jan van Eyck's double portrait Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Giovanna Cenami? Given Answer: Correct Jan van Eyck Correct Answer: Jan van Eyck out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Flemish painters use oil instead of the tempera paint favored by the Italian Renaissance painters? Given Answer: Correct To create layers of paint that reflected light Correct Answer: To create layers of paint that reflected light out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Marguerite de Navarre modeled her Heptameron on what earlier poet's work? Given Answer: Correct Boccaccio Correct Answer: Boccaccio out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What did patrons of works such as Robert Campin's Mérode Altarpiece and Jan and Hubert van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece hope to gain through their financial support? Given Answer: Correct Personal salvation Correct Answer: Personal salvation <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct What is an advantage of the buon fresco (paint on wet plaster) technique? Given Answer: Correct The paint becomes part of the wall Correct Answer: The paint becomes part of the wall out of 3 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Incorrect According to the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, what was a positive effect of the bubonic plague? Given Answer: Incorrect Port regulations became stricter Correct Answer: Per capita wealth increased out of 3 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Which guild in pre-1355 Siena was most powerful? Given Answer: Correct Merchants Correct Answer: Merchants out of 3 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why is the camel in Giotto's Adoration of the Magi not exactly realistic? Given Answer: Correct It has blue eyes Correct Answer: It has blue eyes out of 3 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why by the end of the fourteenth century did Florence become an important banking city? Given Answer: Correct The Pope conferred Siena's papal banking privileges on Florence Correct Answer: The Pope conferred Siena's papal banking privileges on Florence out of 3 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Donatello depict his David as a young adolescent? Given Answer: Correct To symbolize Florence's youthful vitality and ability to conquer tyrants Correct Answer: To symbolize Florence's youthful vitality and ability to conquer tyrants out of 3 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Dufay's Nuper rosarum flores repeat the fixed melody on 6, 4, 2, and 3 units per breve? Given Answer: Correct To mirror the proportions of Solomon's Temple and Florence Cathedral Correct Answer: To mirror the proportions of Solomon's Temple and Florence Cathedral out of 3 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct What principle did Brunelleschi master and apply to his dome's design? Given Answer: Correct Scientific perspective Correct Answer: Scientific perspective out of 3 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why is Leonardo's Last Supper fresco in very bad shape today? Given Answer: Correct Leonardo painted dry plaster with oil, which flakes off Correct Answer: Leonardo painted dry plaster with oil, which flakes off out of 3 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Masaccio place the vanishing point in The Tribute Money behind Christ's head? Given Answer: Correct To identify Christ as the fresco's most important figure Correct Answer: To identify Christ as the fresco's most important figure<br />
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Why does Dante place Judas, Brutus, and Cassius in the lowest level of his hell?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
They were traitors</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
They were traitors</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__165806310_1"><input id="points__165806310_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_165806310_1" size="3" type="text" value="3" /> out of 3 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_165806311_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">
Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Who was Florence's patron saint?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
John the Baptist</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
John the Baptist</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__165806311_1"><input id="points__165806311_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_165806311_1" size="3" type="text" value="3" /> out of 3 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_165806312_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">
Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
How does Duccio's Maestrá break from Byzantine portrayals of Mary and the Christ child?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Mary's body has substance, and Christ resembles an actual baby</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Mary's body has substance, and Christ resembles an actual baby</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__165806312_1"><input id="points__165806312_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_165806312_1" size="3" type="text" value="3" /> out of 3 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_165806313_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">
Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why in the Arena Chapel frescoes does Giotto deliberately abandon the Byzantine balance and symmetry?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To make the scenes look more realistic</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To make the scenes look more realistic</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__165806313_1"><input id="points__165806313_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_165806313_1" size="3" type="text" value="3" /> out of 3 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_165806314_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">
Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Incorrect" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-incorrect_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why does Virgil guide Dante through Hell and Purgatory?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Incorrect" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/x.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Dante's family claimed to descend from Virgil</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Virgil represented the embodiment of rationality</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__165806314_1"><input id="points__165806314_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_165806314_1" size="3" type="text" value="0" /> out of 3 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_165806315_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
How does Ghiberti's winning design differ from Brunelleschi's?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The main action is on the side, not center</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The main action is on the side, not center</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__165806315_1"><input id="points__165806315_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_165806315_1" size="3" type="text" value="3" /> out of 3 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_165806316_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">
Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why were the Medici the most powerful family in Florence from 1418-1494?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
They were bankers to the papacy</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
They were bankers to the papacy</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__165806316_1"><input id="points__165806316_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_165806316_1" size="3" type="text" value="3" /> out of 3 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_165806317_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">
Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why are Ghiberti's doors known as the Gates of Paradise?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
They open onto the paradiso, the area in front of the cathedral</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
They open onto the paradiso, the area in front of the cathedral</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__165806317_1"><input id="points__165806317_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_165806317_1" size="3" type="text" value="3" /> out of 3 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_165806318_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">
Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What implicit lesson does Mantega's Camera Picta send to Ludovico Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
A ruler always is in the public eye</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
A ruler always is in the public eye</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__165806318_1"><input id="points__165806318_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_165806318_1" size="3" type="text" value="3" /> out of 3 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Lorenzo de' Medici prefer frottole sung in Italian, not Greek or Latin?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Italian was the most beautiful of languages for music</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Italian was the most beautiful of languages for music</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-15167372625353201382018-08-22T13:04:00.002-04:002018-08-22T13:16:04.271-04:00HUM 111 Week 6 Summer 2018<br />
The presentation may contain content that is deemed objectionable to a particular viewer because of the view expressed or the conduct depicted. The views expressed are provided for learning purposes only, and do not necessarily express the views, or opinions, of Strayer University, your professor, or those participating in videos or other media.<br />
<br />
One 15-minute break at 8:00; roll taken before dismissal.<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
Review<br />
<br />
Who are the Anglo-Saxons?<br />
<br />
The <b>Anglo-Saxons</b> are a people who have inhabited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> from the 5th century. They comprise people from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> who migrated to the island from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, their descendants, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">indigenous British groups</a> who adopted some aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language. Historically, the Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period in Britain between about 450 and 1066, after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">their initial settlement</a> and up until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest</a>.<br />
<br />
The early Anglo-Saxon period includes the creation of an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English nation</a>, with many of the aspects that survive today, including regional government of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shires</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_%28county_division%29" title="Hundred (county division)">hundreds</a>.<br />
<br />
During this period, Christianity was re-established and there was a flowering of literature and language.<br />
<br />
Charters and law were also established.<br />
<br />
The term <i>Anglo-Saxon</i> is popularly used for the language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons in England and eastern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.<br />
<br />
In scholarly use, it is more commonly called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>.<br />
<br />
The history of the Anglo-Saxons is the history of a cultural identity.<br />
<br />
It developed from divergent groups in association with the people's adoption of Christianity, and was integral to the establishment of various kingdoms.<br />
<br />
Threatened by extended <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_people" title="Danish people">Danish</a> invasions and occupation of eastern England, this identity was re-established; it dominated until after the Norman Conquest.<br />
<br />
The visible <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons#Culture" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon culture</a> can be seen in the material culture of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">buildings</a>, dress styles, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated texts</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a>.<br />
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Behind the symbolic nature of these cultural emblems, there are strong elements of tribal and lordship ties.<br />
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The elite declared themselves as kings who developed <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burhs</a></i>, and identified their roles and peoples in Biblical terms.<br />
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Above all, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Hamerow" title="Helena Hamerow">Helena Hamerow</a> has observed, "local and extended kin groups remained...the essential unit of production throughout the Anglo-Saxon period."<br />
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The effects persist in the 21st century as, according to a study published in March 2015, the genetic make up of British populations today shows divisions of the tribal political units of the early Anglo-Saxon period.<br />
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Use of the term <i>Anglo-Saxon</i> assumes that the words <i>Angles</i>, <i>Saxons</i> or <i>Anglo-Saxon</i> have the same meaning in all the sources.<br />
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Assigning ethnic labels such as "Anglo-Saxon" is fraught with difficulties. This term began to be used only in the 8th century to distinguish the "Germanic" groups in Britain from those on the continent (Old Saxony in Northern Germany).<br />
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Catherine Hills summarised the views of many modern scholars in her observation that attitudes towards Anglo-Saxons, and hence the interpretation of their culture and history, have been "more contingent on contemporary political and religious theology as on any kind of evidence."<br />
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Almost no one today is Anglo-Saxon, yet Anglo and a related term, Caucasian, is common in contemporary political discourse.<br />
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Anglo-Saxon - <a href="https://youtu.be/r9Tfbeqyu2U">The History of English</a> (1/10), 1:17 <br />
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https://youtu.be/r9Tfbeqyu2U <br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r9Tfbeqyu2U" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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During a five-week pilgrimage how do people sleep, eat, etc.?<br />
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There are hotels, restaurants along the entire route, e.g., at the site itself hotel rates range from $40 a night to nearly $300.00. <br />
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https://www.tripadvisor.com/HotelsNear-g187508-d553841-Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela-Santiago_de_Compostela_Province_of_A_Coruna_Galicia.html<br />
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At some point between 818 and 842, during the reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso II of Asturias">Alfonso II of Asturias</a>, bishop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodemar_of_Iria" title="Theodemar of Iria">Theodemar of Iria</a> (d. 847) claimed to have found some remains which were attributed to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_James_the_Greater" title="Saint James the Greater">Saint James the Greater</a>. Around the place of the discovery a new settlement and centre of pilgrimage emerged, which was known to the author <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuard" title="Usuard">Usuard</a> in 865 and which was called <i>Compostella</i> by the 10th century.<br />
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The cult of Saint James of Compostela was just one of many arising throughout northern Iberia during the 10th and 11th centuries, as rulers encouraged their own region-specific cults, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Saint Eulalia</a> in Oviedo and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilian_of_Cogolla" title="Emilian of Cogolla">Saint Aemilian</a> in Castile. After the centre of Asturian political power moved from Oviedo to León in 910, Compostela became more politically relevant, and several <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Galicia" title="List of monarchs of Galicia">kings of Galicia</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">of León</a> were acclaimed by the Galician noblemen and crowned and anointed by the local bishop at the cathedral, among them <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño IV of León">Ordoño IV</a> in 958, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudo_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo II of León">Bermudo II</a> in 982, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso VII of León">Alfonso VII</a> in 1111, by which time Compostela had become capital of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a>. Later, 12th-century kings were also sepulchered in the cathedral, namely <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Fernando II of León">Fernando II</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX" title="Alfonso IX">Alfonso IX</a>, last of the Kings of León and Galicia before both kingdoms were united with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>.<br />
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According to some authors, by the middle years of the 11th century the site had already become a pan-European <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_Saint_James" title="Way of Saint James">place of peregrination</a>, while others maintain that the cult to Saint James was before 11–12th centuries an essentially Galician affair, supported by Asturian and Leonese kings to win over faltering Galician loyalties. Santiago would become in the course of the following century a main Catholic shrine second only to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. In the 12th century, under the impulse of bishop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gelm%C3%ADrez" title="Diego Gelmírez">Diego Gelmírez</a>, Compostela became an archbishopric, attracting a large and multinational population. Under the rule of this <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a>, the townspeople rebelled, headed by the local council, beginning a secular tradition of confrontation by the people of the city—who fought for self-government—against the local bishop, the secular and jurisdictional lord of the city and of its fief, the semi-independent <i>Terra de Santiago</i> ("land of Saint James"). The culminating moment in this confrontation was reached in the 14th century, when the new prelate, the Frenchman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9renger_de_Landore" title="Bérenger de Landore">Bérenger de Landore</a>, treacherously executed the counselors of the city in his castle of <i>A Rocha Forte</i> ("the strong rock, castle"), after inviting them for talks.<br />
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<br />
FAQ <br />
http://www.americanpilgrims.org/frequently-asked-questions-faqs- <br />
Where does one eat? As with the vast infrastructure for overnight accommodations on the Caminos, the millennium-long tradition of support for pilgrims extends to eating. However as a peregrino, one of the first realizations that will dawn on you is that your daily cycle is quite out of sync with that of everyone else south of the Pyrenees. You will typically be arising about 6:00 a.m., wanting to eat about 7:00 in the evening and seriously thinking about bed by 9:00 or 10:00. This is all two to three hours ahead of the rest of Spain. Still there will likely be bars or restaurants on the route or near albergues that will cater to the patterns of the peregrino. Some albergues will provide meals and some will have cooking facilities for self-catering. You will become an aficionado of the menú del peregrino (the pilgrim's menu). You will learn to savor the mid-morning café con leche. <br />
Where does one stay at night? Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela has been going on for more than a millennium and during that time a strong tradition of support for peregrinos has developed. Through the Middle Ages this included hospices chartered and/or operated by kings and queens and religious orders. The tradition continues today in Spain in the form of albergues de peregrinos (or refugios, the terms are interchangeable).<br />
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An albergue operates essentially like a youth hostel except that they exist for pilgrims. They provide basic overnight facilities. Most have dormitory-type sleeping arrangements, usually two-tiered bunks, and (sort of) communal bathing and toilet facilities. Well, private but perhaps in a common bathroom. Some have a set price per night (typically 6 to 10 euros), others are donativo (donation). Some serve meals, some have cooking facilities available, some have neither. Most open in the early to mid-afternoon, require that you be on your way by 8:00 the next morning, and only allow one night's stay. Some put restrictions on cyclists and walkers who use backpack transport. Until very recently, albergues were usually operated by municipalities, regional governments, confraternities or religious organizations but in recent years the number of privately-owned albergues has increased rapidly. In Spain, reservations cannot be made ahead at municipal albergues, but reservations can often be made at privately operated ones. In order to stay at an albergue, a pilgrim must present an up-to-date credencial.<br />
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Is having a Caliphate considered a threat to another country and/or dangerous to it's own?<br />
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A <b>caliphate</b> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="ar">خِلافة</span> <i>khilāfa</i>) is an area containing an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward_%28office%29" title="Steward (office)">steward</a> known as a <b>caliph</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>, <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span><span title="/-/ affix">-</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="ar">خَليفة</span> <i><span class="Unicode" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: normal;" title="ar ALA transliteration">khalīfah</span></i> <span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ar-khalifa.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" /></a> </span><a class="internal" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Ar-khalifa.ogg" title="Ar-khalifa.ogg">pronunciation</a></span> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor: help;">help</span></a>·<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ar-khalifa.ogg" title="File:Ar-khalifa.ogg"><span style="cursor: help;">info</span></a>)</small></span>)—a person considered a religious successor to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad ibn ʿAbdullāh</a>), and a leader of the entire <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun caliphs</a>, who directly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">succeeded Muhammad</a> as leaders of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>, were chosen through <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shura</a>,</i> a process of community consultation. During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a> after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> period, many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim empires and dynasties">Muslim states</a>, almost all of them <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchies</a>, have claimed to be caliphates.<br />
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a caliph should be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" title="Election">elected</a> by Muslims or their representatives. Followers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, however, believe a caliph should be an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> chosen by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> from the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i> (the "Family of the House", Muhammad's direct descendants).<br />
<br />
Why fast during Ramadan? <br />
The fast is intended to bring the faithful closer to God and to remind them of the suffering of those less fortunate.<br />
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Fasting is an exercise in self-restraint. It’s seen as a way to physically and spiritually detoxify by kicking impulses like morning coffee, smoking and midday snacking.<br />
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Ramadan is a time to detach from worldly pleasures and focus on one’s prayers. Many Muslims dress more conservatively during Ramadan and spend more time at the mosque than at any other time of the year.<br />
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Fasting during Ramadan is one of the five pillars of Islam, along with the Muslim declaration of faith, daily prayer, charity, and performing the hajj pilgrimage in Mecca.<br />
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Why study the Qur'an and not the Bible?<br />
<br />
Religious texts (also known as scripture, or scriptures, from the Latin scriptura, meaning "a writing") are texts which religious traditions consider to be central to their religious practice or set of beliefs. Religious texts may be used to provide meaning and purpose, evoke a deeper connection with the divine, convey religious truths, promote religious experience, foster communal identity, and guide individual and communal religious practice. Religious texts often communicate the practices or values of a religious traditions and can be looked to as a set of guiding principles which dictate physical, mental, spiritual, or historical elements considered important to a specific religion. The terms 'sacred' text and 'religious' text are not necessarily interchangeable in that some religious texts are believed to be sacred because of their nature as divinely or supernaturally revealed or inspired, whereas some religious texts are simply narratives pertaining to the general themes, practices, or important figures of the specific religion, and not necessarily considered sacred. <br />
What is the largest religion in the world today? <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/x-sIF78QYCI">History of Religions</a>, 2:05 <br />
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https://youtu.be/x-sIF78QYCI<br />
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If Islam has such strict and aggressive rules, why do they claim to be the "<a href="https://youtu.be/ZQ3IF8X-4zI">religion of Peace</a>"? <br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/ZQ3IF8X-4zI <br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQ3IF8X-4zI" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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<br />
<b>The <a href="https://clarionproject.org/muslim_brotherhood_explanatory_memorandum/">Muslim Brotherhood’s Strategic Plan For America</a> – Court Document</b><br />
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The following is the <b>official document from a 1991 meeting which outlines the Muslim Brotherhood’s strategic goals for North America. The document was entered as evidence in the 2008 Holy Land Terror Funding Trial. Federal investigators found the document in the home of Ismael Elbarasse, a founder of the Dar Al-Hijrah mosque in Falls Church, Virginia</b>, during a 2004 search. Elbarasse was a member of the Palestine Committee, which the Muslim Brotherhood had created to support Hamas in the United States.<br />
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<b>The original document in Arabic follows the English translation</b>.<br />
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We have highlighted in yellow the following quotes which are of particular significance. The page numbers noted below correspond to the page numbers in the center of the bottom of each page in the document). <br />
<br />
Page 4:<br />
<br />
“Enablement of Islam in North America, meaning: establishing an effective and a stable Islamic Movement led by the Muslim Brotherhood which adopts Muslims’ causes domestically and globally, and which works to expand the observant Muslim base, aims at unifying and directing Muslims’ efforts, presents Islam as a civilization alternative, and supports the global Islamic State wherever it is.”<br />
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Page 5:<br />
<br />
“…the Movement must plan and struggle to obtain “the keys” and the tools of this process in carry out [sic] this grand mission as a ‘<b>Civilization Jihadist</b>’ responsibility.”<br />
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Page 7:<br />
<br />
“<b>The process of settlement is a ‘Civilization-Jihadist Process’ with all the word means. The Ikhwan [Muslim Brotherhood] must understand that their work in America is a kind of grand jihad in eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within and ‘sabotaging’ its miserable house by their hands and the hands of the believers</b>…”<br />
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“[W]e must possess a mastery of the art of ‘coalitions’, the art of ‘absorption’ and the principles of ‘cooperation.’”<br />
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Page 18:<br />
<br />
“A list of our organizations and the organizations of our friends” – This is where the Muslim Brotherhood listed its front groups in the U.S.. Note that <b>prominent organizations like CAIR, ISNA, ICNA</b> and others are named here.<br />
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The page numbers above correspond to the page numbers in the center of the bottom of each page in the english translation of the document (provided following the Arabic). <br />
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<b>https://clarionproject.org/muslim_brotherhood_explanatory_memorandum/</b><br />
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<br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 11: Centers of Culture: Court and City in the Larger World – Asia, Africa, Americas </li>
<li>Chapter 12: The Gothic Style – Medieval Europe</li>
</ul>
<br />
<a alt="ENTER ALT TEXT HERE" artifacttype="html" href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-20463243-dt-content-rid-103434798_4/xid-103434798_4">Pre-Built Course Content</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Complete and submit Week 6 Quiz 5: Chapters 9 and 10</li>
<li>Read the following from your textbook: <ul>
<li>Chapter 11: Centers of Culture: Court and City in the Larger World – Asia, Africa, Americas </li>
<li>Chapter 12: The Gothic Style – Medieval Europe</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>View the Week 6 <i>Would You Like to Know More?</i> videos</li>
<li>Explore the Week 6 Music Folder</li>
<li>Do the Week 6 Explore Activities</li>
<li>Participate in the Week 6 Discussion (choose only one (1) of the discussion options)</li>
</ul>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8bCCN3Sszdk77CSToGWz_E0HVHMA43QsN2HeUkJr26H5O8ad5qUIIvh_yaA4J9-SmM8ATETQK344F_yf0xk3VC1qIK-aUxfRs-WE5ShtkrL-B19fGzxQJu3OPRutv__AK2jziJQ/s1600/HUM+111+Week+6+Notes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8bCCN3Sszdk77CSToGWz_E0HVHMA43QsN2HeUkJr26H5O8ad5qUIIvh_yaA4J9-SmM8ATETQK344F_yf0xk3VC1qIK-aUxfRs-WE5ShtkrL-B19fGzxQJu3OPRutv__AK2jziJQ/s640/HUM+111+Week+6+Notes.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week6/WYLTKM-AfricanCulture/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about the importance of masks in early African cultures.</a></span><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week6/WYLTKM-AfricanCulture/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W6_Masks_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Facing the Divine: Exploring African masks as art connecting humans to the realm of spirits.</span></b></span></div>
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https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week6/WYLTKM-AfricanCulture/story.html<br />
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<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week6/WYLTKM-GothicArchitecture/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about gothic architecture.</a></span><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week6/WYLTKM-GothicArchitecture/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W6_Gothic_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Let's go Goth! A new cathedral design points to the heavens.</span></b></span></div>
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https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week6/WYLTKM-GothicArchitecture/story.html<br />
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<h3 id="anonymous_element_16">
<span style="color: #bb0000;">HUM111 Music for Week 6</span> </h3>
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<a class="u_floatThis-right" href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_id=_20463246_1&course_id=_193147_1#" title="Hide Details"> </a> <br />
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<div style="font-weight: 300;">
In this week's readings (<b>chaps. 11-12</b>), there are three musical compositions mentioned.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> These (or decent equivalents) can be found on YouTube.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Watch and give it a listen. Here below is some background and description of each--and the links to YouTube (and sometimes other helps).</div>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>West Africa: Yoruba Traditional Talking Drums<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></b></b> (chap. 11, p. 387) 5:32</li>
</ol>
Batile Alake's classic "Iranti Awol Owo" from the album "Waka Music Of Nigeria" (released online by Community 3 Records). This is a 5 minute promo clip taken from a 17 minute track. Released in coordination with Batile's local record label, Leader Records of Lagos, Nigeria. Produced by Albert Garzon; Mastered by Scott Hull of Masterdisk, NYC. 5:31<br />
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Listen and define the key elements of what you hear.<br />
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https://youtu.be/HUuykOe9doU<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUuykOe9doU" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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<ol></ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUuykOe9doU" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUuykOe9doU</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></b></b> (see<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4oQJZ2TEVI&list=PLF7DC628F7164F441" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4oQJZ2TEVI&list=PLF7DC628F7164F441</a> for discussion of the traditional form and see <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osNAy1DNkOQ&list=RDZedutGxrkAw" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osNAy1DNkOQ&list=RDZedutGxrkAw</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>for modernized version) <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
The Yoruba tribe of West Africa uses three types of batá drums to do musical signaling that simulates Yoruba talking. Read <b><b>p. 387 (in chap. 11</b></b>) carefully about the background of this "Talking Drum" music and then listen to the YouTubes at the links above.</div>
Ayan Bisi Adeleke - Master talking drummer - drum talks, 6:03<br />
<br />
Bisi playing the talking drum. Plays dundun - part 1. Plays gongon and bembe in part two. Edited on Linux with Cinelerra.<br />
<br />
With this second selection how does this presentation compare to the first selection? <br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/B4oQJZ2TEVI<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
King Sunny Ade & His African Beats - Me Le Se (Live on KEXP), 7:43<br />
<br />
King Sunny Ade & His African Beats perform live at the Triple Door in Seattle as part of the 25th anniversary of The Best Ambiance on KEXP. Recorded 6/29/09.<br />
<br />
For a contemporary adaptation with a full band you can not find a better example than that of King Sunny Ade. As you have time give it a listen; it is well worth it. <br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/osNAy1DNkOQ<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/osNAy1DNkOQ" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> ----------------------<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div>
<ol start="2">
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><b><b>Alleluia, Dies Sanctificatus</b></b> (chap. 12, p. 417; compare chap. 10, p. 347)<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Léonin<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(this selection was also in Week 5; it is discussed in both chapters 10 and 12)</span></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span><b><b><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBs-qf8AUCc" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBs-qf8AUCc</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></b></b></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(for text and translation, see</span> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="http://williamhawley.net/scorepages/alleluiadies/alleluiadiestxt.htm" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://williamhawley.net/scorepages/alleluiadies/alleluiadiestxt.htm</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> )</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Read<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <b><b>p. 417 (in chap. 12)</b></b> carefully, and then briefly glance back at <b><b>p. 347</b></b> (in <b><b>chap. 10</b></b>).<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Then consider the term <b><b>polyphony</b></b> (two or more lines of melody; p. 347) as you listen to this, as well as the other terms suggested.</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">This selection is a particular form called “melismatic”. <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">The composer (Léonin) worked in the Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris) in the late 1100s AD.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <i> </i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><i>Alleluia, Dies Sanctificatus</i> (="Hallelujah, A Holy Day") is a chant normally sung at Christmas. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">This was one of the polyphonic chants in Léonin’s <i>Magnus Liber Organi</i> (his “Big Book of Polyphony”!).<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> You can see how chant is developing even further from those examples in the earlier chants covered in Week 5. <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">What is polyphony?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Polyphony: </span></span>a style of musical composition employing two or more simultaneous but relatively independent melodic lines.<br />
<br />
What is <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">melismatic?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Melismatic: </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">a group of notes or tones sung on one syllable in plainsong. </span> <br />
<br /></div>
Alleluia: <a href="https://youtu.be/wBs-qf8AUCc">Dies Sanctificatus</a>, 4:29<br />
<br />
The mystery of the Incarnation of the Word lies at the heart of the Christian faith. It is celebrated just after the longest night of the year, when (in the northern hemisphere) the days begin to lengthen until we reach the summer solstice, which is associated with the figure of John the Baptist. To celebrate this moment, the Church deploys an exceptional virtually uninterrupted liturgical cycle in which the usual Offices are interspersed with four Masses.<br />
<br />
The music is that of the ancient chant of the Church of Rome, one of the oldest repertories of which traces have remained in the collective memory of mankind. Up to the thirteenth century this repertory accompanied the papal liturgy. It disappeared with the installation of the papacy in Avignon, and sank into oblivion.<br />
<br />
Rediscovered in the early twentieth century, it aroused little enthusiasm among musicians, and only began to be studied properly, first from the liturgical, then from the musicological perspective, in the second half of the century. At this time, to distinguish it from Gregorian chant, it was named Old Roman chant.<br />
<br />
Old Roman chant occupies a central position in the history of music.<br />
<br />
It is the keystone which gives meaning and coherence to what ought to be the musical consciousness of Western Europe and far beyond.<br />
<br />
For, looking back to the period before, it gives us the key to the filiation between the chant of the Temple of Jerusalem and the heritage of Greek music.<br />
<br />
Through the magic of music, sung texts become icons.<br />
<br />
Time is deployed with sovereign slowness confers on the sound a hieratic immanence in which time and space are united in a single vibrant truth.<br />
<br />
Hieratic: constituting or belonging to a cursive form of ancient Egyptian writing simpler than the <a class="formulaic" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hieroglyphic">hieroglyphic</a>.<br />
<br />
Immanent: being within the limits of possible experience or knowledge — compare <a class="dxt-link sc" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transcendent">transcendent</a>. <br />
<br />
What are the key characteristics of Dies Sanctificatus? <br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/wBs-qf8AUCc<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wBs-qf8AUCc" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3">
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b><i><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Viderunt Omnes</span></i> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(</span></b></b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">by Pérotin<b><b>)</b></b> (chap. 12, pp. 417-418)<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KA6oq_UYbyA" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KA6oq_UYbyA</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">This polyphonic composition by Pérotin was designed for singing in a large Gothic cathedral in the late 1100s and early 1200s AD.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Our book notes the use of “counterpoint”.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <i>Viderunt Omnes</i> (="All Have Seen").<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <b><b>See p. 418 for the Latin lyrics and translation</b></b>.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Viderunt omnes fines terrae All the ends of the earth<br />
salutare Dei nostri. have seen the salvation of our God.<br />
Jubilate Deo omnis terra. Praise God all the earth.<br />
Notum fecit Dominus The Lord has made known<br />
salutare suam. Ante his salvation. Before the<br />
conspectum gentium face of the people he has<br />
revelavit justitiam suam. revealed his justice. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">What do the lyrics indicate? </span></span></div>
<a href="https://youtu.be/KA6oq_UYbyA">Pérotin le Grand - Viderunt omnes</a> - David Munrow, 11:50<br />
<br />
Magister Perotinus / "Pérotin le Grand" - Viderunt omnes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9r..<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/KA6oq_UYbyA<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KA6oq_UYbyA" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<h3 id="anonymous_element_16">
<span style="color: #bb0000;">Week 6 Explore</span> </h3>
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<div class="details">
<div class="vtbegenerated">
<i>Angkor and Benin</i> –<i>Southeast Asia and West Africa</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 11 (pp. 375-6), Angkor Wat (in Cambodia), history and connections to Hindu beliefs; (pp. 386-7), Benin (in Nigeria, West Africa); Review "Week 6 Music" folder</li>
<li>Video on Angkor Wat at <a href="http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/specials/ancient-mysteries/angkor-wat-temples/" target="_blank">http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/specials/ancient-mysteries/angkor-wat-temples/</a></li>
</ul>
2:52<br />
<br />
How can you summarize the significance of Angkor Wat? <br />
<br />
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/ancient-mysteries/angkor-wat-temples<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="365" scrolling="no" seamless="seamless" src="//assets.nationalgeographic.com/modules-video/assets/ngsEmbeddedVideo.html?guid=d66782f7-57e4-467b-8df0-7267dd705f33" width="640"></iframe> <br />
<br />
Angkor Wat, 4:16<br />
<br />
In 1860, missionaries came across ruins in the Cambodian jungle—and discovered a lost city twice as large as Manhattan.<br />
<br />
What does viewing a 3D reconstruction of Angkor Wat contribute to your understanding of this impressive architecture?<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/zBSk55K5CSk<br />
<br />
<iframe frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zBSk55K5CSk" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Benin City's history: See and <a href="http://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/alonge/history-of-benin/" target="_blank">http://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/alonge/history-of-benin/</a>; (This city is in Nigeria; don't confuse it with the modern country called Benin not far away)</li>
</ul>
Benin City's history <br />
https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/alonge/history-of-benin/ <i> </i></div>
<div class="vtbegenerated">
</div>
<div class="vtbegenerated">
<i>The kingdom of Benin, home of the Edo-speaking peoples, is located in the tropical rain forest region of what is now Nigeria. An <i>oba</i>, or king, and his court have, from around 1300 C.E., governed the kingdom from Benin City, the capital. Within the kingdom, specialized artists belonged to guilds with hereditary membership and worked solely for the <i>oba</i>. Today, the current <i>oba</i>, Oba Erediauwa I, retains a court and employs royal artists to produce the courtly arts of bronze casting and ivory carvings. </i></div>
<div class="vtbegenerated">
</div>
<div class="vtbegenerated">
<i>Gothic Style of Cathedral Architecture</i><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 12 (pp. 407-413), Stained glass windows; review Week 6 Music Folder</li>
<li>Stained glass windows at: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9727p6ozlYo" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9727p6ozlYo</a></li>
<li>Key differences between Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals at: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D20tG65TWic" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D20tG65TWic</a></li>
</ul>
<a href="https://youtu.be/9727p6ozlYo">Chartres Cathedral</a> (UNESCO/NHK), 2:56 </div>
<div class="vtbegenerated">
<br />
Partly built starting in 1145, and then reconstructed over a 26-year period after the fire of 1194, Chartres Cathedral marks the high point of French Gothic art. The vast nave, in pure ogival style, the porches adorned with fine sculptures from the middle of the 12th century, and the magnificent 12th- and 13th-century stained-glass windows, all in remarkable condition, combine to make it a masterpiece. Source: UNESCO TV / © NHK Nippon Hoso Kyokai URL: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/81/<br />
<br />
What does Chartres Cathedral earmark about French Gothic art? </div>
<div class="vtbegenerated">
<br />
https://youtu.be/9727p6ozlYo </div>
<div class="vtbegenerated">
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9727p6ozlYo" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<br />
<h4 class="watch-title-container">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Romanesque vs Gothic Architecture">Romanesque vs Gothic Architecture differences, 5:02</span></span></h4>
<h4 class="watch-title-container">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" https:="" id="eow-title" tg65twic="" title="<a href=" youtu.be="">Romanesque vs Gothic Architecture</span></span></h4>
</div>
</div>
<br />
What are the key differences between the Romanesque and the Gothic?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/D20tG65TWic<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/D20tG65TWic" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<br />
<br />
11 Centers of Culture COURT AND CITY IN THE LARGER WORLD 363<br />
<br />
Developments in China 364<br />
<br />
The Tang Dynasty in Chang’an, “The City of Enduring Peace” (618–907 ce) 365<br />
<br />
The Song Dynasty and Hangzhou, “The City of Heaven” (960–1279 ce) 367<br />
<br />
The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) 368<br />
<br />
Indian and Southeast Asian Civilizations 369<br />
<br />
Buddhist Art and Architecture 373<br />
<br />
Hindu Art and Architecture 374<br />
<br />
Japan: The Court, The Military, and Spiritual Life 376<br />
<br />
The Rise of Court Life in Japan and the Coming of the Fujiwara 376<br />
<br />
The Heian Period: Courtly Refinement 378<br />
<br />
The Kamakura Period (ca. 1185–1392): Samurai and Shogunate 381<br />
<br />
The Cultures of Africa 383<br />
<br />
Ife Culture 384<br />
<br />
Benin Culture 386<br />
<br />
West African Music 387<br />
<br />
East Africa: The Zagwe Dynasty 388<br />
<br />
The Swahili Coast 388<br />
<br />
Great Zimbabwe 389<br />
<br />
The Cultures of Mesoamerica and South America in the Classic Era 391<br />
<br />
Monte Albán and Zapotec Culture 392<br />
<br />
Teotihuacán 392<br />
<br />
Mayan Culture 394<br />
<br />
The Post-Classic Era: Toltecs and Aztecs 396<br />
<br />
The Cultures of South America 397<br />
<br />
READINGS<br />
<br />
11.1 Poems by Li Bai and Du Fu 401<br />
<br />
11.1a Poems by Li Bai and Du Fu 366<br />
<br />
11.2 from Marco Polo, Travels 367<br />
<br />
11.3 from Murasaki Shikibu, Diaries 379<br />
<br />
11.4 Ki no Tomonori, “This Perfectly Still” 379<br />
<br />
11.5 from Sei Shonagon, The Pillow Book, “Hateful Things” 402<br />
<br />
11.5a from Sei Shonagon, Pillow Book, “Elegant Things” 379<br />
<br />
11.6 from Jacob Egharevba, A Short History of Benin 386<br />
<br />
11.7 from Popol Vuh: The Great Mythological Book of the Ancient Maya 395<br />
<br />
FEATURES<br />
<br />
CLOSER LOOK Guo Xi’s Early Spring 370<br />
<br />
CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Spanish and the Fate of the Inca and Aztec Capitals 399<br />
<br />
12 The Gothic Style FAITH AND KNOWLEDGE IN AN AGE OF INQUIRY 405<br />
<br />
Saint-Denis and the Gothic Cathedral 406<br />
<br />
Chartres Cathedral 409<br />
<br />
Stained Glass 409<br />
<br />
Gothic Architecture 410<br />
<br />
Gothic Sculpture 416<br />
<br />
Music in the Gothic Cathedral: Growing Complexity 417<br />
<br />
The Rise of the University 418<br />
<br />
Héloïse and Abelard 419<br />
<br />
The Romance of the Rose 419<br />
<br />
The Education of Women 420<br />
<br />
Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism 420<br />
<br />
The Radiant Style and the Court of Louis IX 421<br />
<br />
The Gothic Style in the French Ducal Courts 423<br />
<br />
The Miniature Tradition 423<br />
<br />
The Gothic in Italy 426<br />
<br />
The New Mendicant Orders 427<br />
<br />
READINGS<br />
<br />
12.1 from Jean de Meun, Romance of the Rose 433<br />
<br />
12.2 from Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica 421<br />
<br />
12.3 from Bonaventure of Bagnoreggio, Legenda Maior 429<br />
<br />
12.4 Saint Francis of Assisi, “Canticle of the Sun” 430<br />
<br />
FEATURES<br />
<br />
MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES Rib Vaulting 411<br />
<br />
CLOSER LOOK The Stained Glass at Chartres 412<br />
<br />
CONTINUITY & CHANGE Representing the Human 431 <br />
<br />
<br />
Chapters 11-12<br />
<br />
11 Centers of Culture COURT AND CITY IN THE LARGER WORLD 363<br />
<br />
<br />
THINKING AHEAD<br />
<br />
11.1 Describe how the literature, art, and architecture of the Tang and Song dynasties reflect the values of Chinese society.<br />
<br />
11.2 Compare and contrast the ways in which Buddhist and Hindu art and architecture embody the presence of, respectively, Buddha and the Hindu gods.<br />
<br />
11.3 Describe the complex relationship between court life and spiritual practice in Heian and Kamakura Japan.<br />
<br />
11.4 Discuss the ways in which African arts serve as bridges between the temporal and supernatural worlds.<br />
<br />
11.5 Understand how Mesoamerican and South American art and architecture reflect the relationship of the various cultures of the region to their gods.<br />
<br />
Developments in China 364<br />
<br />
<br />
How are the values of the Tang and Song dynasties reflected in their art, architecture, and literature?<br />
<br />
After the fall of the Han dynasty in 220 ce (see Chapter 7), China entered an uneasy period. Warring factions vied for control of greater or lesser territories, governments rose to power and fell again, civil wars erupted, and tribes from Central Asia continuously invaded. During this time, Buddhism began to spread through the culture. The ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, which stressed self-discipline, propriety, reverence for elders, and virtuous behavior (see Chapter 7), seemed to have resulted in civil and cultural dysfunction. In contrast, Buddhism offered an ethical system based less on social and civic duty and more on each person’s responsibility for his or her actions. Especially in its emphasis on meditation and enlightenment, Buddhism was compatible with Daoism and its emphasis on mysticism and harmony with nature (also discussed in Chapter 7). By the seventh century ce, Chinese leaders had learned to take the best from all three—Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism—and the culture was once again unified.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/FZGXXbh3jzU">Tang and Song</a>, 5:59<br />
<br />
The golden ages of the Tang and Song Dynasties of China, and the great inventions they contributed during the Medieval period.<br />
<br />
What inventions were discovered during the Tang and Song Dynasties? <br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/FZGXXbh3jzU<br />
<br />
<br />
The Tang Dynasty in Chang’an, “The City of Enduring Peace” (618–907 ce) 365<br />
<br />
In 618, the Tang dynasty reestablished a period of peace and prosperity in China that, except for a brief period of turmoil in the tenth century, would last for 660 years. The Tang dynasty was the largest and most organized government in the world in the second half of the first millennium ce. Its capital was the eastern terminus of the Silk Road, Chang’an, “City of Enduring Peace” (present-day Xi’an, which is about one-seventh the size of the Tang capital). The city had served as the capital of the Han dynasty as well, but as the Tang restored trade along the Silk Road, they created elaborate plans to restore the city, too. By the eighth century, its population was well over 1 million, living inside a walled perimeter nearly 26 miles in length and enclosing almost 42 square miles. Outside the walls lived perhaps as many as another million people. Among its inhabitants were Korean, Japanese, Jewish, and Christian populations, and its emperors maintained diplomatic relations with Persia. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/SEM1_0cvq6o">Virtual Chang-An</a> 虛擬長安, 6:27<br />
<br />
Designed and produced by GIA, NCTU, TAIWAN Category Film & Animation License Standard YouTube License Music "Why Wake Me Upthe Spring Wind" by Longyin Listen ad-free with YouTube Red<br />
<br />
What impression do you get about Chang'an from a virtual presentation? <br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/SEM1_0cvq6o<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SEM1_0cvq6o" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/DVzFnp4DCBk">Ancient Chang'an</a> (Xi'an), 1:39<br />
<br />
Explore the architecture behind China's forgotten city<br />
<br />
What architecture is characteristic of Chang'an? <br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/DVzFnp4DCBk<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DVzFnp4DCBk" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<br />
The Song Dynasty and Hangzhou, “The City of Heaven” (960–1279 ce) 367<br />
<br />
“The most splendid city in the world”—so the Venetian explorer Marco Polo (1254–1324) described Hangzhou, the capital of China’s Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279) when Polo first visited it in 1274. Although Hangzhou was then the world’s largest city—home to about 2 million people—no other Westerner had ever seen it. Marco Polo’s father and uncle had a successful trading business with the East, and Polo lived with them in China for 17 years.<br />
<br />
He wrote at length about his journey to Hangzhou in his Travels, first published in 1299. He claimed that he first visited the city as the ambassador of Kublai Khan. Northern Song China was already in Kublai Khan’s hands, conquered in 1271, but he would not conquer the Southern Song on the Yangzi River until 1279. So when Polo first saw Hangzhou, it was still a Song city. Its lakes and parks were so beautiful, filled with floating teahouses from which passengers could view the palaces, pagodas, and temples that dotted the shore, that the city was known as Kinsai, or the “City of Heaven.” The entire city, some 200 square miles in area, was protected by a 30-foot-high wall, with even higher watchtowers rising above it. Inside the walls, a system of canals, which must have reminded Polo of his native Venice, was crisscrossed by some 12,000 bridges. These canals were fed by the most famous and probably most beautiful lake in China, the so-called West Lake, a popular resort. Beautiful women and pleasure-seekers gathered on houseboats on its waters, and writers and artists congregated in the tranquil libraries and monasteries on its shores.<br />
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“In this city,” Polo would write, “there are 12 guilds of different crafts, and each guild has 12,000 houses in the occupation of its workmen. Each of these houses contains at least 12 men, while some contain 20 and some 40, including the apprentices who work under the masters. All these craftsmen had full employment since many other cities of the kingdom are supplied by this city.” In fact, each guild was formed around people from the same province. In Hangzhou, tea and cloth merchants hailed from the eastern province of Anhui, carpenters and cabinetmakers from the city of Ningbo, and so on. All came together to enjoy the benefits of trade and commerce in the capital. Foodstuffs, silks, spices, flowers, and books filled the markets (Reading 11.2) <br />
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10 magical scenes to prove that <a href="https://youtu.be/GbgAb2hXcFM">Hangzhou</a> is the most beautiful city to host G20 yet. #360 #VR, 6:13 <br />
Hangzhou Zhejiang China Marko Polo recorded his visit in the 13th century. In his book he wrote “it is without a doubt the finest and most splendid city in the world.” Throughout history it has been of great importance as the capitals of the Wuyue Kingdom and the Song dynasty and the birthplace of porcelain. Now it is the Silicon Valley of China, home to Alibaba (market value US$231 billion) and many other tech giants. Countless legends and poems were written in Hangzhou, with the most famous a saying, "Heaven above, Suzhou and Hangzhou below." These are a few of the reasons why Zhou Enlai brought Richard Nixon to Hangzhou on that infamous first visit from the west. Where did they stay when here? On the shores of West Lake, the legendary body of water in the middle of the city. Join VICI as we take you on a tour through 10 magical sights on Hongzhou's famous West Lake. [Best viewed with VR glasses]<br />
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10 magical scenes to prove that Hangzhou is beautiful, 6:13<br />
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If so from this screening do you think that Hangzhou is beautiful? Why?<br />
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https://youtu.be/GbgAb2hXcFM<br />
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The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) 368<br />
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Throughout the period known as the medieval era in the West, China was threatened from the north by nomadic tribes. The Northern Song capital of Bianjing had fallen to tribes from Manchuria in 1126, forcing the Song to retreat south to Hangzhou. Finally, the Song dynasty succumbed to the Mongol leader Kublai Khan in 1279. Kublai Khan ruled from a new capital at present-day Beijing, transforming it into a walled city constructed on a grid plan and extending the Grand Canal to provision the city. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/2aL13JE_jJ0">Yuan dynasty</a>, 2:57<br />
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Did Kublai Khan did the right thing by transforming Beijing into a walled city? Why? <br />
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https://youtu.be/2aL13JE_jJ0<br />
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Indian and Southeast Asian Civilizations 369<br />
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How do Buddhist and Hindu art and architecture make manifest the living presence of Buddha and the Hindu gods?<br />
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By 1200, Indian civilization was among the world’s oldest, and it asserted broad influence over all of Southeast Asia (Map 11.2). Its history during the centuries before and after 1200 was largely determined by competing religious forces, especially Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism. Buddhism, which flourished in India from about 100 to 600 ce, had steadily waned in influence. It was further diminished when Muslim invaders entered northern India in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, destroying centers of worship in their path. Many of the Buddhist monks fled north into Nepal and across the Himalayas into Tibet or eastward into present-day Myanmar (formerly Burma). The Muslim invaders, who established their capital at Delhi, brought with them new forms of art and architecture rooted in Persian court traditions. Meanwhile, Hinduism became increasingly popular, and it gradually asserted itself as the dominant Indian religion. Well into the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, India was ruled by Hindu dynasties, especially in the south, where the culture was relatively isolated from the influence of the Delhi sultans. Hinduism spread throughout Southeast Asia, where Cambodian monarchs constructed magnificent temples inspired by Indian prototypes. <br />
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Video: <a href="https://youtu.be/ZOQYkqkwlPM">Indian and Southeast Asian Art</a>, 6:01<br />
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Highlights from the upcoming Indian and Southeast Asian Art sale in New York on 18 September 2013 are discussed by Hugo Weihe, International Director of Asian Art, and Sandhya Jain-Patel, Specialist Head of Sale of Indian and Southeast Asian Art. For more information: http://www.christies.com/sales/indian...<br />
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What characterizes Indian and Southeast Asian Art? <br />
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https://youtu.be/ZOQYkqkwlPM<br />
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Buddhist Art and Architecture 373<br />
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High in the isolated valleys of the Himalayas in Nepal and Tibet, Buddhist monks adapted Buddhism to the native Tibetan mystical religion known as Bon. The local religious leaders, known as lamas (meaning “none superior”), considered themselves the reincarnation of earlier deceased lamas and Buddhist bodhisattvas. The chief lama, the Dalai (meaning “ocean”), was believed to be the reincarnation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, the embodiment of compassion in this new form of Buddhism. Enlightenment, not simply nirvana, is the goal of this version of Buddhism, generally known as Mahayana, and the vow of every bodhisattva is to help others achieve enlightenment before they themselves cross over into paradise.<br />
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Among the artistic expressions of this faith were rolled-up cloth paintings, known as thangkas. As monks traveled from one monastery to another, they would unroll thangkas as aids to instruction. Painted on the thangkas were images representing Buddhist figures of authority, including lamas, bodhisattvas, and the Buddha himself, which, the Tibetans believed, were manifest in their images. The thangka reproduced here (Fig. 11.6) represents Manjushri, a bodhisattva associated with a great historical teacher. Thus, the thangka not only symbolizes wisdom, it makes Manjushri’s wisdom present.<br />
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In Myanmar, Anawratha, the first king of the Bagan Empire (r. 1044–77), was a devout Buddhist. His capital at Bagan became a center of Buddhist learning, attracting monks from across Southeast Asia, especially from India, as Muslims gained control of the subcontinent. There he built the Shwesandaw Paya, or “Sunset Pagoda,” in 1057 (visible in the far distance at the middle right, Fig. 11.7), a five-terraced structure topped by a circular bell-shaped stupa that, legend has it, contains the hairs of Buddha. Here, Buddha was manifest, present to the pilgrim circling the stupa in search of enlightenment. For the next two centuries, until Bagan was overrun by the army of Kublai Khan in 1287, Anawratha’s heirs built more than 13,000 temples, pagodas, and other religious structures, of which some 2,200 temples remain standing. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/g4TWTAvgTPU">BUDDHIST ART IN INDONESIA</a>, 4:30<br />
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What characterizes Buddhist art in Indonesia?<br />
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https://youtu.be/g4TWTAvgTPU<br />
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Hindu Art and Architecture 374<br />
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Hindu religion and art are infused with a deep respect for sexuality, evident even in the architecture (see Chapter 7). The Kandarya Mahadeva Temple (Fig. 11.8) at Khajuraho, the capital of the Chandella dynasty, represents the epitome of northern Indian Hindu architecture. Its rising towers are meant to suggest the peaks of the Himalayas, home of the Hindu gods, and this analogy would have been even clearer when the temple was painted in its original white gesso. The plan (Fig. 11.9) is a double cross, with arms extending north and south from the east–west axis. At the first crossing is the mandapa, the columned assembly hall. At the second crossing is the garbhagriha, or “womb chamber,” the symbolic sacred cavern at the heart of the sacred mountain/temple. Here rests the cult image of the Brahman, in this case the lingam, or symbol of male sexuality, of Shiva, the first, or formless emanation of the Brahman. (The Brahman is the creator and the universal soul; see Chapter 7.) Although it is actually almost completely dark, the garbhagriha is considered by Hindu worshipers to be filled with the pure light of the Brahman. The towers of the temple rise from east to west, as if gathering around the central tower, known as the sikhara, that rises to a height of over 100 feet above the garbhagriha. As the height increases, the temple seems to gather the energy of the Hindu religion to a single rising point, soaring with the spirit of the worshiper. <br />
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The Hindu Temple, 4:49<br />
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An <a href="https://youtu.be/Yiupwfu_h0k">introduction to the art and architecture of the Hindu temples</a> of India. Category Education License Standard YouTube License Music "Guru Bandana In Desh Malhar" by Asha Bhosle, Swapan Chaudhuri & Ali Akbar Khan Listen ad-free with YouTube Red <br />
https://youtu.be/Yiupwfu_h0k <br />
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How is Hindu art both religious and sexual?<br />
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Japan: The Court, The Military, and Spiritual Life 376<br />
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What was the relationship between court and spiritual life in the Heian and Kamakura periods?<br />
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Although Buddhism may have been known in Japan earlier, it is commonly believed that it arrived in the Yamato period (before 700 bce; see Chapter 1) from Korea and China. According to the Chronicles of Japan, a statue of Buddha and a collection of sacred Buddhist texts were given to Japanese rulers by the king of the Baekje region of Korea in 552. Chinese calligraphy was already the basis of the Japanese written language, and to some, Buddhism seemed equally amenable to Japanese adaptation. But Buddhism was by no means welcomed by all. Of the three rival clans then most powerful in Yamato Japan—the Soga, Mononobe, and Nakatomi, each tied to the imperial family through marriage to the emperor—both the Mononobe, who were in charge of the emperor’s military, and the Nakatomi, in charge of Shinto ritual, opposed the introduction of Buddhism into the country. But the Soga, managers of imperial estates who were in constant contact with the Koreans and Chinese, were deeply attracted to the religion, and the Yamato emperor allowed them to practice it within their own clan. <br />
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A <a href="https://youtu.be/digfx5IyQQo">BLEND OF TWO RELIGIONS</a>?! Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine in KAMAKURA, 1:25<br />
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This shrine is dedicated to Hachiman, which is the patron god of the Minamoto clan and considered to be the god of the samurai. This shrine has a lot of deep history rooted in the Heian period, so we had Tyler come along and drop some of his knowledge of Minamoto and the Taira. Check it out here: http://www.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp/ DOGA.TV - Beta http://do-ga.tv/ DOGA.TV Official Facebook https://www.facebook.com/DOGA-TV-6403... DOGA.TV Official Twitter https://twitter.com/Doga_TV<br />
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https://youtu.be/digfx5IyQQo<br />
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The Rise of Court Life in Japan and the Coming of the Fujiwara 376<br />
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As the Soga gained more and more power over the last decades of the sixth century, they eventually defeated the Mononobe and Nakatomi in a civil war, and the head of the Soga clan, Umako, installed his 39-year-old daughter, Suiko, as empress and declared her 29-year-old nephew, Shotoku (r. 593–622), her regent and crown prince. The capital was moved inland from Osaka on the coast to the Soga homeland in the Asuka Valley in the central Yamato plain.<br />
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Shotoku, whose name means “Wise and Virtuous,” emphasized the importance of the Chinese model of civil administration, and introduced Confucianism to the court. When he built a new palace at Ikaruga, in the central Asuka plain, he constructed a Buddhist temple next to it. Others were built during his administration, and over 1,300 Buddhist monks and nuns were ordained. But Buddhism was in fact practiced only by a small number of the aristocracy around the Asuka capital.<br />
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In 645, the Nakatomi, who had been forced to tolerate Buddhism even as they continued to maintain Shinto ritual at court, rebelled, executing the Soga clan. Anyone else who showed resistance to their rule was executed as well. Nakatomi no Kamatari (614–69) was awarded the surname of Fujiwara by Emperor Tenji for his part in crushing the Soga and placing Tenji on the throne. The Fujiwara clan, thus directly descended from the Nakatomi, would become the greatest noble clan of classical Japan, ruling it for 500 years.<br />
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In 708, the Fujiwara oversaw the construction of a new capital at Hojeikyo, commonly called Nara after its location in the Nara plain, some 15 miles to the northwest of Asuka (see Map 11.3). It was laid out according to the principles of Chinese city planning as a walled city on the model of Chang-an (see Fig. 11.3), 2.7 miles from east to west and about 3.1 miles from north to south, with a broad avenue running north and south in its center culminating at the Heijo Palace. And although the Nakatomi/Fujiwara clan had despised the Buddhist-leaning Soga the century before, at Nara, they officially accepted Buddhism as the state religion. Magnificent temples and monasteries were constructed, including what would remain, for a thousand years, the largest wooden structure in the world, the Todaiji Temple (Fig. 11.13). It houses a giant bronze, known as the Great Buddha, over 49 feet high and weighing approximately 380 tons. According to ancient records, as many as 2.6 million people were required to aid in its construction, although that number represents approximately half of Japan’s population at the time and is probably a gross exaggeration. The original temple was twice destroyed by warring factions, in 1180 and again in 1567. The current Buddha is in fact a 1691 reconstruction of the original, and the Todaiji Temple is itself a reconstruction of 1709. The restored temple is considerably smaller than the original, approximately two-thirds its size, and now stands 188 feet in width and 156 feet in height. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/SlvafqJQc08">Todaiji Temple in Nara</a> Tour! - Video Japan Guide, 3:12<br />
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Todaiji is a Buddhist temple located in the Nara prefecture. In 1998, It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. More details: http://japanesquest.com/item/todaiji-... Please give us feedback on this video: http://japanesquest.com/video-feedback Website: http://japanesquest.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/japanesquest Twitter: https://twitter.com/japanesquest Instagram: http://instagram.com/japanesquest Vine: https://vine.co/japanesquest<br />
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https://youtu.be/SlvafqJQc08<br />
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The Heian Period: Courtly Refinement 378<br />
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The acceptance of Buddhism by the Fujiwara clan at Nara suggests that the conflict between the clans in the earlier Yamato period was probably as much about power as it was religion. But it is also true that by the seventh century Buddhist doctrine and Shinto had begun to influence each other. The Great Buddha at Nara became identified with the Shinto goddess Amaterasu (see Chapter 1), and Buddhist ceremonies were incorporated into Shinto court ritual. But between 784 and 794, the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-kyo—present-day Kyoto—which quickly became the most densely populated city in the world. According to records, the move occurred because the secular court needed to distance itself from the religious influence of the Buddhist monks at Nara. Indeed, one of these monks had risen to power as the lover of the empress Koken (r. 749–59, 765–70).<br />
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Like Nara, Heian-kyo was modeled on Chang’an, the capital of the Tang dynasty, and, also as at Nara, the ordered grid of its streets was a conscious bow to Chinese philosophy and its reflection in the workings of government. Between the late eleventh and the middle of the twelfth century at Heian-kyo, scholars estimate that the royal family regularly dedicated new Shinto shrines and new Buddhist temples. <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/IAbQacGa8KU">Heian Period</a>, 3:13<br />
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https://youtu.be/IAbQacGa8KU<br />
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The Kamakura Period (ca. 1185–1392): Samurai and Shogunate 381<br />
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During the Heian period, the emperors had increasingly relied on regional warrior clans—samurai (literally, “those who serve”)—to exercise military control, especially in the countryside. Over time these clans became more and more powerful, until, by 1100, they had begun to emerge as a major force in Japanese military and political life, inaugurating the Kamakura period, which takes its name from the capital city of the most prominent of these clans, the Minamoto. Their newfound power in many ways represented a resurgence of the familial clan-based system of authority that had been deeply engrained in Japanese society since at least the time of the Yamato emperors, but almost inevitably, their rise also resulted, as it had among the Yamato clans, in intense rivalry and, eventually, warfare. <br />
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The Histories Part 82: <a href="https://youtu.be/jUwErdtrS7Q">Shoguns and Samurai</a>, 3:24<br />
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The shoguns were generals who acted as governmental dictators, and the Samurai were Japanese knights. They both dominated Japan for almost 700 years.<br />
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https://youtu.be/jUwErdtrS7Q<br />
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The Cultures of Africa 383<br />
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In what ways does African art seek to bridge the gap between the temporal and spiritual worlds?<br />
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Just as in Europe and Asia, all over Africa, powerful kingdoms arose during this period. Several large kingdoms dominated the western African region known as the Sahel, the grasslands that serve as a transition between the Sahara desert and the more temperate zones to the west and south. Among the most important is the kingdom of Mali (see Chapter 9), which shows the great influence Islam had come to have on much of North Africa long before the end of the first millennium ce. Farther south, along the western coast of central Africa, were the powerful Yoruba state of Ife and the kingdom of Benin. On the eastern side of Africa, the Zagwe dynasty continued long Christian traditions in the Horn of Africa, while the Arab Swahili culture thrived along the central east coast. Farther south, near the southeastern tip of Africa, the ancient Shona civilization produced urban centers represented today by the ruins of “Great Zimbabwe” (Map 11.4). <br />
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Mapungubwe - Lost Kingdoms of Africa - <a href="https://youtu.be/U2JR2FVrDHM">Great Zimbabwe</a> - BBC 4, 4:25<br />
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In 1871, European explorers stumbled across an astonishing ruined city, deep in the African interior. Great Zimbabwe has been a source of fascination and controversy ever since, a symbol of African genius and a fascinating insight into the empires which once dominated southern Africa. More about this series: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00pv1m4<br />
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In spite of Islamic intrusion in the area the indigenous population build the Great Zimbabwe.<br />
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There is more on the Great Zimbabwe included in this lesson. <br />
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https://youtu.be/U2JR2FVrDHM<br />
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Ife Culture 384<br />
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The Ife culture is one of the oldest in West Africa. It developed beginning around the eighth century along the Niger River, in what is now Nigeria. It was centered in the city of Ife. By 1100, it was producing highly naturalistic, sculptural, commemorative portraits in clay and stone, probably depicting its rulers, and not long after, elegant brass sculptures as well.<br />
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An example of Ife brasswork is the Head of a King (or Oni) (Fig. 11.18). The parallel lines that run down the face represent decorative effects made by scarring—scarification. A hole in the lower neck suggests that the head may have been attached to a wooden mannequin, and in memorial services, the mannequin may have worn the royal robes of the Ife court. Small holes along the scalp line suggest that hair, or perhaps a veil of some sort, also adorned the head. But the head itself was, for the Ife, of supreme importance. It was the home of the spirit, the symbol of the king’s capacity to organize the world and to prosper. Ife culture depended on its kings’ heads for its own welfare. <br />
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Kingdom of <a href="https://youtu.be/JNmCg3nNi1U">Ife: Ife</a> uncovered, 5:10<br />
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Professor John Picton and metallurgist Paul Craddock discuss the meaning and the making of the sculptures in the exhibition Kingdom of Ife sculptures from West Africa<br />
http://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on..<br />
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https://youtu.be/JNmCg3nNi1U<br />
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Benin Culture 386<br />
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Sometime around 1170, the city-state of Benin, some 150 miles southeast of Ife, also in the Niger basin, asked the oni of Ife to provide a new ruler for their territory, which was, legend has it, plagued by misrule and disorder. The oni sent Prince Oranmiyan, who founded a new dynasty. Oranmiyan was apparently so vexed by the conditions he found that he named his new state ibini, “land of vexation,” from which the name Benin derives. After some years, Oranmiyan returned home, but not until after he had impregnated the Benin princess. Their son Eweka would become the first king, or oba, as the Benin culture called their ruler, ruling from 1180 to 1246.<br />
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Already in place at the capital, Benin City, were the beginnings of a massive system of walls and moats that would become, by the fifteenth century, the world’s largest human-built earthwork. According to archeologist Phillip Darling, who has studied the wall and moat system for several decades, they total some 10,000 miles in length, or some four to five times the length of the main Great Wall of China. These earthworks consist of moats, the dirt from which was piled alongside them to make walls up to 60 feet high. They were probably first dug over a thousand years ago to protect settlements and their farmlands from the nocturnal raids of the forest elephant. But as Benin grew, linear earth boundaries demarcated clan or family territories and symbolically signified the boundary between the real physical world and the spirit world. When the British arrived in the late nineteenth century, the walls were still largely intact (Fig. 11.20), but they were soon destroyed by British forces, and what remains of them have been increasingly consumed by modern urbanization.<br />
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Like the Ife to the north, the Benin rulers also created lifelike images of their ancestor rulers. In the first half of the twentieth century, recognizing that many of the oral traditions of Benin culture were in danger of being lost, the Benin court historian, Chief Jacob Egharevba (1893–1981), recorded as many traditional tales and historical narratives as he could find and published them in his Short History of Benin. This is his account of the origins of brass-casting (see Chapter 2, Materials & Techniques, page 42) of oba heads in Benin culture (Reading 11.6): <br />
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Experiencing Traditional Culture in Ouidah, <a href="https://youtu.be/TBBsmGLEeFk">Benin</a>, 2:51<br />
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August 30, 2014 at 2PM 1003 1st Ave, Charleston, WV 23502 charleston.ec@thearthcenter.org (304) 400-4899 Join us for a vivid presentation of photos, videos, and stories from our visit to Ouidah and our growing alliance with the temples.<br />
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https://youtu.be/TBBsmGLEeFk<br />
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West African Music 387<br />
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The rhythm-driven crescendo of the Benin praise poem shares much with African music as a whole. In fact, the poem may have been accompanied by music. African music is part of the fabric of everyday life, accompanying work, poetry, ceremony, and dance, and often evoked by visual art. The Western idea that music can be isolated from every day experience is almost incomprehensible to the African sensibility. Typically consisting of a single line of melody without harmony, African music is generally communal in nature, encouraging a sense of social cohesion by promoting group activity. As a result, one of the most universal musical forms throughout Africa is call-and-response music, in which a caller, or soloist, raises the song, and the community chorus responds to it.<br />
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Call-and-response music is by no means simple. The Yoruba language, for instance, is tone-based; any Yoruba syllable has three possible tones and this tone determines its meaning. The Yoruba reproduce their speech in the method of musical signaling known as talking drums (track 11.1), performed with three types of batá drums, which imitate the three tones of the language. In ritual drumming, the drums are played for the Yoruba gods and are essentially praise poems to those gods. Characteristic of this music is its polyrhythmic structure. Here as many as five to ten different “voices” of interpenetrating rhythms and tones, often repeated over and over again in a call-and-response form, play off against one another. This method of playing against or “off” the main beat is typical of West African music and exists to this day in the “off-beat” practices of Western jazz. <br />
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Ogbon - Traditional <a href="https://youtu.be/HMyfRhk4EHQ">Yoruba Music from Benin</a>, 5:43<br />
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Beninois Yoruba artist Taofique returns with a new single titled 'Ogbon". An Ode styled music that draws on the wisdom in traditional Yoruba chant style music with the talking drum (dundun / gangan) and the Agogo.<br />
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https://youtu.be/HMyfRhk4EHQ<br />
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Diali Cissokho & Kaira Ba, "Teeriyaa (Friendship)". Official Music Video. </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "inherit" , "serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; padding: 0in;">User:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">n/a -<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "inherit" , "serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; padding: 0in;">Added:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">9/8/16</span></div>
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<b><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "inherit" , "serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 107%; padding: 0in;">YouTube URL:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3PvLbQ_xwI"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #00748b; font-family: "inherit" , "serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 107%; padding: 0in;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3PvLbQ_xwI</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Watch and listen to this great example of West African music. Look for features and for instruments like those described on pp. 302, 308-9 and 387. This clip celebrates friendship.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br />
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Now, our esteemed colleague in Atlanta, Dr. Alan Rogers, has sent me a great video . You must understand, Alan is a historian with an expertise in, among other things, all matters equestrian (horses) and metallurgy (he forges iron products in his spare time--and knows of metals and history). And, from this video, we find Alan also has soul and skill in what might be called the earliest JAZZ instruments. In this case he demonstrates different types of <i>mbira</i> (see vol. 2, p. 874) from different parts of Africa. And--he says we can use this video in our classes! He happened to do this video for his HUM111 week 1--related to human innovations. See below--between the dotted lines.</div>
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Thanks, Alan. I think one day we should have our team meet on your back porch! By the way, Alan--next we want the equestrian demo! </div>
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BTW, here is a video I made for Week 1 but it is mostly about African musical instruments that I play three versions of. I will give a live version of this tomorrow in my HUM111 on ground. Give it a look and everyone is welcome to use it. </div>
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IziadpwsDE" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IziadpwsDE</a></div>
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0:02 / 4:47 Diali Cissokho & Kaira Ba, "Teeriyaa (<a href="https://youtu.be/_3PvLbQ_xwI">Friendship</a>)". Official Music Video <br />
Diali Cissokho & Kaira Ba's "Teeriyaa from the 2012 release, Resonance. Find out more at: https://KairaBaMusic.com https://kairabamusic.bandcamp.com/ https://igg.me/at/TransAtlantic/x/471... Directed by Andrea Tani Production Manager Matt Mitchell Kaira Ba is: Diali Keba Cissokho - Kora, Vocals Jonathan Henderson - Bass, Percussion Austin McCall - Drums Will Ridenour - Percussion John Westmoreland - Guitar Dancer/ Actors: Sidya Cissokho Diabel Diom All rights reserved Kaira Ba Music 2016.<br />
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https://youtu.be/_3PvLbQ_xwI<br />
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East Africa: The Zagwe Dynasty 388<br />
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Ironically, one of the dynasties of greatest cultural importance in medieval East Africa was also one of the shortest lived and least revered. In the region of today’s Ethiopia, the Zagwe dynasty reigned for approximately 150 years, from the early twelfth century (when the declining Aksumite Empire fell), to 1270. In that year the last Zagwe ruler was deposed by a new ruling family, who claimed descent from both the Aksumite Empire that had preceded the Zagwe, and King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Both claims were designed to give the impression that their family had a dazzling and unbroken chain of legitimate power reaching back into biblical times. Although the new rulers embarked on a campaign to discredit the Zagwe dynasty as usurpers and their reign as a disgrace, the Zagwe rulers had already ensured their survival as a respected part of Ethiopian history by the rock churches they left behind. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/dTCA3ckgTLk">Zagwe dynasty</a>, 3:51<br />
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Zagwe dynasty =======Image-Copyright-Info======== License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0) LicenseLink: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b... Author-Info: LeGabrie Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ap... =======Image-Copyright-Info======== ☆Video is targeted to blind users Attribution: Article text available under CC-BY-SA image source in video<br />
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https://youtu.be/dTCA3ckgTLk<br />
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The Swahili Coast 388<br />
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In the medieval era, Christian places of worship were rare in Africa. In the trading centers of the north and west, Islam was the dominant nonindigenous religion. East Africans had traded with Arab sailors since before the beginning of the common era, from trade depots along a narrow coastal strip ranging from today’s Somalia through Mozambique (see Map 11.4). When these traders embraced Islam, the people the Arabs called Swahili, from the Arabic word for “shore,” were quick to follow. From Mogadishu in the north to Sofala in the south, a region known as the Swahili Coast, Arabs and Africans blended their customs to create one of the most vibrant cultures in Africa. They also created a new language—Swahili, an African language with many borrowings from Arabic.<br />
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Looking directly out onto the Indian Ocean, Swahili ports played a key role in trade with all of Asia from the medieval era onward. The great Chinese explorer Zheng He (see Chapter 18) reached the Swahili Coast, trading Chinese porcelain and other goods for African products such as spices and wild animals to take back to the Chinese emperor.<br />
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The Swahili were renowned for their architecture. Using local materials such as fossilized coral limestone, they built mosques and other buildings, carving trims and decorations directly into the stone in floral designs, arabesques, and other patterns like those used to decorate the Qur’an (see Chapter 9). So beautiful were these works that, upon visiting Kilwa, medieval explorer Ibn Battuta pronounced it “the most beautiful of cities.” The Great Mosque at Kilwa (Fig. 11.23) would have been where Ibn Battuta stopped to pray. Constructed of pieces of fossilized coral bound together by cement made from sand, the pillars, arches, and walls of the mosque were coated in a glossy plaster also made from coral, into which patterns were excised. <br />
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The truth behind the <a href="https://youtu.be/wJNlSh1U_XA">Swahili coastal</a> civilisation, 2:29<br />
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A team led by a Tanzanian archaeologist has challenged long held beliefs that Swahili coast civilisation - in East Africa, was heavily influenced by outsiders who arrived to trade with the local communities. After excavating an extensive cave just outside Zanzibar, he has discovered evidence of settlements, animal domestication. Hassan Mhelela has visited the cave and sent us this report.<br />
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https://youtu.be/wJNlSh1U_XA<br />
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Great Zimbabwe 389<br />
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In embracing Islam, the people of the Swahili Coast transformed their society, but the influence of the new faith did not spread far inland. West of Sofala, at a port at the southern end of the Swahili Coast, the Shona people built an entirely indigenous African civilization in the region of today’s Zimbabwe. The Shona people, who still occupy the region today, are thought to have first come to the region by 1100 ce. At first the Shona relied on their advanced skills at mining, animal husbandry, and agriculture to sustain their communities in the rocky grasslands of the region, but as the Swahili Coast became more and more lucrative as a center of trade, the Shona positioned themselves as an inland hub of trade to which coastal traders could travel to procure goods for export. From surrounding regions, they mined or imported copper and gold, and in return received exotic goods such as porcelain and glass from Asia and the Middle East.<br />
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Between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Shona erected the massive stone buildings and walls of a city known today as Great Zimbabwe. (The word zimbabwe is thought to refer to “palaces of stone.”) A huge city for its time, the ruins cover one square mile and are believed to have housed a population of somewhere between 10,000 and 20,000. Great Zimbabwe has several distinct areas. The oldest of these, a hilltop enclosure known as the Hill Ruin, probably served as a lookout, but may also have been set apart for religious ceremonies or initiation rites. Built around 1250, it has a perimeter wall of smooth stone blocks that follows the contours of the hilltop. Inside this wall are several smaller enclosures with floors of clay that were hardened and polished to a shine. The enclosures also had ceremonial platforms decorated with carved geometric patterns and tall rock monoliths topped by carved birds, possibly representing messengers from the spirit world (Fig. 11.24). <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/BrmaCPG_Cac">Shona and Great Zimbabwe</a>, 3:13<br />
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https://youtu.be/BrmaCPG_Cac<br />
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The Cultures of Mesoamerica and South America in the Classic Era 391<br />
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How do the art and architecture of Mesoamerica and South America reflect the relationship of the various cultures of the region to their gods?<br />
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The cultures of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, comprising modern-day Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, and southern Mexico, possessed a great sense of their own history. They were fully aware that cultures at least as great as themselves—the Olmec in particular (see Chapter 1)—had preceded them. But during a period of about a thousand years, roughly 250 bce to 900 ce, which archeologists call the Classic Era, the cultures of Mesoamerica flourished. “Pre-Columbian” refers to the era before Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492, and the title “Classic Era,” borrowed from Greco-Roman culture, designates what historians consider to be the high point of pre-Columbian culture in the Americas. Three great cultures thrived in Mesoamerica during the Classic Era: the Zapotec culture in the state of Oaxaca; the somewhat mysterious but enormously influential civilization centered at Teotihuacán, just north of Tenochtitlán (present-day Mexico City); and to the south, the Maya culture in the states of Yucatan and Chiapas, and the countries of Belize and Guatemala (Map 11.5). These cultures were at once highly developed and, from a Western point of view, seemingly backward, astronomically sophisticated, with two separate but extraordinarily accurate calendars, yet lacking a domesticated beast of burden capable of carrying an adult. Even more astonishing, they lacked one of the most fundamental tools of civilization—the wheel. Although they used wheels on children’s toys, they never enlarged them for use on wagons or carts. These civilizations never discovered how to process bronze or iron, yet they moved and cut stones weighing in excess of 100 tons and built enormous temples, the centerpieces of cities rivaling any in Europe or Asia. But what they lacked, they probably did not need, and what they developed was extraordinary. <br />
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Pre-Columbian <a href="https://youtu.be/sayBVN3q6pc">Mesoamerica</a>, 2:39<br />
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The following video presents the history of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, from 2000 BCE with the first preclassical cultures to the Spanish conquest of the Mayas in 1697. Major civilizations, cultures and empires will be shown. Not all peoples and ethnicities are accounted for.<br />
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https://youtu.be/sayBVN3q6pc<br />
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Monte Albán and Zapotec Culture 392<br />
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Zapotec culture, which occupied the territory later controlled by the Mixtec, was centered at Monte Albán in Oaxaca. The Zapotecs had themselves been closely tied to the Olmecs (see Chapter 1), but instead of living in the alluvial lowlands of the Gulf coast, they built their capital atop a mountain overlooking the three major valleys of central Oaxaca. It seems likely that they were the first Mesoamerican people to use the 260-day calendar, and they possessed a writing system, although, with the exception of names, dates, and places, it remains largely undeciphered. Like the Olmec before them, they valued jade above all other precious stones or metal—more than gold and silver. Jade would remain the most treasured material through the entire history of the cultures of Mesoamerica, from the Olmecs to the Aztecs. The translucent green color of jade symbolized water, fertility, and vegetation—in short, the life force. Large stones were very rare, and specimen pieces were passed down from generation to generation. A particularly fine example is a bat god from Monte Albán, discovered in the grave of an early Zapotec king, and probably worn as a symbol of his power (Fig. 11.26). Its eyes, made of shell, stare fiercely out at any who would have approached him. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/7CT8UMb39w4">Monte Alban</a> Archaeological Site Intro, 3:29<br />
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Monte Alban is a large pre-Columbian archaeological site in the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca. In addition to being one of the earliest cities of Mesoamerica, Monte Alban is important because it served as the center of Zapotec life and culture for close to a thousand years. The ruins of Monte Alban are visible from anywhere in the central part of the Valley of Oaxaca, and have always attracted large numbers of visitors, explorers and researchers. In this video Ivan, our tour guide, gives an introduction to this amazing historic and cultural site.<br />
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https://youtu.be/7CT8UMb39w4<br />
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Teotihuacán 392<br />
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Teotihuacán thrived from about 50 to 750 ce. By the fourth century ce, it was a center of culture comparable to Constantinople in the Old World. In contrast to the later Mayan cities, many of which were quickly forgotten and overgrown in the jungle, Teotihuacán remained, for the Maya, the Aztecs, and other Mesoamerican civilizations, a holy site, the manifestation on earth of Tollan, the Mesoamerican mythic place of origin. Even a thousand years after it flourished, the most important Aztec rulers made pilgrimages to it.<br />
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The city is laid out in a grid system, the basic unit of which is 614 square feet, and every detail is subjected to this scheme, conveying a sense of power and mastery. A great, broad avenue, known as the Avenue of the Dead, runs through the city (Figs. 11.27 and 11.28). It links two great pyramids, the Pyramids of the Moon and the Sun, both surrounded by about 600 smaller pyramids, workshops and numerous plazas, and a giant market area. There are some 2,000 known apartment complexes—more are likely to be excavated—nearly all adorned with complex murals related to ritual life. Their size, location (nearer or farther from the center), and their quality of construction is indicative of the social status of the inhabitant. The Pyramid of the Sun is oriented to mark the passage of the sun from east to west and the rising of the stellar constellation, the Pleiades, on the days of the equinox. Each of its two staircases contains 182 steps, which, when the platform at its apex is added, together total 365. The pyramid is thus an image of time. This representation of the solar calendar is echoed in another pyramid at Teotihuacán, the Temple of the Plumed (or Feathered) Serpent, which is decorated with 364 serpent fangs. <br />
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Pirámides de <a href="https://youtu.be/2JdcM-jCTks">Teotihuacan</a>, México, 5:50<br />
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Teotihuacan is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas. The largest pyramid, the Pyramid of the Sun, was completed by 100 AD. At its peak (450 AD), the city covered over 30 km² and probably housed a population of over 150,000 people. Archaeological evidence suggests that Teotihuacan (45 km northeast of Mexico City) was a multi-ethnic city, with distinct quarters occupied by Otomi, Zapotec, Mixtec, Maya and Nahua peoples. By F.C., octubre 2010.<br />
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https://youtu.be/2JdcM-jCTks<br />
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Mayan Culture 394<br />
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To the south, another culture, that of the Maya, both predated and post-dated that of Teotihuacán. The Maya occupied several regions: the highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala; the southern lowlands of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Belize; and the northern lowlands in the states of Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintano Roo. They were never unified into a single political entity, but rather consisted of many small kingdoms that engaged in warfare with one another over land and resources.<br />
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An elaborate calendar system enabled them to keep track of their history—and, evidence suggests, predict the future. It consisted of two interlocking ways of recording time, a 260-day calendar and a 365-day calendar. The 260-day calendar probably derives from the length of human gestation, from a pregnant woman’s first missed menstrual period to birth. When both calendars were synchronized, it took exactly 52 years of 365 days for a given day to repeat itself—the so-called calendar round—and the end of each cycle was widely celebrated.<br />
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The Mayan calendar was put to many uses. An example is the Madrid Codex (Fig. 11.29), one of the four surviving Mayan codices. It consists of 56 stucco-coated bark-paper leaves, painted, with the exception of one page, on both sides. Over 250 separate “almanacs” that place events of both a sacred and secular nature within the 260-day Mesoamerican ritual calendar fill its pages. It records events concerning particularly the activities of daily life (planting, tending crops, the harvest, weaving, and hunting), rituals, astronomic events, offerings, and deities associated with them. The four horizontal rows in the lower half of each panel are composed of the glyphs of the 20 named days recycling 13 times. Sky serpents who send the rain and speak in thunder are shown weaving around the rows of glyphs. In the shorter top two leaves, standard numerology can be seen. The Mayans wrote numbers in two ways, as a system of dots and bars, seen here, and in a set of pictorial variants.<br />
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TOP 10 Amazing Facts About THE <a href="https://youtu.be/DwZbGLCtZ6A">MAYANS</a>, 5:12<br />
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Top 10 Fascinating Facts About The Mayans The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. Many misconceptions about the mayans exist, and this list should put an end to at least one or two of them. In addition, it will introduce you to facts that you never knew about this great ancient civilization.10 Continuing Culture BychurchThe Fact: There are numerous Mayans still living in their home regionsIn fact, there are over seven million Mayans living in their home regions, many of whom have managed to maintain substantial remnants of their ancient cultural heritage. Some are quite integrated into the modern cultures of the nations in which they reside, while others continue a more traditional culturally distinct life, often speaking one of the Mayan languages as a primary language.<br />
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The largest populations of contemporary Maya inhabit the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Chiapas, and in the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. Just as a point of interest, it is very possible that the word “shark” comes to us from the Mayan languages, as does the word “cocoa”.<br />
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To say “thank you” in Yucatec Maya, you say “Jach Dyos b’o’otik.”9 Mayan Childhood 4-CrosseyesThe Fact: The Mayans “enhanced” the beauty of their childrenThe Maya desired some unnatural physical characteristics for their children. For instance, at a very young age boards were pressed on babies’ foreheads to create a flattened surface. This process was widespread among the upper class. Another practice was to cross babies’ eyes. To do this, objects were dangled in front of a newborn’s eyes, until the newborn’s eyes were completely and permanently crossed. Another interesting fact about Mayan children is that most were named according to the day they were born.<br />
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Every day of the year had a specific name for both boys and girls and parents were expected to follow that practice. 8 Excellent Doctors 53068499.Shaman03The Fact: The Mayans had many excellent medical practicesHealth and medicine among the ancient Maya was a complex blend of mind, body, religion, ritual, and science. Important to all, medicine was practiced only by a select few who were given an excellent education. These men, called shamans, act as a medium between the physical world and spirit world. They practice sorcery for the purpose of healing, foresight, and control over natural events. Since medicine was so closely related to religion and sorcery, it was essential that Maya shamans had vast medical knowledge and skill. It is known that the Maya sutured wounds with human hair, reduced fractures, and were even skilled dental surgeons, making prostheses from jade and turquoise and filling teeth with iron pyrite.7 Blood Sacrifice AztecshumansacrificeThe Fact: Some Mayans still practice blood sacrificeIt is a rather well known fact that the Mayans practiced human sacrifice for religious and medical reasons – but what most people don’t know is that many Mayans still practice blood sacrifice. But don’t get too excited – chicken blood has now replaced human blood. Today the Maya keep many of the ritualistic traditions of their ancestors. Elements of prayer, offerings, blood sacrifice (replacing human blood with that of sacrificed chickens), burning of copal incense, dancing, feasting, and ritual drinking continue in traditional ceremonies.6 Painkillers Escuintla EnemaThe Fact: The Mayans used painkillers The Mayan peoples regularly used hallucinogenic drugs (taken from the natural world) in their religious rituals, but they also used them in day to day life as painkillers.<br />
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Flora such as peyote, the morning glory, certain mushrooms, tobacco, and plants used to make alcoholic substances, were commonly used. In addition, as depicted in Maya pottery and carvings, ritual enemas were used for a more rapid absorption and effect of the substance. Above is a statue of a Mayan enjoying their enema.5 Ball Courts Tikal BallcourtThe Fact: The Mayans built ball courts so they could play gamesThe Mesoamerican ballgame was a sport with ritual associations played for over 3000 years by the pre-Columbian peoples of Mesoamerica. The sport had different versions in different places during the millennia, and a modern version of the game, ulama, is still played in a few places by the local indigenous population.<br />
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https://youtu.be/DwZbGLCtZ6A<br />
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What happened to the <a href="https://youtu.be/OkTaSiAmnwg">Mayan civilization</a>? 1:34<br />
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https://youtu.be/OkTaSiAmnwg<br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/ykVjEvOlddo">Simpsons Recreation of Mayan Culture</a>.mp4, 2:14<br />
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https://youtu.be/ykVjEvOlddo<br />
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The Post-Classic Era: Toltecs and Aztecs 396<br />
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In the north, after the decline of Teotihuacán, the Toltec culture rose to power. Centered in Tula in the modern state of Hidalgo, in terms of architecture, symbols, planning, and narrative programs, the Toltecs were a bridge between Teotihuacán and the Aztecs. When, in the twelfth century, Tula was burned and its inhabitants scattered, one of these surviving groups was the Mexica. Later known as the Aztecs, they wandered into the Valley of Mexico in about 1325 and built a village on the shores of Lake Texcoco. There they saw an eagle perching on a prickly pear cactus (tenochtli), a sign that their wandering was over. They dug canals and drained the shallow areas of the lake, converting them into fertile fields, and there, as well, they built the city of Tenochtitlán on an island in the lake’s center.<br />
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Blood sacrifice was central to Aztec culture, merging perfectly with the warrior traditions inherited from the Toltecs. The Aztecs believed that the sun, moon, and earth all depended upon human blood for their sustenance. Their chief activity, as a result, was war, and the chief goal of war was to capture sacrificial victims, as well as acquire territory and exact tribute to buttress the life of the elites, including quetzal feathers, copal resin for incense, and cotton for warrior uniforms. At puberty, boys were placed under jurisdiction of a local warrior house and trained for war, where they learned that success in life equaled the number of enemies captured alive for later ritual killing. Death itself, when realized in the pursuit of such honor, was the greatest honor an Aztec male could achieve.<br />
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Centered at Tenochtitlán, Aztec culture would survive until the arrival of the Spanish in 1519. In only a few years it was almost totally destroyed, its vast quantities of magnificent goldwork looted and returned to Europe to be melted down to support the warring ways of the European kings (see Chapter 18). <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/Ue3OBUN0u0M">Aztec Successors of the Toltec</a>, 2:02<br />
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https://youtu.be/Ue3OBUN0u0M<br />
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The Cultures of South America 397<br />
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As in Mesoamerica, complex cultures developed in South America during the period corresponding to the Middle Ages in Europe, particularly in the area of present-day Peru (see Map 11.5). The region is one of dramatic contrast. The snow-capped peaks and high grasslands of the Andes Mountains capture rainfall from the Pacific Ocean, creating rivers that drop quickly to the sea across one of the most arid deserts in the world.<br />
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Travel tips on <a href="https://youtu.be/ZQFpswPZFY0">Peru's history and culture</a>, 3:14<br />
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What you need to know before you go to Peru: This short video describes some of the history and culture of Peru and the Incas that preceded them.<br />
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https://youtu.be/ZQFpswPZFY0<br />
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READINGS<br />
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11.1 Poems by Li Bai and Du Fu 401<br />
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11.1a Poems by Li Bai and Du Fu 366<br />
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Li Bai and Du Fu are generally considered the greatest poets of the Tang dynasty. The two became close friends after Li Bai was summoned to the capital at Chang’an by the emperor Xuanzong in 742. They wrote many poems to one another, a good example of which is the second of the two poems below. The first poem below underscores Li Bai’s sense of isolation and loneliness after he was expelled from court in 762. After the collapse of the Tang court in the mid-750s, Du Fu wandered down the Yangtze River, finding patrons and dreaming of his return to Chang’an, until his death in 770. <br />
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11.2 from Marco Polo, Travels 367<br />
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11.3 from Murasaki Shikibu, Diaries 379<br />
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11.4 Ki no Tomonori, “This Perfectly Still” 379<br />
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11.5 from Sei Shonagon, The Pillow Book, “Hateful Things” 402<br />
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11.5a from Sei Shonagon, Pillow Book, “Elegant Things” 379<br />
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11.6 from Jacob Egharevba, A Short History of Benin 386<br />
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11.7 from Popol Vuh: The Great Mythological Book of the Ancient Maya 395<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Guo Xi’s Early Spring 370<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Spanish and the Fate of the Inca and Aztec Capitals 399<br />
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12 The Gothic Style FAITH AND KNOWLEDGE IN AN AGE OF INQUIRY 405<br />
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THINKING AHEAD<br />
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12.1 Outline the ideas, technological innovations, and stylistic developments that distinguish the Gothic style in France.<br />
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12.2 Explain why the University of Paris was preeminent among medieval institutions of higher learning.<br />
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12.3 Define the Radiant style.<br />
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12.4 Describe how the Gothic style manifested itself in Italy.<br />
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Saint-Denis and the Gothic Cathedral 406<br />
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What ideas, technological innovations, and stylistic developments mark the rise of the Gothic style in France?<br />
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Even as a pupil at the monastery school, Abbot Suger had dreamed of transforming the Abbey of Saint-Denis into the most beautiful church in France. The dream was partly inspired by his desire to lay claim to the larger territories surrounding the Île-de-France. Suger’s design placed the royal domain at the center of French culture, defined by an architecture surpassing all others in beauty and grandeur.<br />
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After careful planning, Suger began work on the abbey in 1137, painting the walls, already almost 300 years old, with gold and precious colors. Then he added a new facade with twin towers and a triple portal. Around the back of the ambulatory he added a circular string of chapels (Figs. 12.2 and 12.3), all lit with large stained-glass windows (Fig. 12.4), “by virtue of which,” Suger wrote, “the whole would shine with the miraculous and uninterrupted light.”<br />
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This light proclaimed the new Gothic style. In preparing his plans, Suger had read what he believed to be the writings of the original Saint Denis. (We now know that he was reading the mystical tracts of a first-century Athenian follower of Saint Paul.) According to these writings, light is the physical and material manifestation of the Divine Spirit. Suger would later survey the accomplishments of his administration and explain his religious rationale for the beautification of Saint-Denis:<br />
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Marvel not at the gold and the expense but at the craftsmanship of the work.<br />
Bright is the noble work; but being nobly bright, the work<br />
Should brighten the minds, so that they may travel, through the true lights,<br />
To the True Light where Christ is the true door.<br />
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Basilique de Saint Denis (<a href="https://youtu.be/Ys7w78MLr6U">Basilica of Saint Denis</a>)<br />
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This church was an abbey church several centuries before it became a cathedral. The church is commemorated to Saint Denis, the first bishop of Paris, who was beheaded at Montmartre (Martyr's Mount) and according to tradition carried that head several miles before expiring. An earlier church was dedicated to his memory and a monastery has been at this location since the 7th century. As early as the 7th century some French kings chose to be buried at this spot and by the 8th century the Carolingian kings were choosing this abbey church for both coronation and burial. Finally, by 996 and until the French Revolution most of the kings of France were buried here. Just prior to and during the French Revolution, much damage was done to the church and the royal tombs were destroyed and their corpses thrown into a communal pit. But in 1805 Napoleon decided to restore the church and to have brought back to the church what remained of the royal tombs as well as sculpture and stained glass. For more information: http://saint-denis.monuments-nationau...<br />
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Birth of the Gothic, Abbot Suger and the ambulatory in the Basilica of St. Denis, 1140-44, 5:17<br />
More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=2E... Ambulatory, Basilica of Saint Denis, Paris, 1140-44.<br />
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Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker<br />
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http://youtu.be/2EciWH-1ya4<br />
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Chartres Cathedral 409<br />
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Chief among these is the Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Chartres, which, like the other Gothic cathedrals in both the Île-de-France and its surrounding territories, drew its inspiration from Paris.<br />
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The cathedral’s spires can be seen for miles in every direction, lording over town and countryside as if it were the very center of its world (Fig. 12.5, and see Fig. 12.1).<br />
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Chartres was, in fact, located in the heart of France’s grain belt, and its economy thrived as France exported grain throughout the Mediterranean basin.<br />
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But more important, Chartres was the spiritual center of the cult of the Virgin, which throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries assumed an increasingly important role in the religious life of Western Europe.<br />
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The popularity of this cult contributed, perhaps more than any other factor, to the ever-increasing size of the era’s churches.<br />
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Christians worshiped the Virgin as the Bride of Christ, Personification of the Church, Queen of Heaven, and prime Intercessor with God for the salvation of humankind.<br />
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This last role was especially important, for in it the Virgin could intervene to save sinners from eternal damnation.<br />
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The cult of the Virgin manifested itself especially in the French cathedrals, which are often dedicated to Notre Dame, “Our Lady.”<br />
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Soon after the first building phase was completed at Chartres, between about 1140 and 1150, pilgrims thronged to the cathedral to pay homage to what the Church claimed was the Virgin’s tunic, worn at Jesus’ birth. This relic was housed in the cathedral and was believed to possess extraordinary healing powers. But in 1194, the original structure was destroyed by fire, except for the west facade, a few stained-glass windows, including one of the most beautiful, known as Notre-Dame de la Belle Verrière (“Our Lady of the Beautiful Window”) (Fig. 12.6), and the tunic of the Virgin. The survival of the window and the tunic was taken as a sign of divine providence, and a massive reconstruction project was begun in gratitude. Royalty and local nobility contributed their financial support, and the local guilds gave both money and work. <br />
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0:03 / 5:06 <a href="https://youtu.be/Nswicka4GF8">Chartres Cathedral</a>: A Sacred Geometry - Beginning<br />
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This clip is opening five minutes of the acclaimed documentary exploring the mysteries of Chartres Cathedral with Professor Keith Critchlow. Available to rent and buy as a digital download from Vimeo: www.vimeo.com/ondemand/chartrescathedral<br />
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https://youtu.be/Nswicka4GF8<br />
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Stained Glass 409<br />
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The stained-glass program at Chartres is immensely complex. The innovative engineering that marks Gothic architecture (to be discussed later in this chapter) freed the walls of the need to bear the weight of the structure. It also freed the walls to contain glass (see Materials & Techniques, page 411, and Closer Look, pages 412–413).<br />
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The purpose of the stained-glass programs in all Gothic cathedrals was to tell the stories of the Bible in a compelling way to an audience that was largely illiterate. The art allowed them to read the scriptural stories for themselves. At Chartres, 175 glass panels, containing more than 4,000 figures, are carefully designed, in Abbot Suger’s words, “to show simple folk … what they ought to believe.” Two windows are notable for their role in the cult of the Virgin. Notre-Dame de la Belle Verrière, whose central panel survived the fire of 1194, embodies the shift in style that occurred in the twelfth century as the Gothic supplanted the Romanesque. The Virgin and Child in the middle are almost Byzantine in their stiffness, their feet pointed downward, their pose fully frontal, the drapery of their clothing almost flat; compare the sixth-century mosaic of Emperor Justinian in San Vitale church, Ravenna (see Fig. 8.28 in Chapter 8). But the angels on the sides, which are thirteenth-century additions, are both less stiff and more animated. The swirls and folds of their gowns flow across their limbs, revealing the anatomy beneath them. <br />
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Building the Great Cathedrals - <a href="https://youtu.be/EGAumT8aNkk">Cathedrals in Color</a>, 4:48<br />
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Except for the color in their stained glass windows, today, Gothic Cathedrals appear as drab as the material with which they were built: stone. But to medieval pilgrims, they were a kaleidoscopic feast for the eyes, inside and out. Watch this bonus scene from "Building the Great Cathedrals" and be sure to check out our website for lots more: http://providencepictures.com/news/bu... Building the Great Cathedrals premieres October 19, 2010 on Nova/PBS.<br />
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Gothic Architecture 410<br />
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As the Gothic style developed, important architectural innovations contributed to the goal of elevating the soul of worshipers to the spiritual realm. Key among these innovations was rib vaulting. The principles of rib vaulting were known to Romanesque architects, but Gothic architects used these techniques with increasing sophistication (see Materials & Techniques, page 411). Rib vaulting allowed for the massive stonework of the Romanesque style to be replaced, inside and out, by an almost lacy play of thin columns and patterns of ribs and windows, all pointing upward in a gravitydefying crescendo that carries the viewer’s gaze toward the heavens. Extremely high naves—Chartres’s nave is 120 feet high, Reims’s nave is 125, and the highest of all, Beauvais’s, is 157, the equivalent of a 15-story building—add to this emphasis on verticality, contributing a sense of elevation that is both physical and spiritual. The nave of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Amiens is perhaps the supreme statement of this architectural verticality (Figs. 12.8 and 12.9). The nave is only 48 feet wide, but it soars to three times that height, 144 feet, and this narrowly proportioned space cannot help but create a sense of exaggerated height for the visitor. <br />
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0:02 / 2:31 <a href="https://youtu.be/Iz5YdZdqE44">Gothic Architecture</a> in 2 minutes<br />
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Brief explanation of Gothic Architecture in "Draw My Life" style. Resources: http://historylists.org/architecture/... https://sg.answers.yahoo.com/question... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_a... http://www.exploring-castles.com/char... http://www.historybyzim.com/2013/02/g... http://html.rincondelvago.com/romanes... http://www.differencebetween.net/misc... Music: "Plucky Daisy" by Kevin MacLeod<br />
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Gothic Sculpture 416<br />
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If we look at developments in architectural sculpture from the time of the decoration of the west portal of Chartres Cathedral (1145–70) to the time of the sculptural plan of the south transept portal (1215–20), and, finally, to the sculptures decorating the west front of Reims Cathedral (1225–55), we can see that, in a little over 100 years, Gothic sculptors had begun to reintroduce Classical principles of sculptural composition into Western art.<br />
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Although they seem almost Byzantine in their long, narrow verticality, feet pointing downward, the jamb sculptures on the west portal of Chartres mark a distinct advance in the sculptural realization of the human body (Fig. 12.14). These, and five more sets, flank the three doorways of the cathedral’s Royal Portal. The center tympanum of the portal depicts Christ Enthroned in Royal Majesty, the north tympanum the Ascension of Christ, and the south the Virgin and Child Enthroned. The jamb sculptures represent figures from the Hebrew Bible considered to be precursors of Christ. These works have little in common with Romanesque relief sculpture, typified by the Last Judgment tympanum on the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy in Conques (see Fig. 10.22 in Chapter 10). While the Chartres figures remain contained by the form of the colonnade behind them, they are fully rounded and occupy a space in front of the column itself. <br />
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How to read a <a href="https://youtu.be/FBwrcowWOGc">Gothic cathedral façade</a>, 6:43<br />
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Andrea Kirkby explains the way to 'read' the messages that the Gothic builders incorporated in their work. Cathedrals featured include Paris, Laon, Reims, Rouen, Amiens, Bourges and Chartres.<br />
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Music in the Gothic Cathedral: Growing Complexity 417<br />
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With its vast spaces and stone walls, the Gothic cathedral could be as animated by its acoustics as by its light, or, as at Reims, the liveliness of its sculpture. Ecclesiastical leaders were quick to take advantage of this quality in constructing their liturgy. At the School of Notre-Dame, in Paris, the first collection of music in two parts, the Magnus Liber Organi (The Great Book of Polyphony), was widely distributed in manuscript by about 1160. Among its many anonymous composers was Léonin (see track 10.4). The Magnus Liber Organi was arranged in song cycles to provide music for all the feast days of the Church calendar. The Magnus Liber was created at a time when most polyphony was produced and transmitted only orally. What makes it so significant is that it represents the beginning of the modern sense of “composition”—that is, works attributable to a single composer. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/Iqry2zYPWfI">Early Music History</a>: Middle Ages pt 2, 5:29<br />
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Nar. William Devonshire Book: "Early Music" by Linda Sheppard Music: Leonin, 'viderunt omnes' of the Notre Dame Cathedral<br />
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https://youtu.be/Iqry2zYPWfI<br />
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The Rise of the University 418<br />
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Why did the University of Paris become preeminent among medieval institutions of higher learning?<br />
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The first university was founded in Bologna, Italy, in 1158. Two hundred years earlier, in Spain, Islamic institutions of higher learning were generally attached to mosques, since learning was considered sacred. At first, the term university meant simply a union of students and the instructors with whom they contracted to teach them. Universitas was an umbrella term for collegia, the groups of students who shared a common interest or, as at Bologna, hailed from the same geographic area. The University of Bologna quickly established itself as a center for the study of law (Fig. 12.17), an advanced area of study for which students prepared by mastering the seven liberal arts.<br />
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Proficiency in Latin was mandatory, and students studied Latin in all courses of their first four years of study. They read the writings of the ancient Greeks—Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid—in Latin translation. Augustine of Hippo’s On Christian Doctrine was required reading, as were Boethius’s writings on music and arithmetic. To obtain their bachelor of arts (BA) degree, students took oral exams after three to five years of study. Further study to acquire mastery of a special field led to the master of arts (MA) degree and might qualify a student to teach theology or practice medicine or law. Four more years of study were required to acquire the title of doctor (from the Latin, doctus, “learned”), culminating in a defense of a thesis before a board of learned examiners. <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/Ly9BPvFJfqo">Medieval University</a>, 2:13<br />
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During the early Middle Ages, any type of higher education was usually available only in monasteries and cathedral schools, where Christian monks and nuns taught each other and preserved the writings of classical authors. But by the eleventh-century, medieval Europe was becoming more urban and complex, and royal governments needed highly trained men to run their bureaucracies. Students and teachers were also demanding better ways to be educated, and the solution to this came about with the creation of universities. Universities come from the Latin word universitas, which means guild, and these schools were essentially groups of students and teachers who got together into their own groups for the purposes of learning -- in some universities it was the students themselves who paid the teachers and ran the institution. The main curriculum was based on seven areas - grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy - all of which were important for a cleric in the Catholic church. In some universities, other subjects were also important - Salerno was renowned as a place to study medicine and Bologna for law. By the twelfth and thirteenth centuries universities were becoming important centres of learning and some would become quite famous - like Oxford and Cambridge in England, and the University of Paris in France. In the later Middle Ages, universities would emerge in most other parts of Europe too, as monarchs and cities wanted them as sources of highly-skilled bureaucrats and to increase their own reputation. Occasionally, though, the relations between university students and their local communities could get hostile, and since students were treated as clergy, it meant that they could not be tried by local courts for crimes, only the much more lenient ecclesiastical courts. While very few medieval men (and no women) could be part of a university, the institution did develop and grow throughout the Middle Ages, and became home to some of the periods greatest thinkers -- such as Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas. The university has since become the standard of higher education not just in Europe, but throughout the world. To learn more about medieval education, please visit http://www.medievalists.net/2011/08/2...<br />
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Héloïse and Abelard 419<br />
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The quality of its teaching most distinguished the University of Paris. Because books were available only in handwritten manuscripts, they were extremely expensive, so students relied on lectures and copious note-taking for their instruction. Peter Abelard (1079–ca. 1144), a brilliant logician and author of the treatise Sic et Non (“Yes and No”), was one of the most popular lecturers of his day. Crowds of students routinely gathered to hear him. He taught by the dialectical method—that is, by presenting different points of view and seeking to reconcile them. This method of teaching originates in the Socratic method, but whereas Socratic dialogue consisted of a wise teacher who was questioned by students, or even fools, Abelard’s dialectical method presumed no such hierarchical relationships. Everything, to him, was open to question. “By doubting,” he famously argued, “we come to inquire, and by inquiring we arrive at truth.”<br />
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Needless to say, the Church found it difficult to deal with Abelard, who demonstrated time and again that various Church Fathers—and the Bible itself—held hopelessly opposing views on many issues. Furthermore, the dialectical method itself challenged the unquestioning faith in God and the authority of the Church. Abelard was particularly opposed by Bernard of Clairvaux, who in 1140 successfully prosecuted him for heresy. By then, Abelard’s reputation as a teacher had not faded, but his moral position had long been suspect. In 1119, he had pursued a love affair with his private student, Héloïse. Abelard not only felt that he had betrayed a trust by falling in love with her and subsequently impregnating her, but he was further humiliated by Héloïse’s angry uncle, in whose home he had tutored and seduced the girl. Learning of the pregnancy, the uncle hired thugs to castrate Abelard in his bed. Abelard retreated to the monastery at Saint-Denis, accepting the protection of the powerful Abbot Suger. Héloïse joined a convent and later served as abbess of Paraclete, a chapel and oratory founded by Abelard. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/K6FRlY0k9FE">Heloise and Abelard</a> Love Story | LittleArtTalks, 6:03<br />
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The heartbreaking love story of Heloise and Abelard. Cupid and Psyche Love Story https://youtu.be/ehMAlOL113Y?list=PL5... Izanami and Izanagi Myth https://youtu.be/l3MKdJjQeOw?list=PL5... www.LittleArtTalks.com Twitter: @LittleArtTalks http://goo.gl/UuSvyp Tumblr: http://goo.gl/fsNDEO Facebook: http://goo.gl/YScjms Pinterest: http://goo.gl/Cazd5J Instagram @LittleArtTalks http://instagram.com/littlearttalks Google+: http://goo.gl/iwDlJf Images: Wikipedia Commons, Public Domain, Fair Use Welcome to Little Art Talks! I'm so glad you found this video. I make videos about art inspired by friends who tell me they don't know anything about it. If you liked this video, please like, comment, share & subscribe. :) See you soon!<br />
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The Romance of the Rose 419<br />
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The relationship of Héloïse and Abelard would be celebrated in what is undoubtedly the most extensively illuminated and popular vernacular poem of the age, the Roman de la Rose (“Romance of the Rose”), begun by Guillaume de Lorris (d. ca. 1235) but largely written by Jean de Meun (ca. 1240–ca. 1305). The book is the dream vision of a 25-year-old narrator who finds himself, accompanied by Dame Oyouse, or Lady Idleness, before a walled garden full of roses and pleasure seekers (Fig. 12.18). As he selects a rose for himself, the God of Love shoots him with several arrows, leaving him forever enamored of one particular flower. His efforts to obtain the Rose meet with little success. A stolen kiss alerts the guardians of the Rose, who then enclose it behind great fortifications. At the point where Guillaume de Lorris’s poem breaks off, the narrator is left lamenting his fate. Jean de Meun concludes the narrative with a bawdy account of the plucking of the Rose, achieved through deception, which is very unlike Guillaume’s idealized conception of the love quest. The book also included the first translations of the letters of Héloïse and Abelard, originally written in about 1135–36 and rendered by Meun from Latin into the vernacular. They include Héloïse’s arguments to Abelard against their marriage, and her declaration of loyalty to him after she became a nun (see Reading 12.1, page 433). <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/9dPI1hW7mrM">Romance of the rose</a>, 5:02<br />
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Helena Phillips-Robins discusses CUL MS Gg.4.6, displayed the exhibition 'The moving word: French medieval manuscripts in Cambridge', held in Cambridge University Library, 22 January-17 April 2014. The Romance of the Rose was one of the best known, most admired and most imitated texts of the French Middle Ages. It is an allegorical love poem that is truly encyclopaedic in scope, telling the story of Amant (the Lover) who falls asleep and dreams that he enters a walled garden. In the same fountain in which Narcissus drowned himself he sees the reflection of a beautiful rosebud and is immediately inflamed by desire to possess it. A series of allegorical characters, from Fair Welcome to Reason to Foul Mouth, help and hinder him on his quest and he finally manages to pluck the rose in what is a violent, even rape-like sexual conquest. While most medieval vernacular texts survive in a handful of manuscripts, the Rose is preserved in nearly three hundred. The one we are looking at here was produced in Paris in the 1330s. The miniatures are by Richard de Montbaston, who, together with his wife Jeanne, illustrated over 20 copies of the Rose. On the opening page of the text [f. 3], we see the Lover asleep, with the rosebush forming the backdrop to the scene. He then arises in his dream and comes across a high garden wall. His pointing finger and upturned gaze draw our eyes to the painted figures, which are supposed to represent various vices along with Sorrow, Old Age and Poverty. The moment when the Lover actually enters the garden is depicted a few folios further on [f. 7v]. Idleness -- dressed in orange -- takes him by the hand, about to lead him through the archway. We have a great example of a later reader putting his stamp on the manuscript, as it were, for R. Smithe, a sixteenth-century English owner of the manuscript, has indulged in a little cross-cultural graffiti, writing his name on the garden wall. The rubric (in red) just above the miniature reads 'Oyseuse' (Idleness). Rubrics were, of course, composed by copyists and while they are not actually part of the poem itself, they are an important part of the manuscript as a whole. Rubrics identifying who is speaking are a standard feature of Rose manuscripts and help to orient the reader among the poem's vast array of characters.<br />
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The Education of Women 420<br />
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Héloïse’s story reveals much about the education of women in the Middle Ages. Intellectually brilliant, she became Abelard’s private student because women were not allowed to study at the university. There were some exceptions, particularly in Italy. At Bologna, Novella d’Andrea (1312–66) lectured on philosophy and law. At Salerno, in southern Italy, the chair of medicine was held by Trotula (d. 1097), one of the most famous physicians of her time, although some scholars debate whether she was actually a woman, and convincing evidence suggests that her works are actually compendiums of works by three different authors. Concerned chiefly with alleviating the suffering of women, the major work attributed to her is On the Diseases of Women, commonly known throughout the Middle Ages as the Trotula. As the author says at the beginning of the treatise:<br />
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Because women are by nature weaker than men and because they are most frequently afflicted in childbirth, diseases very often abound in them. … Women, from the condition of their fragility, out of shame and embarrassment do not dare reveal their anguish over their diseases (which happen in such a private place) to a physician. Therefore, their misfortune, which ought to be pitied, and especially the influence of a certain woman stirring my heart, have impelled me to give a clear explanation regarding their diseases in caring for their health.<br />
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In 63 chapters, the book addresses issues surrounding menstruation, conception, pregnancy, and childbirth, along with general ailments and diseases. The book champions good diet, warns of the dangers of emotional stress, and prescribes the use of opiates during childbirth, a practice otherwise condemned for centuries to come. It even explains how an experienced woman might pretend to be a virgin. The standard reference work in gynecology and obstetrics for midwives and physicians throughout the Middle Ages, the Trotula was translated from Latin into almost all vernacular languages and was widely disseminated. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/Mz_iGGGMddw">Thomas Aquinas</a> and Scholasticism 420<br />
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In 1245, Thomas Aquinas (1225–74), a 20-year-old Dominican monk from Italy, arrived at the University of Paris to study theology, walking into a theological debate that had been raging for nearly 100 years, ever since the conflict between Abelard and Bernard: How does the believer come to know God? With the heart? With the mind? Or with both? Do we come to know the truth intuitively or rationally? Aquinas took on these questions directly and soon became the most distinguished student and lecturer at the university.<br />
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Aquinas was accompanied to Paris by another Dominican, his teacher Albertus Magnus (ca. 1200–80), a German who taught at both Paris and Cologne and who later produced a biological classification of plants based on Aristotle. The Dominicans had been founded in 1216 by the Spanish priest Dominic (ca. 1170–1221) as an order dedicated to the study of theology. Aquinas and Magnus, and others like them, increasingly trained by Dominicans, were soon labeled scholastics. Their brand of theological inquiry, which was based on Abelard’s dialectical method, was called Scholasticism.<br />
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Most theologians understood that there was a seeming conflict between faith and reason, but, they argued, since both proceeded from God, this conflict must, by definition, be a misapprehension. In the universities, rational inquiry and Aristotle’s objective descriptions of physical reality were all the rage (see Chapter 5), so much so that theologians worried that students were more enthralled with logical argumentation than right outcomes. Instead of studying heavenly truths and Scriptures, they were studying pagan philosophy, dating from the fourth century bce. Scholasticism sought to reconcile the two. One of the greatest efforts in this direction is Aquinas’s Summa Theologica, begun in 1265 when he was 40 years old. At Albertus Magnus’s request, Aquinas set out to write a theology based entirely on the work of ancient philosophers, demonstrating the compatibility of Classical philosophy and Christian religion. The Summa Theologica takes on virtually every theological issue of the age, from the place of women in society and the Church, to the cause of evil, the question of free choice, and whether it is lawful to sell a thing for more than it is worth. The medieval summa was an authoritative summary of all that was known on a traditional subject, and it was the ultimate aim of every highly educated man to produce one.<br />
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In a famous passage Aquinas takes on the largest issue of all—the summa of summas—attempting to prove the existence of God once and for all. Notice particularly the Aristotelian reliance on observation and logically drawn conclusions (Reading 12.2): <br />
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Three Minute Philosophy: Thomas Aquinas, 3:51<br />
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By popular demand, an all new three-minute philosophy lesson! This time we rocket through the life work of theologian Thomas Aquinas. I know it goes for four minutes. Shut up. It has extra bits.<br />
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https://youtu.be/Mz_iGGGMddw<br />
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What is <a href="https://youtu.be/hxK2TVRbxQk">SCHOLASTICISM</a>? What does SCHOLASTICISM mean? SCHOLASTICISM meaning & explanation, 3:18<br />
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Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics," or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context. It originated as an outgrowth of, and a departure from, Christian monastic schools at the earliest European universities. The first institutions in the West to be considered universities were established in Italy, France, Spain, and England in the late 11th and the 12th centuries for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology, such as Schola Medica Salernitana, the University of Bologna, and the University of Paris. It is difficult to define the date at which they became true universities, although the lists of studia generalia for higher education in Europe held by the Catholic Church and its various religious orders are a useful guide.<br />
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Not so much a philosophy or a theology as a method of learning, scholasticism places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference, and to resolve contradictions. Scholastic thought is also known for rigorous conceptual analysis and the careful drawing of distinctions. In the classroom and in writing, it often takes the form of explicit disputation: a topic drawn from the tradition is broached in the form of a question, opponents' responses are given, a counterproposal is argued and opponent's arguments rebutted. Because of its emphasis on rigorous dialectical method, scholasticism was eventually applied to many other fields of study. As a program, scholasticism began as an attempt at harmonization on the part of medieval Christian thinkers: to harmonize the various authorities of their own tradition, and to reconcile Christian theology with classical and late antiquity philosophy, especially that of Aristotle but also of Neoplatonism. (See also Christian apologetics.) Some of the main figures of scholasticism include Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard, Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas.<br />
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Aquinas's masterwork Summa Theologica, considered to be the pinnacle of scholastic, medieval, and Christian philosophy, began while Aquinas was regent master at the studium provinciale of Santa Sabina in Rome, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. Important work in the scholastic tradition has been carried on well past Aquinas's time, for instance by Francisco Suárez and Luis de Molina, and also among Lutheran and Reformed thinkers.<br />
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The Radiant Style and the Court of Louis IX 421<br />
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What is the Radiant style?<br />
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By the middle of the thirteenth century, the Gothic style in France had been elaborated into increasingly flamboyant patterns of repeated traceries and ornament that we have come to refer to as the Rayonnant or Radiant style. Similarly elaborate styles developed in both England and Germany. Although only 3 feet high, the Three Towers Reliquary (Fig. 12.19), from Aachen Cathedral in Germany, gives a fair impression of this new, more complex style. It might as well be a model for a small church. Its pinnacles and spires soar upward. Rather than presenting us with a veil of stone—compare the facade of Amiens Cathedral (see Fig. 12.12), which, although highly decorated, is a solid mass—the reliquary seems more like a web of gossamer. It is as if the walls themselves should dissolve into air and light, as if the building—or reliquary—should float away in a halo of golden rays. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/EINhf3rCtkY">Sainte-Chapelle, a Royal Medieval Gothic Chapel in Paris</a>, 2:12<br />
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La Sainte-Chapelle (The Holy Chapel) is a royal medieval Gothic chapel, located near the Palais de la Cité, on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France. Begun some time after 1239 and consecrated in 1248, the Sainte-Chapelle is considered among the highest achievements of the Rayonnant period of Gothic architecture. Its erection was commissioned by King Louis IX of France to house his collection of Passion Relics, including Christ's Crown of Thorns - one of the most important relics in medieval Christendom. With the Palais de la Cité, today called La Conciergerie, the Sainte-Chapelle is one of the surviving buildings of the Capetian royal palace on the Île de la Cité. Although damaged during the French revolution, and restored in the 19th century, it retains one of the most extensive in-situ collections of 13th-century stained glass anywhere in the world.<br />
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The royal chapel is a prime example of the phase of Gothic architectural style called "Rayonnant", marked by its sense of weightlessness and strong vertical emphasis. It stands squarely upon a lower chapel, which served as parish church for all the inhabitants of the palace, which was the seat of government. Make sure you go on a sunny day, as the highlight of this small chapel in Rayonnante Gothic style are the large stained-glass windows which soar up to near the vaulted ceiling. Also of interest is the extremely ornate lower level. If it happens to be rainy or cloudy, give Sainte-Chapelle a miss, as the play of coloured lights on the floor are well worth the wait for a sunnier day. The Sainte-Chapelle has been a national historic monument since 1862. Though small compared to many other famous buildings, this "jewel box" structure is one of the world's most beautiful buildings still standing.<br />
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The Gothic Style in the French Ducal Courts 423<br />
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In the fourteenth century, the authority of the French king, though never challenged, was rivaled by the power of the ducal courts outside of the Paris region. Among these dukes were the king’s relatives, the dukes of Anjou, Berry, and Burgundy, who fashioned magnificent courts in their own capitals and employed vast numbers of artists charged with decorating them in a Gothic style directly indebted to the Radiant style of the century before.<br />
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The Burgundian dukes ruled from Dijon in eastern France, but they controlled as well the region of Flanders, encompassing present-day Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg. When, in the early fifteenth century, they moved from Dijon to Flanders, their favorite destination was Bruges, which of all the Flemish towns had been the first to build a town hall (Fig. 12.21). Its lavish Gothic ornamentation—from the tracery patterns in the upper windows to the ornamentation of the roofs and towers—was designed to recall the palaces of the French and Burgundian nobility. Interestingly, Bruges’s adaptation of this style for its civic government—a government at least theoretically independent of ducal authority—underscores not only its citizens’ sense of self-worth, but also their growing independence from the very nobles they imitated. <br />
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The Miniature Tradition 423<br />
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It is perhaps no accident that a culture so concerned with material goods and material well-being should develop, in its art, a taste for detailed renderings of material reality. The Northern European attention to detail in art derives, first of all, from the Gothic predilection for intricate traceries, the winding interplay of ornamental buds and leaves so often apparent in Gothic stone- and woodwork. As we have also seen, in the sculptural decoration of churches such as that at Reims (see Fig. 12.16), by the middle of the thirteenth century, there was a developing taste for naturalism in art. It is in the work of the medieval miniature painters of the fifteenth-century French and Burgundian courts that these two directions first merge. <br />
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The Gothic in Italy 426<br />
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How did the Gothic style manifest itself in Italy?<br />
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The Gothic in Italy manifested itself in ways quite different from the rest of Europe, in no small part because Italy consisted of a number of individual city-states independent of control by a king or the Holy Roman Emperor. Even the papacy lacked real authority throughout most of the thirteenth century, since it had moved to France. Political power in these city-states—particularly in Florence and Siena—rested not with the landed aristocracy, who were often excluded from participation in civic affairs, but with the communities’ leading merchant families. And these city-states competed with one another for the control of trade—and with it political influence and wealth.<br />
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This competitive atmosphere, and the civic pride associated with it, prompted civic leaders to commission new cathedrals and churches that would be, they hoped, the envy of their neighbors. Siena took the lead, commissioning a new facade for its magnificent cathedral in 1284 (Fig. 12.25). To the two-tone marble banding of the original Romanesque cathedral, the artist in charge, Giovanni <a href="https://youtu.be/xr_IeKEbzRM">Pisano</a>, integrated features of the French Gothic style, such as the triple portal with its pointed gables over the tympana, the soaring finials, the rose window, and an elaborate sculpture program.<br />
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Pisano’s great innovation was, in fact, this sculpture program. It incorporated freestanding sculptures of prophets and saints on the pinnacles, arches, and gables of the facade. His Mary, Sister of Moses (Fig. 12.26) is an example. She leans dramatically forward, as if turning to communicate with the other figures on the facade. But her pose also is the result of Giovanni’s acute sense of his public. He realized that, when seen from street level, Mary’s face would be hidden behind her dress and breasts if he did not arch her neck forward. The result is a figure that stands independently of the architecture and, like the other figures on the facade, asserts its freedom in a manner comparable to the figures on the west facade portal of Reims Cathedral (see Fig. 12.16). <br />
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Giovanni<br />
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<a ---image-copyright-and-permission---="" 3.0="" a="" about="" article="" attribution="" author="" available="" b...="" biggest="" by="" channel="" commons.wikimedia.org="" commons="" creative="" creativecommons.org="" databases="" dedicated="" first="" href="https://www.blogger.com/Giovanni%20Pisano%20was%20an%20Italian%20sculptor,%20painter%20and%20architect,%20who%20worked%20in%20the%20cities%20of%20Pisa,%20Siena%20and%20Pistoia.He%20is%20best%20known%20for%20his%20sculpture%20which%20shows%20the%20influence%20of%20both%20the%20French%20Gothic%20and%20the%20Ancient%20Roman%20art.Henry%20Moore,%20referring%20to%20his%20statues%20for%20the%20facade%20of%20Siena%20Cathedral,%20called%20him" http:="" https:="" image="" in="" is="" knowledge="" license:="" license="" licenses="" limited="" make="" modern="" of="" one="" people="" s...="" s="" sculptor="" source="" tetraktys="" the="" this="" to="" under="" url:="" video="" vision.="" wiki="" wikipedia="" with="" world=""> </a> <a href="https://youtu.be/xr_IeKEbzRM">Pisano</a>, 4:28<br />
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The New Mendicant Orders 427<br />
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Aside from cathedrals, civic leaders also engaged in building projects for the new urban religious orders: the Dominicans, founded by the Spanish monk Dominic de Guzman (ca. 1170–1221), whose most famous theologian was Thomas Aquinas; and the Franciscans, founded by Francis of Assisi (ca. 1181–1226). Unlike the traditional Benedictine monastic order, which functioned apart from the world, the Dominicans and the Franciscans were reformist orders, dedicated to active service in the cities, especially among the common people. Their growing popularity reflected the growing crisis facing the mainstream Church, as isolation and apparent disregard for laypeople plagued it well into the sixteenth century.<br />
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The mainstream Church held property and engaged in business—sources, many felt, of the Church’s corruption. The Dominicans and Franciscans were both mendicant orders—that is, they neither held property nor engaged in business, relying for their support on contributions from their communities. The Dominicans and the Franciscans were rivals, and they often established themselves on opposite sides of a city. The Dominicans’ priority was preaching. The Franciscans committed themselves to a severe regimen of prayer, meditation, fasting, and mortification of the flesh, based on Francis’s conviction that one could come closer to God by rejecting worldly goods. But both orders borrowed freely from one another. The Franciscans adopted the more efficient organizing principles of the Dominicans as well as their love of learning and emphasis on preaching, while the Dominicans accepted the Franciscan repudiation of worldly goods. <br />
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Monastic and <a href="https://youtu.be/xk8CJpv9CYk">Mendicant</a> Catholic Religious Orders - Gregorian Chant, 2:29<br />
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I did not make this video for deep explanatory or instructional purposes, but as a general overview of these religious orders. I have included only the most well known and popular orders, with the Latin name and abbreviation as well as the common English name. The pictures are a collection of Monastic and Mendicant monks and friars, and do not chronologically coincide with the slides. 'Laetetur Cor' is being chanted: Laetetur cor quaerentium Dominum. Quaerite Dominum et confirmamini; quaerite faciem eius semper. Confitemini Domino et invocate nomen eius, annuntiate inter gentes opera eius. Laetetur cor quaerentium Dominum. Quaerite Dominum et confirmamini; quaerite faciem eius semper. Let the heart of them rejoice that seek the Lord. Seek ye the Lord, and be strengthened: seek his face evermore. Give glory to the Lord, and call upon his name: declare his deeds among the Gentiles. Let the heart of them rejoice that seek the Lord. Seek ye the Lord, and be strengthened: seek his face evermore.<br />
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READINGS<br />
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12.1 from Jean de Meun, Romance of the Rose 433<br />
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The Romance of the Rose is an allegorical dream vision about love, in which a young man endeavors to possess the rosebud with which he has become enamored. In Meun’s hands, it becomes a satire on contemporary society. At the end of the poem, in an allegory of sexual intercourse, the lover finally penetrates the inner sanctum of the rose. The poem ends with the narrator awakening, fulfilled, at daybreak. The following represents the first publication of the letters of Héloïse and Abelard, included in the poem as part of a jealous husband’s arguments against marriage.<br />
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12.2 from Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica 421<br />
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12.3 from Bonaventure of Bagnoreggio, Legenda Maior 429<br />
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12.4 Saint Francis of Assisi, “Canticle of the Sun” 430<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES Rib Vaulting 411<br />
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CLOSER LOOK The Stained Glass at Chartres 412<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE Representing the Human 431<br />
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Facing the Divine: Exploring African masks as art connecting humans to the realm of spirits.<br />
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<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600968-dt-content-rid-103631363_4/xid-103631363_4" rel="nofollow">Pre-Built Course Content</a><br />
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Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms.<br />
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Façade of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" rel="nofollow" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, France<br />
It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions, whether springing from faith or from civic pride. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.<br />
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The interior of the western end of Reims Cathedral<br />
A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th-century England, spread through 19th-century Europe and continued, largely for ecclesiastical and university structures, into the 20th century.<br />
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Overview of Reims Cathedral from north-east<br />
Let's go Goth! A new cathedral design points to the heavens.<br />
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<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600968-dt-content-rid-103631366_4/xid-103631366_4" rel="nofollow">Pre-Built Course Content</a><br />
EXPLORE ACTIVITIES<br />
<i>Angkor and Benin</i> –<i>Southeast Asia and West Africa</i><br />
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<li>Chapter 11 (pp. 375-6), Angkor Wat (in Cambodia), history and connections to Hindu beliefs; (pp. 386-7), Benin (in Nigeria, West Africa); Review "Week 6 Music" folder</li>
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<li>Video on Angkor Wat at <a href="http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/ancient-mysteries/angkor-wat-temples" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/specials/ancient-mysteries/angkor-wat-temples/</a></li>
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3D Documentary of Angkor Wat<br />
Angkor Wat (Khmer: អង្គរវត្ត or "Capital Temple") is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world, with site measuring 162.6 hectares (1,626,000 sq meters).[1] It was originally constructed as a Hindu temple for the Khmer Empire, gradually transforming into a Buddhist temple toward the end of the 12th century.[2] It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II[3] in the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura (Khmer: យសោធរបុរៈ, present-day Angkor), the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum. Breaking from the Shaiva tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious center since its foundation. The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia,[4] appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors.<br />
Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple-mountain and the later galleried temple. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi) long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs, and for the numerous devatas adorning its walls.<br />
The modern name, Angkor Wat, means "Temple City" or "City of Temples" in Khmer; Angkor, meaning "city" or "capital city", is a vernacular form of the word nokor (នគរ), which comes from the Sanskrit word nagara (Devanāgarī: नगर).[5] Wat is the Khmer word for "temple grounds", also dervied from Sanskrit vāṭa (Devanāgarī: वाट), meaning "enclosure".[6]<br />
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Angkor Wat, 4:16<br />
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<b>Benin City</b> is a city (2006 est. pop. 1,147,188) and the capital of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_State,_Nigeria" rel="nofollow" title="Edo State, Nigeria">Edo State</a> in southern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" rel="nofollow" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. It is a city approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the Benin River. It is situated 320 kilometres (200 mi) by road east of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos" rel="nofollow" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>. Benin is the centre of Nigeria's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber" rel="nofollow" title="Rubber">rubber</a> industry, but processing <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm" rel="nofollow" title="Oil palm">palm nuts</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil" rel="nofollow" title="Palm oil">oil</a> is also an important traditional industry.<sup class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City#cite_note-columbia_encyclopedia-1" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></sup><br />
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<li>Benin City's history: See and <a href="http://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/alonge/history-of-benin/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/alonge/history-of-benin/</a>; (This city is in Nigeria; don't confuse it with the modern country called Benin not far away)</li>
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<i>Gothic Style of Cathedral Architecture</i><br />
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<li>Chapter 12 (pp. 407-413), Stained glass windows; review Week 6 Music Folder 2: 56<br />
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<li> Partly built starting in 1145, and then reconstructed over a 26-year period after the fire of 1194, Chartres Cathedral marks the high point of French Gothic art. The vast nave, in pure ogival style, the porches adorned with fine sculptures from the middle of the 12th century, and the magnificent 12th- and 13th-century stained-glass windows, all in remarkable condition, combine to make it a masterpiece.<br />
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<li>Stained glass windows at: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9727p6ozlYo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9727p6ozlYo</a></li>
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5:02<br />
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<li>Key differences between Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals at: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D20tG65TWic" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D20tG65TWic</a></li>
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MUSIC FOLDER<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" rel="nofollow">Pre-Built Course Content</a><br />
HUM111 Music for Week 6<br />
In this week's readings (chaps. 11-12), there are three musical compositions mentioned. These (or decent equivalents) can be found on YouTube. Watch and give it a listen. Here below is some background and description of each--and the links to the YouTubes (and sometimes other helps).<br />
West Africa: Yoruba Traditional Talking Drums (chap. 11, p. 387), 5:32<br />
The music of the Yoruba people is perhaps best known for an extremely advanced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer" rel="nofollow" title="Drummer">drumming</a> tradition,<sup class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people#cite_note-88" rel="nofollow">[88]</a></sup> especially using the dundun<sup class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people#cite_note-Turino_pg._43-89" rel="nofollow">[89]</a></sup> hourglass tension drums. The representation of musical instruments on sculptural works from Ile-Ife, indicates, in general terms a substantial accord with oral traditions. A lot of these musical instruments date back to the classical period of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile-Ife" rel="nofollow" title="Ile-Ife">Ile-Ife</a>, which began at around the 10th century A.D. Some were already present prior to this period, while others were created later. The hourglass tension drum (Dùndún) for example, may have been introduced around the 15th century (1400's), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" rel="nofollow" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin bronze plaques</a> of the middle period depicts them. Others like the double and single iron clapper-less bells are examples of instruments that preceded classical Ife.<sup class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people#cite_note-90" rel="nofollow">[90]</a></sup> Yoruba <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music" rel="nofollow" title="Folk music">folk music</a> became perhaps the most prominent kind of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" rel="nofollow" title="Music of West Africa">West African music</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_music" rel="nofollow" title="Afro-Caribbean music">Afro-Latin and Caribbean musical</a> styles. <b>Yorùbá music</b> left an especially important influence on the music of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad" rel="nofollow" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucumi_religion" rel="nofollow" title="Lucumi religion">Lukumi</a> religious traditions,<sup class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people#cite_note-91" rel="nofollow">[91]</a></sup> practice and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" rel="nofollow" title="Music of Cuba">music of Cuba</a>.<sup class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people#cite_note-92" rel="nofollow">[92]</a></sup><br />
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Royal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbedu" rel="nofollow" title="Gbedu">Gbèdu</a> drums</div>
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Some Yoruba musical Instruments. From the left, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekere" rel="nofollow" title="Shekere">Shekere</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum" rel="nofollow" title="Talking drum">Dundun/Gangan</a> drums, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakara_drum" rel="nofollow" title="Sakara drum">Sakara</a> drums (right)</div>
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Yoruba drums typically belong to four major families, which are used depending on the context or genre where they are played. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum" rel="nofollow" title="Talking drum">Dùndún / Gángan family</a>, is the class of hourglass shaped talking drums, which imitate the sound of Yoruba speech. This is possible because the Yoruba language is tonal in nature. It is the most common and is present in many Yoruba traditions, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala" rel="nofollow" title="Apala">Apala</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" rel="nofollow" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekere" rel="nofollow" title="Sekere">Sekere</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat" rel="nofollow" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a>. The second is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakara_drum" rel="nofollow" title="Sakara drum">Sakara family</a>. Typically, they played a ceremonial role in royal settings, weddings and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriki" rel="nofollow" title="Oriki">Oríkì</a> recitation; it is predominantly found in traditions such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakara_music" rel="nofollow" title="Sakara music">Sakara music</a>, Were and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music" rel="nofollow" title="Fuji music">Fuji music</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbedu" rel="nofollow" title="Gbedu">Gbedu family</a> (literally, "large drum") is used by secret fraternities such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogboni" rel="nofollow" title="Ogboni">Ogboni</a> and royal courts. Historically, only the Oba might dance to the music of the drum. If anyone else used the drum they were arrested for sedition of royal authority. The Gbèdu are conga shaped drums played while they sit on the ground. <b>Akuba</b> drums (a trio of smaller conga-like drums related to the gbèdu) are typically used in afrobeat. The <b>Ogido</b> is a cousin of the gbedu. It is also shaped like a conga but with a wider array of sounds and a bigger body. It also has a much deeper sound than the conga. It is sometimes referred to as the "bass drum". Both hands play directly on the Ogido drum.<br />
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Today, the word <i>Gbedu</i> has also come to be used to describe forms of Nigerian Afrobeat and Hip Hop music. The fourth major family of Yoruba drums is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C3%A1_drum" rel="nofollow" title="Batá drum">Bàtá family</a> which are well decorated double faced drums, with various tones. They were historically played in sacred rituals. They are believed to have been introduced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shango" rel="nofollow" title="Shango">Shango</a>, an Orisha, during his earthly incarnations as a warrior king. Traditional Yoruba drummers are known as <b>Àyán</b>. The Yoruba believe that <b>Àyángalú</b>was the first drummer. He is also believed to be the spirit or muse that inspires drummers during renditions. This is why some Yoruba family names contain the prefix 'Ayan-' such as Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande.<sup> </sup>Ensembles using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum" rel="nofollow" title="Talking drum">dundun</a> play a type of music that is also called <i>dundun</i>.<sup class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people#cite_note-Turino_pg._43-89" rel="nofollow">[89]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashiko" rel="nofollow" title="Ashiko">Ashiko</a> (Cone shaped drums), <b>Igbin</b>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudugudu" rel="nofollow" title="Gudugudu">Gudugudu</a> (Kettledrums in the Dùndún family), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agidigbo" rel="nofollow" title="Agidigbo">Agidigbo</a> and <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bembe_%28West_African_drumming%29&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="nofollow" title="Bembe (West African drumming) (page does not exist)">Bèmbé</a> are other drums of importance. The leader of a dundun ensemble is the <b>oniyalu</b> meaning; ' <i>Owner of the mother drum</i> ', who uses the drum to "talk" by imitating the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonality" rel="nofollow" title="Tonality">tonality</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language" rel="nofollow" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>. Much of this music is spiritual in nature, and is often devoted to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orisa" rel="nofollow" title="Orisa">Orisas</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" rel="nofollow" title="Agogô">Agogo</a> metal gongs<br />
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Within each drum family there are different sizes and roles; the lead drum in each family is called Ìyá or <b>Ìyá Ìlù</b>, which means "Mother drum", while the supporting drums are termed <b>Omele</b>. Yoruba drumming exemplifies West-African cross-rhythms and is considered to be one of the most advanced drumming traditions in the world. Generally, improvisation is restricted to master drummers. Some other instruments found in Yoruba music include, but are not limited to; The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goje" rel="nofollow" title="Goje">Gòjé</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" rel="nofollow" title="Violin">violin</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekere" rel="nofollow" title="Shekere">Shèkèrè</a> (gourd rattle), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agidigbo" rel="nofollow" title="Agidigbo">Agidigbo</a> (thumb piano that takes the shape of a plucked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellophone" rel="nofollow" title="Lamellophone">Lamellophone</a>), <b>Saworo</b> (metal rattles for the arm and ankles, also used on the rim of the bata drum), <b>Fèrè</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle" rel="nofollow" title="Whistle">whistles</a>), <b>Aro</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbal" rel="nofollow" title="Cymbal">Cymbal</a>)s, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" rel="nofollow" title="Agogô">Agogô</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_%28instrument%29" rel="nofollow" title="Bell (instrument)">bell</a>), different types of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute" rel="nofollow" title="Flute">flutes</a> include the<br />
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUuykOe9doU (see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4oQJZ2TEVI&list=PLF7DC628F7164F441 [6:02] for discussion of the traditional form.<br />
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Cf. King Sunny Ade & His African Beats - Me Le Se (Live on KEXP), 7:43<br />
<b>"King" Sunny Adé</b> (born <b>Sunday Adeniyi</b>, 22 September 1946) is a Nigerian musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and a pioneer of modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music" rel="nofollow" title="World music">world music</a>. He has been classed as one of the most influential musicians of all time.<br />
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Refer to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osNAy1DNkOQ&list=RDZedutGxrkAw for modernized version)<br />
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The Yoruba tribe of West Africa uses three types of batá drums to do musical signaling that simulates Yoruba talking. Read p. 387 (in chap. 11) carefully about the background of this "Talking Drum" music and then listen to the YouTubes at the links above.<br />
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Alleluia, Dies Sanctificatus (chap. 12, p. 417; compare chap. 10, p. 347) Léonin (this selection was also in Week 5; it is discussed in both chapters 10 and 12)<br />
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<b>Léonin</b> (also <b>Leoninus</b>, <b>Leonius</b>, <b>Leo</b>) (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit" rel="nofollow" title="Floruit">fl.</a></i> 1150s — <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death" rel="nofollow" title="Death">d.</a></i> ? 1201) was the first known significant composer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony" rel="nofollow" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organum" rel="nofollow" title="Organum">organum</a>. He was probably <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" rel="nofollow" title="France">French</a>, probably lived and worked in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" rel="nofollow" title="Paris">Paris</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" rel="nofollow" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame Cathedral</a> and was the earliest member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_school" rel="nofollow" title="Notre Dame school">Notre Dame school</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony" rel="nofollow" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_antiqua" rel="nofollow" title="Ars antiqua">ars antiqua</a> style who is known by name. The name Léonin is derived from "Leoninus," which is the Latin diminutive of the name Leo; therefore it is likely that Léonin's given French name was Léo.<br />
All that is known about him comes from the writings of a later student at the cathedral known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_IV" rel="nofollow" title="Anonymous IV">Anonymous IV</a>, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" rel="nofollow" title="Kingdom of England">Englishman</a> who left a treatise on theory and who mentions Léonin as the composer of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Liber" rel="nofollow" title="Magnus Liber">Magnus Liber</a>,</i> the "great book" of organum. Much of the <i>Magnus Liber</i> is devoted to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausula" rel="nofollow" title="Clausula">clausulae</a>—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melisma" rel="nofollow" title="Melisma">melismatic</a> portions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_chant" rel="nofollow" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> which were extracted into separate pieces where the original note values of the chant were greatly slowed down and a fast-moving upper part is superimposed. Léonin might have been the first composer to use the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_mode" rel="nofollow" title="Rhythmic mode">rhythmic modes</a>, and maybe he invented a notation for them. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waite" rel="nofollow" title="William Waite">W.G. Waite</a>, writing in 1954: "It was Léonin's incomparable achievement to introduce a rational system of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm" rel="nofollow" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony" rel="nofollow" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> music for the first time, and, equally important, to create a method of notation expressive of this rhythm."<sup class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onin#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></sup><br />
The <i>Magnus Liber</i> was intended for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy" rel="nofollow" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> use. According to Anonymous IV, "Magister Leoninus (Léonin) was the finest composer of organum; he wrote the great book (Magnus Liber) for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradual" rel="nofollow" title="Gradual">gradual</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphonary" rel="nofollow" title="Antiphonary">antiphoner</a> for the sacred service." All of the <i>Magnus Liber</i> is for two voices, although little is known about actual performance practice: the two voices were not necessarily soloists.<br />
According to Anonymous IV, Léonin's work was improved and expanded by the later composer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" rel="nofollow" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a>. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_music" rel="nofollow" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a>.<br />
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The musicologist Craig Wright believes that Léonin may have been the same person as a contemporaneous Parisian poet, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonius_%28poet%29" rel="nofollow" title="Leonius (poet)">Leonius</a>, after whom <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonine_verse" rel="nofollow" title="Leonine verse">Leonine verse</a> may have been named. This could make Léonin's use of meter even more significant.<br />
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4:23<br />
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The mystery of the Incarnation of the Word lies at the heart of the Christian faith. It is celebrated just after the longest night of the year, when (in the northern hemisphere) the days begin to lengthen until we reach the summer solstice, which is associated with the figure of John the Baptist. To celebrate this moment, the Church deploys an exceptional virtually uninterrupted liturgical cycle in which the usual Offices are interspersed with four Masses.<br />
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The music is that of the ancient chant of the Church of Rome, one of the oldest repertories of which traces have remained in the collective memory of mankind. Up to the thirteenth century this repertory accompanied the papal liturgy. It disappeared with the installation of the papacy in Avignon, and sank into oblivion. Rediscovered in the early twentieth century, it aroused little enthusiasm among musicians, and only began to be studied properly, first from the liturgical, then from the musicological perspective, in the second half of the century. At this time, to distinguish it from Gregorian chant, it was named Old Roman chant.<br />
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Old Roman chant occupies a central position in the history of music. It is the keystone which gives meaning and coherence to what ought to be the musical consciousness of Western Europe and far beyond. For, looking back to the period before, it gives us the key to the filiation between the chant of the Temple of Jerusalem and the heritage of Greek music. Through the magic of music, sung texts become icons. Time is deployed with sovereign slowness confers on the sound a hieratic immanence in which time and space are united in a single vibrant truth.<br />
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBs-qf8AUCc (for text and translation, see http://williamhawley.net/scorepages/alleluiadies/alleluiadiestxt.htm )<br />
Polyphony<br />
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In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music" rel="nofollow" title="Music">music</a>, <b>polyphony</b> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_%28music%29" rel="nofollow" title="Texture (music)">texture</a> consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice which is called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophony" rel="nofollow" title="Monophony">monophony</a>, and in difference from musical texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_%28music%29" rel="nofollow" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> which is called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony" rel="nofollow" title="Homophony">homophony</a>.<br />
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Within the context of the Western musical tradition, the term is usually used to refer to music of the late <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_music" rel="nofollow" title="Medieval music">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music" rel="nofollow" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music" rel="nofollow" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> forms such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugue" rel="nofollow" title="Fugue">fugue</a>, which might be called polyphonic, are usually described instead as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpoint" rel="nofollow" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal</a>. Also, as opposed to the <i>species</i> terminology of counterpoint, polyphony was generally either "pitch-against-pitch" / "point-against-point" or "sustained-pitch" in one part with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melisma" rel="nofollow" title="Melisma">melismas</a> of varying lengths in another.In all cases the conception was probably what Margaret Bent (1999) calls "dyadic counterpoint", with each part being written generally against one other part, with all parts modified if needed in the end. This point-against-point conception is opposed to "successive composition", where voices were written in an order with each new voice fitting into the whole so far constructed, which was previously assumed.<br />
The term <i>polyphony</i> is also sometimes used more broadly, to describe any musical texture that is not monophonic. Such a perspective considers homophony as a sub-type of polyphony.<br />
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Melismatic<br />
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<b>Melisma</b> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Language" rel="nofollow" title="Greek Language">Greek</a>: μέλισμα, <i>melisma</i>, song, air, melody; from μέλος, <i>melos</i>, song, melody), <i>plural</i> melismata, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music" rel="nofollow" title="Music">music</a>, is the singing of a single <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable" rel="nofollow" title="Syllable">syllable</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrics" rel="nofollow" title="Lyrics">text</a> while moving between several different <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_note" rel="nofollow" title="Musical note">notes</a> in succession. Music sung in this style is referred to as <i><b>melismatic</b></i>, as opposed to <i><b>syllabic</b></i>, in which each syllable of text is matched to a single note.<br />
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Read p. 417 (in chap. 12) carefully, and then briefly glance back at p. 347 (in chap. 10). Then consider the term polyphony (two or more lines of melody; p. 347) as you listen to this, as well as the other terms suggested.This selection is a partricular form called “melismatic”. The composer (Léonin) worked in the Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris) in the late 1100s AD. Alleluia, Dies Sanctificatus (="Hallelujah, A Holy Day") is a chant normally sung at Christmas. This was one of the polyphonic chants in Léonin’s Magnus Liber Organi (his “Big Book of Polyphony”!). You can see how chant is developing even further from those examples in the earlier chants covered in Week 5.<br />
Viderunt Omnes (by Pérotin) (chap. 12, pp. 417-418), 11:50<br />
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"<b>Viderunt Omnes</b>" is a traditional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_chant" rel="nofollow" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> of the 11th century. The work is based on an ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradual" rel="nofollow" title="Gradual">gradual</a> of the same title.<br />
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The chant was subsequently expanded upon by composers of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_school" rel="nofollow" title="Notre Dame school">Notre Dame school</a> who developed it as type of early polyphony known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organum" rel="nofollow" title="Organum">organum</a>. Thought to be written for Christmas, the polyphonic settings would have retained the same liturgical purpose as the original gradual, while being musically enhanced for the festivities. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantus_firmus" rel="nofollow" title="Cantus firmus">cantus firmus</a>, or tenor, "holds" the original chant, while the other parts develop complex <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melisma" rel="nofollow" title="Melisma">melismas</a> on the vowels. The various settings of <i>Viderunt Omnes</i> provide context for specific trends in medieval music.<br />
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KA6oq_UYbyA<br />
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This polyphonic composition by Pérotin was designed for singing in a large Gothic cathedral in the late 1100s and early 1200s AD. Our book notes the use of “counterpoint”. Viderunt Omnes (="All Have Seen"). See p. 418 for the Latin lyrics and translation.<br />
Gothic Cathedrals<br />
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Birth of the Gothic, Abbot Suger and the ambulatory in the Basilica of St. Denis, 1140-44, 5:17<br />
More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=2E... Ambulatory, Basilica of Saint Denis, Paris, 1140-44.<br />
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Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker<br />
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http://youtu.be/2EciWH-1ya4<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2EciWH-1ya4" width="560"></iframe><br />
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Chartres Cathedral<br />
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<b>Chartres Cathedral</b>, also known as <b>Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" rel="nofollow" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres</i>), is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" rel="nofollow" title="France in the Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" rel="nofollow" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> cathedral of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church" rel="nofollow" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> located in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres" rel="nofollow" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, France, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Paris. It is considered one of the finest examples of French <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" rel="nofollow" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> and is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" rel="nofollow" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. The current cathedral, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1250, is the last of at least five which have occupied the site since the town became a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see" rel="nofollow" title="Episcopal see">bishopric</a> in the 4th century.<br />
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The cathedral is in an exceptional state of preservation. The majority of the original stained glass windows survive intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century. The building's exterior is dominated by heavy <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress" rel="nofollow" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> which allowed the architects to increase the window size significantly, while the west end is dominated by two contrasting spires – a 105-metre (349 ft) plain pyramid completed around 1160 and a 113-metre (377 ft) early 16th-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamboyant" rel="nofollow" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> spire on top of an older tower. Equally notable are the three great façades, each adorned with hundreds of sculpted figures illustrating key theological themes and narratives.<br />
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Since at least the 12th century the cathedral has been an important destination for travellers – and remains so to this day, attracting large numbers of Christian pilgrims, many of whom come to venerate its famous relic, the <i>Sancta Camisa</i>, said to be the tunic worn by the Virgin Mary at Christ's birth, as well as large numbers of secular tourists who come to admire the cathedral's architecture and historical merit.<br />
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One of the most beautiful and mysterious cathedrals in the world is the famous Chartres Cathedral in Chartres, France.<br />
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Forty-four magnificent stained-glass windows, including three rose windows, tell the story of the world from creation to the day of judgment. The 12th Century labyrinth in the nave paving is the largest and best preserved surviving example of a medieval labyrinth in France.<br />
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Who were the architects, the so called Masters of the Compasses? Where did they get the courage and confidence to build such a complex and magnificent cathedral as Chartres?<br />
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18 Chartres Cathedral Part 2 - Secrets in Plain Sight 4:55<br />
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Secrets In Plain Sight is an awe inspiring exploration of great art, architecture, and urban design which skillfully unveils an unlikely intersection of geometry, politics, numerical philosophy, religious mysticism, new physics, music, astronomy, and world history.<br />
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Exploring key monuments and their positions in Egypt, Stonehenge, Jerusalem, Rome, Paris, London, Edinburgh, Washington DC, New York, and San Francisco brings to light a secret obsession shared by pharaohs, philosophers and kings; templars and freemasons; great artists and architects; popes and presidents, spanning the whole of recorded history up to the present time.<br />
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As the series of videos reveals how profound ancient knowledge inherited from Egypt has been encoded in units of measurement, in famous works of art, in the design of major buildings, in the layout of city streets and public spaces, and in the precise placement of obelisks and other important monuments upon the Earth, the viewer is led to perceive an elegant harmonic system linking the human body with the architectural, urban, planetary, solar, and galactic scales.<br />
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https://youtu.be/wfObQbY2Tww<br />
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Rise of the University<br />
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European higher education took place for hundreds of years in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" rel="nofollow" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_school" rel="nofollow" title="Cathedral school">cathedral schools</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_school" rel="nofollow" title="Monastic school">monastic schools</a> (<i>scholae monasticae</i>), in which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk" rel="nofollow" title="Monk">monks</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun" rel="nofollow" title="Nun">nuns</a> taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church" rel="nofollow" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull" rel="nofollow" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> as <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studium_Generale" rel="nofollow" title="Studium Generale">studia generalia</a></i> and perhaps from cathedral schools. It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception.<br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" rel="nofollow" title="Charles University in Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" rel="nofollow" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University in Kraków</a>) or municipal administrations (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cologne" rel="nofollow" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" rel="nofollow" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a>). In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" rel="nofollow" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval period</a>, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.<br />
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The first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna" rel="nofollow" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> (1088), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris" rel="nofollow" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (c. 1150, later associated with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne" rel="nofollow" title="Sorbonne">Sorbonne</a>), and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford" rel="nofollow" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> (1167).<br />
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The University of Bologna began as a law school teaching the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_gentium" rel="nofollow" title="Jus gentium">ius gentium</a></i> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law" rel="nofollow" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> of peoples which was in demand across Europe for those defending the right of incipient nations against empire and church. Bologna's special claim to <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mater_Studiorum" rel="nofollow" title="Alma Mater Studiorum">Alma Mater Studiorum<sup> </sup></a></i>is based on its autonomy, its awarding of degrees, and other structural arrangements, making it the oldest continuously operating institution independent of kings, emperors or any kind of direct religious authority.<br />
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Meeting of doctors at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris" rel="nofollow" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>. From a medieval manuscript.<br />
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The conventional date of 1088, or 1087 according to some, records when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irnerius" rel="nofollow" title="Irnerius">Irnerius</a> commences teaching Emperor Justinian's 6th century codification of Roman law, the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Iuris_Civilis" rel="nofollow" title="Corpus Iuris Civilis">Corpus Iuris Civilis</a></i>, recently discovered at Pisa. Lay students arrived in the city from many lands entering into a contract to gain this knowledge, organisingthemselves into 'Nationes', divided between that of the Cismontanes and that of the Ultramontanes. The students "had all the power … and dominated the masters".<br />
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In Europe, young men proceeded to university when they had completed their study of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium_%28education%29" rel="nofollow" title="Trivium (education)">trivium</a>–the preparatory arts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" rel="nofollow" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric" rel="nofollow" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic" rel="nofollow" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" rel="nofollow" title="Logic">logic</a>–and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrivium" rel="nofollow" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" rel="nofollow" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry" rel="nofollow" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music" rel="nofollow" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" rel="nofollow" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>.<br />
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All over Europe rulers and city governments began to create universities to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge, and the belief that society would benefit from the scholarly expertise generated from these institutions. Princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to this understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts.<br />
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The rediscovery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" rel="nofollow" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated –fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these works represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotle's works "a turning point in the history of Western thought."After Aristotle re-emerged, a community of scholars, primarily communicating in Latin, accelerated the process and practice of attempting to reconcile the thoughts of Greek antiquity, and especially ideas related to understanding the natural world, with those of the church. The efforts of this "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism" rel="nofollow" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a>" were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason. This became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students.<br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" rel="nofollow" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a> is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.<br />
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The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, although the northern (primarily Germany, France and Great Britain) and southern universities (primarily Italy) did have many elements in common. Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation" rel="nofollow" title="Disputation">disputations</a> and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy" rel="nofollow" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" rel="nofollow" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>; while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" rel="nofollow" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen" rel="nofollow" title="Galen">Galen</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" rel="nofollow" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> were used for medicine.<br />
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Outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter. Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology. There were distinct differences in the quality of instruction in these areas which were congruent with their focus, so scholars would travel north or south based on their interests and means. There was also a difference in the types of degrees awarded at these universities. English, French and German universities usually awarded bachelor's degrees, with the exception of degrees in theology, for which the doctorate was more common. Italian universities awarded primarily doctorates. The distinction can be attributed to the intent of the degree holder after graduation – in the north the focus tended to be on acquiring teaching positions, while in the south students often went on to professional positions.<sup> </sup><br />
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<sup> </sup>The structure of northern universities tended to be modeled after the system of faculty governance developed at the University of Paris. Southern universities tended to be patterned after the student-controlled model begun at the University of Bologna. Among the southern universities, a further distinction has been noted between those of northern Italy, which followed the pattern of Bologna as a "self-regulating, independent corporation of scholars" and those of southern Italy and Iberia, which were "founded by royal and imperial charter to serve the needs of government."<br />
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Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made these Mediterranean universities much different to Islamic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" rel="nofollow" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>, controlled as they were by a religious authority.<br />
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Madrasas were generally smaller and individual teachers, rather than the madrasa itself, granted the license or degree. A minority view, represented by scholars like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_H._Green" rel="nofollow" title="Arnold H. Green">Arnold H. Green</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" rel="nofollow" title="Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a> have argued that starting in the 10th century, some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" rel="nofollow" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" rel="nofollow" title="Madrasah">madrasahs</a> became universities.<br />
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Even if true, not one of the madrasahs blossomed into an institution such as a medieval, European University.<br />
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<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Makdisi&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="nofollow" title="George Makdisi (page does not exist)">George Makdisi</a> and others, in fact, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world.<br />
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Numerous other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.<br />
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Many scholars (including Makdisi) have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" rel="nofollow" title="Madrasah">madrasahs</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" rel="nofollow" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" rel="nofollow" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a>, and the Middle East (during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades" rel="nofollow" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>).<br />
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The majority view of scholars see this argument as overstated.<br />
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The Catholic Church: Builder of Civilization - The University System, Ep 5 [Part 2], 9:56<br />
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EWTN's series on the Catholic Church, hosted by Dr. Thomas E. Woods, Jr.<br />
The Catholic Church has long been the protector of knowledge and learning.<br />
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http://youtu.be/VMeFawTXhOQ<br />
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Who is the Dumb Ox?<br />
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St. Thomas Aquinas, Genius and Saint, 2:53<br />
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A brief story of the life of St Thomas Aquinas. Up to this day he is revered as the great Doctor of the Church for having delivered such crucial concepts for the development of sacred theology and church philosophy.<br />
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http://youtu.be/547O4Oum_Ak<br />
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PHILOSOPHY - Thomas <a href="https://youtu.be/GJvoFf2wCBU">Aquinas</a>, 6:15<br />
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Thomas Aquinas deserves to be remembered for <b>reconciling faith with reason, thereby saving Western civilisation from turning its back on science and Greek and Roman wisdom</b>.<br />
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<b>What problems does Thomas Aquinas help us with?</b><br />
<b><br />
</b> <b>What was his monumental contribution?</b><br />
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</b> <b>In his learning, what texts did he discover?</b><br />
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</b> <b>What was his starting point?</b><br />
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</b> <b>What did he brilliantly propose?</b><br />
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</b> <b>What law can non-Christians grasp?</b><br />
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</b> <b>In contrast, what had happened within Islam by the time Aquinas was born?</b><br />
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bn Rushd (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="ar"><span style="font-size: 110%;">ابن رشد</span></span>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">full name</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="ar">أبو الوليد محمد ابن احمد ابن رشد</span>, <small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">translit.</a> </small><i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic transliteration">ʾAbū l-Walīd Muḥammad Ibn ʾAḥmad Ibn Rushd</span></i>; 14 April 1126 – 10 December 1198), often <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinization_of_names" title="Latinization of names">Latinized</a> as <b>Averroes</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>), was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">medieval Andalusian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>. He wrote on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theology" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">school</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_in_medieval_Islam" title="Psychology in medieval Islam">psychology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">political</a> theory and the theory of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusian classical music</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_in_medieval_Islam" title="Geography in medieval Islam">geography</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam">mathematics</a>, as well as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_medieval_Islam" title="Science in medieval Islam">mediæval sciences</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">medicine</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_in_medieval_Islam" title="Physics in medieval Islam">physics</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a>. Ibn Rushd was born in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Andalus" title="Al Andalus">Al Andalus</a> (present-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>), and died at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> in present-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. His body was interred in his family tomb at Córdoba. The 13th-century philosophical movement in Latin Christian and Jewish tradition based on Ibn Rushd's work is called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a>.<br />
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Ibn Rushd was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27ari" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> theologians led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>. Although highly regarded as a legal scholar of the Maliki school of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, Ibn Rushd's philosophical ideas were considered controversial in Ash'arite Muslim circles. Whereas al-Ghazali believed that any individual act of a natural phenomenon occurred only because God willed it to happen, Ibn Rushd insisted phenomena followed natural laws that God created.<br />
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<b>What did the Muslim world reject?</b><br />
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</b> <b>What philosophical framework did Aquinas provide?</b><br />
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https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=GJvoFf2wCBU<br />
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Last Words of Saint Louis IX, King of France, 1270, 7:44<br />
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King Louis IX, a saint and King of France, is well known for his exploits in the Crusades. He was also one of the most respected, trusted rulers of the thirteenth century. Here we take a look at his last words as he lay dying during the Eighth Crusade, left to his son, Philip III of France. This testament is found in Jean of Joinville's Life of Saint Louis.<br />
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http://youtu.be/abWzoFlLAXQ<br />
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11 Centers of Culture COURT AND CITY IN THE LARGER WORLD 363<br />
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Developments in China 364<br />
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The Tang Dynasty in Chang’an, “The City of Enduring Peace” (618–907 ce) 365<br />
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The Song Dynasty and Hangzhou, “The City of Heaven” (960–1279 ce) 367<br />
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The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) 368<br />
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Indian and Southeast Asian Civilizations 369<br />
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Buddhist Art and Architecture 373<br />
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Hindu Art and Architecture 374<br />
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Japan: The Court, The Military, and Spiritual Life 376<br />
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The Rise of Court Life in Japan and the Coming of the Fujiwara 376<br />
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The Heian Period: Courtly Refinement 378<br />
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The Kamakura Period (ca. 1185–1392): Samurai and Shogunate 381<br />
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The Cultures of Africa 383<br />
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Ife Culture 384<br />
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Benin Culture 386<br />
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West African Music 387<br />
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East Africa: The Zagwe Dynasty 388<br />
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The Swahili Coast 388<br />
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Great Zimbabwe 389<br />
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The Cultures of Mesoamerica and South America in the Classic Era 391<br />
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Monte Albán and Zapotec Culture 392<br />
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Teotihuacán 392<br />
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Mayan Culture 394<br />
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The Post-Classic Era: Toltecs and Aztecs 396<br />
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The Cultures of South America 397<br />
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READINGS<br />
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11.1 Poems by Li Bai and Du Fu 401<br />
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11.1a Poems by Li Bai and Du Fu 366<br />
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11.2 from Marco Polo, Travels 367<br />
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11.3 from Murasaki Shikibu, Diaries 379<br />
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11.4 Ki no Tomonori, “This Perfectly Still” 379<br />
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11.5 from Sei Shonagon, The Pillow Book, “Hateful Things” 402<br />
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11.5a from Sei Shonagon, Pillow Book, “Elegant Things” 379<br />
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11.6 from Jacob Egharevba, A Short History of Benin 386<br />
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11.7 from Popol Vuh: The Great Mythological Book of the Ancient Maya 395<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK Guo Xi’s Early Spring 370<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Spanish and the Fate of the Inca and Aztec Capitals 399<br />
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12 The Gothic Style FAITH AND KNOWLEDGE IN AN AGE OF INQUIRY 405<br />
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Saint-Denis and the Gothic Cathedral 406<br />
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Chartres Cathedral 409<br />
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Stained Glass 409<br />
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Gothic Architecture 410<br />
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Gothic Sculpture 416<br />
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Music in the Gothic Cathedral: Growing Complexity 417<br />
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The Rise of the University 418<br />
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Héloïse and Abelard 419<br />
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The Romance of the Rose 419<br />
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The Education of Women 420<br />
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Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism 420<br />
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The Radiant Style and the Court of Louis IX 421<br />
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The Gothic Style in the French Ducal Courts 423<br />
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The Miniature Tradition 423<br />
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The Gothic in Italy 426<br />
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The New Mendicant Orders 427<br />
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READINGS<br />
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12.1 from Jean de Meun, Romance of the Rose 433<br />
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12.2 from Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica 421<br />
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12.3 from Bonaventure of Bagnoreggio, Legenda Maior 429<br />
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12.4 Saint Francis of Assisi, “Canticle of the Sun” 430<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES Rib Vaulting 411<br />
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CLOSER LOOK The Stained Glass at Chartres 412<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE Representing the Human 431<br />
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<span id="subject__55538685_1">Week 6 Discussion <b>Option A</b></span> </div>
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<b>"Angkor and Benin"</b> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li>Compare Angkor (and its temple, Angkor Wat) in southeast Asia (ca. 1100s-1200s AD) with the city of Benin in West Africa (ca 1400s AD), and discuss differences, similarities, and religious ideals in each place. Identify a modern day religious or political center that these call to mind.</li>
</ul>
<b>Explore</b><br />
<i>Angkor and Benin </i>–<i>Southeast Asia and West Africa </i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 11 (pp. 375-6), Angkor Wat (in Cambodia), history and connections to Hindu beliefs; (pp. 386-7), Benin (in Nigeria, West Africa); Review "Week 6 Music" folder</li>
<li>Video on Angkor Wat at <a href="http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/specials/ancient-mysteries/angkor-wat-temples/" target="_blank">http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/specials/ancient-mysteries/angkor-wat-temples/</a></li>
<li>Benin City's history: See and <a href="http://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/alonge/history-of-benin/" target="_blank">http://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/alonge/history-of-benin/</a>; (This city is in Nigeria; don't confuse it with the modern country called Benin not far away)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="dbThreadDetailTreeRowCell" id="layer_1_dv_rc2">
<div class="dbThreadDetailTreeRowCellItem message-subject" id="layer_1_dv_ph">
<span id="subject__55538684_1">Week 6 Discussion <b>Option B</b></span> </div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="dbThreadBody" tabindex="0">
<div class="vtbegenerated">
<b>"Europe’s Cathedral Architecture"</b> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li>Identify the key functions of stained glass windows in the Gothic style in Europe's cathedral architecture. Identify two (2) differences between the Romanesque and Gothic cathedral structures, and discuss which you prefer and the reasons why. Identify one (1) existing structure (the closer to your home the better) that is Romanesque or Gothic, and explain the features that support your identification.</li>
</ul>
<b>Explore</b><br />
<i>Gothic Style of Cathedral Architecture</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 12 (pp. 407-413), Stained glass windows; review Week 6 Music Folder</li>
<li>Stained glass windows at <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9727p6ozlYo" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9727p6ozlYo</a></li>
<li>Key differences between Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals at <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D20tG65TWic" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D20tG65TWic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class=" " id="_171281995_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">
Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What does the moat surrounding the Hindu temple Angkor Wat represent?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The oceans</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The oceans</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171281995_1"><input id="points__171281995_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171281995_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171281996_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">
Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did early Buddhists believe portraying Buddha in art was impossible?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
He had passed to nirvana</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
He had passed to nirvana</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171281996_1"><input id="points__171281996_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171281996_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171281997_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">
Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What competing forces dominated India's history prior to 1200?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Religious</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Religious</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171281997_1"><input id="points__171281997_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171281997_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171281998_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">
Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why must the Yoruba king cover his face with rows of beads?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To shield viewers from the power of his gaze</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To shield viewers from the power of his gaze</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171281998_1"><input id="points__171281998_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171281998_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171281999_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">
Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Tibetan Buddhist monks create the rolled-up cloth paintings thangkas?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Instructional aids</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Instructional aids</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171281999_1"><input id="points__171281999_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171281999_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171282000_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why was Jean, duke of Berry in the fifteenth century, the wealthiest man in Europe?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
His subjects paid the highest taxes in all of Europe</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
His subjects paid the highest taxes in all of Europe</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171282000_1"><input id="points__171282000_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171282000_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171282001_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">
Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why was Louis IX so beloved by the French people?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
He abolished serfdom and private wars and reformed the tax structure</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
He abolished serfdom and private wars and reformed the tax structure</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171282001_1"><input id="points__171282001_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171282001_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171282002_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">
Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why is the Jesse tree a common stained-glass motif?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It establishes Mary's royal lineage from King David</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It establishes Mary's royal lineage from King David</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171282002_1"><input id="points__171282002_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171282002_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171282003_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">
Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why was light vital to Saint Denis's design?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It is the physical and material manifestation of God</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It is the physical and material manifestation of God</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171282003_1"><input id="points__171282003_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171282003_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What from Chartres Cathedral survived the devastating fire of 1194?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Mary's tunic and a window portraying her</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Mary's tunic and a window portraying her</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class=" " id="_171023173_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">
Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What competing forces dominated India's history prior to 1200?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Religious</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Religious</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023173_1"><input id="points__171023173_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023173_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171023174_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">
Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What did the Tang Chinese believe their capital city's grid plan mirrored?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Order of the cosmos</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Order of the cosmos</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023174_1"><input id="points__171023174_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023174_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171023175_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">
Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why is a dancing Shiva commonly portrayed within a circle of fire?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To symbolize his creative and destructive powers</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To symbolize his creative and destructive powers</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023175_1"><input id="points__171023175_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023175_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171023176_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">
Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
For what purpose do modern scholars believe the Shona built massive walls in the Great Enclosure, Great Zimbabwe?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To separate the royalty from the common people</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To separate the royalty from the common people</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023176_1"><input id="points__171023176_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023176_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171023177_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">
Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Song painters value landscape above other subjects?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It embodied the principle behind all things</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
It embodied the principle behind all things</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023177_1"><input id="points__171023177_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023177_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171023178_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why were so many of the cathedrals called Notre Dame ("Our Lady")?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
They were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Queen of Heaven</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
They were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Queen of Heaven</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023178_1"><input id="points__171023178_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023178_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171023179_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">
Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What religious relic does Chartres Cathedral house?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The tunic Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The tunic Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023179_1"><input id="points__171023179_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023179_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171023180_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">
Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What from Chartres Cathedral survived the devastating fire of 1194?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Mary's tunic and a window portraying her</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Mary's tunic and a window portraying her</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023180_1"><input id="points__171023180_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023180_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171023181_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">
Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What two subjects did Scholasticism seek to reconcile?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Christian faith and classical reason</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Christian faith and classical reason</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023181_1"><input id="points__171023181_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023181_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did the Gothic cathedrals include flying buttresses?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To help spread out the weight of the vaults</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To help spread out the weight of the vaults</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class=" " id="_171023173_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">
Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What competing forces dominated India's history prior to 1200?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Religious</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Religious</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023173_1"><input id="points__171023173_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023173_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171023174_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">
Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2">
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What did the Tang Chinese believe their capital city's grid plan mirrored?</div>
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Order of the cosmos</div>
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Order of the cosmos</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023174_1"><input id="points__171023174_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023174_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why is a dancing Shiva commonly portrayed within a circle of fire?</div>
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To symbolize his creative and destructive powers</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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To symbolize his creative and destructive powers</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023175_1"><input id="points__171023175_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023175_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
For what purpose do modern scholars believe the Shona built massive walls in the Great Enclosure, Great Zimbabwe?</div>
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To separate the royalty from the common people</div>
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To separate the royalty from the common people</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023176_1"><input id="points__171023176_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023176_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">
Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Song painters value landscape above other subjects?</div>
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It embodied the principle behind all things</div>
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It embodied the principle behind all things</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023177_1"><input id="points__171023177_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023177_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why were so many of the cathedrals called Notre Dame ("Our Lady")?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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They were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Queen of Heaven</div>
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They were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Queen of Heaven</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023178_1"><input id="points__171023178_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023178_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What religious relic does Chartres Cathedral house?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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The tunic Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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The tunic Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023179_1"><input id="points__171023179_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023179_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">
Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What from Chartres Cathedral survived the devastating fire of 1194?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Mary's tunic and a window portraying her</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Mary's tunic and a window portraying her</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023180_1"><input id="points__171023180_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023180_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">
Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What two subjects did Scholasticism seek to reconcile?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Christian faith and classical reason</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Christian faith and classical reason</div>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171023181_1"><input id="points__171023181_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171023181_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did the Gothic cathedrals include flying buttresses?</div>
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<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To help spread out the weight of the vaults</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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To help spread out the weight of the vaults</div>
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Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Incas build the remote Machu Picchu, high in the Andes? Given Answer: Correct As a royal retreat for a ruler Correct Answer: As a royal retreat for a ruler out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the conquering Spanish build churches on the Inca temple foundations? Given Answer: Correct To emphasize Christian control of the native sites Correct Answer: To emphasize Christian control of the native sites out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Tibetan Buddhist monks create the rolled-up cloth paintings thangkas? Given Answer: Correct Instructional aids Correct Answer: Instructional aids out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct What immediate act by the first shogun, Yoritomo, defined his rule? Given Answer: Correct Land grants to his followers Correct Answer: Land grants to his followers out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Mesoamerican cultures view Teotihuacán as a holy site? Given Answer: Correct It was their mythic place of origin Correct Answer: It was their mythic place of origin out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct What religious relic does Chartres Cathedral house? Given Answer: Correct The tunic Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ Correct Answer: The tunic Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct What relic did Louis IX purchase on Crusade in Constantinople to display at Sainte-Chapelle? Given Answer: Correct Christ's crown of thorns Correct Answer: Christ's crown of thorns out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Florentine families donate chapels to the mendicant churches? Given Answer: Correct To guarantee the families' salvation Correct Answer: To guarantee the families' salvation out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct What musical instrument became popular in the cathedrals? Given Answer: Correct The organ Correct Answer: The organ out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct On whose method did Peter Abelard base his teaching? Given Answer: Correct Socrates Correct Answer: Socrates <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Benin build the massive earthwork walls and moats around their capital city? Given Answer: Correct As protection from raiding elephants Correct Answer: As protection from raiding elephants out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Heian women write using the new, purely Japanese system, hiragana? Given Answer: Correct The court discouraged shows of education in Chinese by women Correct Answer: The court discouraged shows of education in Chinese by women out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Tibetan Buddhist monks create the rolled-up cloth paintings thangkas? Given Answer: Correct Instructional aids Correct Answer: Instructional aids out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct What "world's first" is Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji considered to be? Given Answer: Correct Novel Correct Answer: Novel out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct What development enabled the Chinese to build suspension bridges and pagodas? Given Answer: Correct Iron- and steel-casting Correct Answer: Iron- and steel-casting out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct What religious relic does Chartres Cathedral house? Given Answer: Correct The tunic Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ Correct Answer: The tunic Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct According to the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, what exploration was a driving force in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? Given Answer: Correct The meaning of being human Correct Answer: The meaning of being human out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct What musical instrument became popular in the cathedrals? Given Answer: Correct The organ Correct Answer: The organ out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why was light vital to Saint Denis's design? Given Answer: Correct It is the physical and material manifestation of God Correct Answer: It is the physical and material manifestation of God out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What from Chartres Cathedral survived the devastating fire of 1194? Given Answer: Correct Mary's tunic and a window portraying her Correct Answer: Mary's tunic and a window portraying her <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct After the Han dynasty fell in 220 CE, why did the Chinese reject Confucianism for Buddhism? Given Answer: Correct They blamed Confucianism for civil and cultural dysfunction Correct Answer: They blamed Confucianism for civil and cultural dysfunction out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Tibetan Buddhist monks create the rolled-up cloth paintings thangkas? Given Answer: Correct Instructional aids Correct Answer: Instructional aids out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the conquering Spanish build churches on the Inca temple foundations? Given Answer: Correct To emphasize Christian control of the native sites Correct Answer: To emphasize Christian control of the native sites out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct According to the text, which of the following are given as qualities upon which Japanese Heian court women were judged? Given Answer: Correct Their speech and writing skills Correct Answer: Their speech and writing skills out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct What immediate act by the first shogun, Yoritomo, defined his rule? Given Answer: Correct Land grants to his followers Correct Answer: Land grants to his followers out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why was Abelard castrated and forced to seek sanctuary in a monastery? Given Answer: Correct He fell in love with and impregnated a student Correct Answer: He fell in love with and impregnated a student out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Gothic cathedrals contain stained-glass programs? Given Answer: Correct To tell Bible stories to a mostly illiterate audience Correct Answer: To tell Bible stories to a mostly illiterate audience out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why were so many of the cathedrals called Notre Dame ("Our Lady")? Given Answer: Correct They were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Queen of Heaven Correct Answer: They were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Queen of Heaven out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct What from Chartres Cathedral survived the devastating fire of 1194? Given Answer: Correct Mary's tunic and a window portraying her Correct Answer: Mary's tunic and a window portraying her out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why was Bruges, in Flanders, such a desirable place to live in the late Middle Ages? Given Answer: Incorrect It was one of the few European cities untouched by plague Correct Answer: Its people earned the highest wages in northern Europe <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Song painters value landscape above other subjects? Given Answer: Correct It embodied the principle behind all things Correct Answer: It embodied the principle behind all things out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Incas build the remote Machu Picchu, high in the Andes? Given Answer: Correct As a royal retreat for a ruler Correct Answer: As a royal retreat for a ruler out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct What development enabled the Chinese to build suspension bridges and pagodas? Given Answer: Correct Iron- and steel-casting Correct Answer: Iron- and steel-casting out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Heian women write using the new, purely Japanese system, hiragana? Given Answer: Correct The court discouraged shows of education in Chinese by women Correct Answer: The court discouraged shows of education in Chinese by women out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Africa's Ife people consider their king's head of supreme importance? Given Answer: Correct It was home of the spirit Correct Answer: It was home of the spirit out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct On whose method did Peter Abelard base his teaching? Given Answer: Correct Socrates Correct Answer: Socrates out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct What from Chartres Cathedral survived the devastating fire of 1194? Given Answer: Correct Mary's tunic and a window portraying her Correct Answer: Mary's tunic and a window portraying her out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Who created the first crèche? Given Answer: Correct St. Francis of Assisi Correct Answer: St. Francis of Assisi out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why were so many of the cathedrals called Notre Dame ("Our Lady")? Given Answer: Correct They were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Queen of Heaven Correct Answer: They were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Queen of Heaven out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why did the Florentine families donate chapels to the mendicant churches? Given Answer: Incorrect [None Given] Correct Answer: To guarantee the families' salvation <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why was blood sacrifice central to Aztec culture? Given Answer: Correct The sun, moon, and earth needed human blood for sustenance Correct Answer: The sun, moon, and earth needed human blood for sustenance out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Africa's Ife people consider their king's head of supreme importance? Given Answer: Correct It was home of the spirit Correct Answer: It was home of the spirit out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct What earlier structure inspired the pagoda design? Given Answer: Correct Indian stupas Correct Answer: Indian stupas out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why is a dancing Shiva commonly portrayed within a circle of fire? Given Answer: Incorrect To represent the mystical state dancing creates Correct Answer: To symbolize his creative and destructive powers out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct According to the text, which of the following are given as qualities upon which Japanese Heian court women were judged? Given Answer: Correct Their speech and writing skills Correct Answer: Their speech and writing skills out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct What two subjects did Scholasticism seek to reconcile? Given Answer: Correct Christian faith and classical reason Correct Answer: Christian faith and classical reason out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why were Santa Croce, the Franciscan church, and Santa Marie Novella, the Dominican church, located at opposite ends of Florence? Given Answer: Correct To emphasize the rivalry between the two orders Correct Answer: To emphasize the rivalry between the two orders out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Who designed the Abbey of Saint-Denis's renovation and thus began the Gothic style? Given Answer: Correct Abbot Suger Correct Answer: Abbot Suger out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why was light vital to Saint Denis's design? Given Answer: Correct It is the physical and material manifestation of God Correct Answer: It is the physical and material manifestation of God out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What religious relic does Chartres Cathedral house? Given Answer: Correct The tunic Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ Correct Answer: The tunic Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct In what area of Italy are Siena and Florence located? Given Answer: Correct Tuscany Correct Answer: Tuscany out of 3 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Scrovegni family build and then hire Giotto to decorate Arena Chapel in Padua? Given Answer: Correct To atone for their flagrant usury Correct Answer: To atone for their flagrant usury out of 3 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why is the Virgin Mary's crown in Simone Martini's Maestrá significant? Given Answer: Correct It establishes her as both a sacred and a secular queen Correct Answer: It establishes her as both a sacred and a secular queen out of 3 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct In the Arena Chapel frescoes, what is Giotto the first artist since antiquity to depict? Given Answer: Correct People from behind Correct Answer: People from behind out of 3 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Dante place Judas, Brutus, and Cassius in the lowest level of his hell? Given Answer: Correct They were traitors Correct Answer: They were traitors out of 3 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct How did Brunelleschi construct his dome without temporary wooden scaffolding? Given Answer: Correct The dome's ribs function as support, so scaffolding is part of the design Correct Answer: The dome's ribs function as support, so scaffolding is part of the design out of 3 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Cosimo de' Medici found the Platonic Academy in Florence? Given Answer: Correct To provide a place for the study and discussion of Plato's works Correct Answer: To provide a place for the study and discussion of Plato's works out of 3 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why were the Medici the most powerful family in Florence from 1418-1494? Given Answer: Correct They were bankers to the papacy Correct Answer: They were bankers to the papacy out of 3 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct What were the Renaissance humanists aiming to understand? Given Answer: Correct The nature of humanity and its relationship to the natural world Correct Answer: The nature of humanity and its relationship to the natural world out of 3 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What 150-year time period in Italy did nineteenth-century historians label the Renaissance? Given Answer: Correct Mid fourteenth to early sixteenth Correct Answer: Mid fourteenth to early sixteenth <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why is the camel in Giotto's Adoration of the Magi not exactly realistic? Given Answer: Correct It has blue eyes Correct Answer: It has blue eyes out of 3 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why were Siena's guilds able to rise to such levels of power? Given Answer: Correct Siena was an important manufacturing city Correct Answer: Siena was an important manufacturing city out of 3 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the flagellants believe Europe was devastated by plague? Given Answer: Correct God's wrath against human sins Correct Answer: God's wrath against human sins out of 3 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct According to legend, who founded Siena? Given Answer: Correct Remus's sons, Senius and Aschius Correct Answer: Remus's sons, Senius and Aschius out of 3 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Chaucer complete only 22 of his planned 120 Canterbury Tales? Given Answer: Correct He died Correct Answer: He died out of 3 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct What implicit lesson does Mantega's Camera Picta send to Ludovico Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua? Given Answer: Correct A ruler always is in the public eye Correct Answer: A ruler always is in the public eye out of 3 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why were the Medici the most powerful family in Florence from 1418-1494? Given Answer: Correct They were bankers to the papacy Correct Answer: They were bankers to the papacy out of 3 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct According to legend, what originally had stood on the site of the baptistery? Given Answer: Correct A Roman temple to Mars Correct Answer: A Roman temple to Mars out of 3 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Florentines drive the Medici family from the city in 1494? Given Answer: Correct Piero de Medici formed an unpopular alliance with the French king Correct Answer: Piero de Medici formed an unpopular alliance with the French king out of 3 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What 150-year time period in Italy did nineteenth-century historians label the Renaissance? Given Answer: Correct Mid fourteenth to early sixteenth Correct Answer: Mid fourteenth to early sixteenth <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct What does the moat surrounding the Hindu temple Angkor Wat represent? Given Answer: Correct The oceans Correct Answer: The oceans out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct What fundamental tool of civilization did the Classic Era Mesoamerican cultures lack? Given Answer: Correct The wheel Correct Answer: The wheel out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the conquering Spanish build churches on the Inca temple foundations? Given Answer: Correct To emphasize Christian control of the native sites Correct Answer: To emphasize Christian control of the native sites out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct What do the Yoruba people believe their king links? Given Answer: Correct The gods and ancestral heroes Correct Answer: The gods and ancestral heroes out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct What regional samurai clan overthrew the Heians and began the Kamakura Period? Given Answer: Correct Minamoto Correct Answer: Minamoto out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why is the Jesse tree a common stained-glass motif? Given Answer: Correct It establishes Mary's royal lineage from King David Correct Answer: It establishes Mary's royal lineage from King David out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct What musical instrument became popular in the cathedrals? Given Answer: Correct The organ Correct Answer: The organ out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Louis IX design the royal chapel of Sainte-Chapelle with two entrances? Given Answer: Correct So the royal family could enter at a higher level Correct Answer: So the royal family could enter at a higher level out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why was Abelard castrated and forced to seek sanctuary in a monastery? Given Answer: Correct He fell in love with and impregnated a student Correct Answer: He fell in love with and impregnated a student out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct Why was "Gothic" as applied to France's new architecture originally a derogatory term? Given Answer: Correct The Goths had destroyed classical traditions Correct Answer: The Goths had destroyed classical traditions<br />
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<br />Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-9417038811166866012018-08-01T14:42:00.003-04:002018-08-01T14:56:07.663-04:00HUM 111 Week 5 Summer 2018The presentation may contain content that is deemed objectionable to a particular viewer because of the view expressed or the conduct depicted. The views expressed are provided for learning purposes only, and do not necessarily express the views, or opinions, of Strayer University, your professor, or those participating in videos or other media.<br />
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One 15-minute break at 8:00; roll taken before dismissal at 10:00 pm.<br />
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Review<br />
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What else can be said about Chinese Buddhism? <br />
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<b>Chinese Buddhism</b> has shaped Chinese culture in a wide variety of areas including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">art</a>, politics, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">literature</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_medicine" title="Chinese medicine">medicine</a>, and material culture.<br />
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The translation of a large body of Indian and Nepalese Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the inclusion of these translations together with works composed in China into a printed canon had far-reaching implications for the dissemination of Buddhism throughout the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cultural_sphere" title="Chinese cultural sphere">Chinese cultural sphere</a>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Chinese Buddhism is also marked by the interaction between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Indian religions</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepalese_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nepalese religion (page does not exist)">Nepalese religion</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_religion" title="Chinese religion">Chinese religion</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>.<br />
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Various legends tell of the presence of Buddhism in Chinese soil in very ancient times. Nonetheless, the scholarly consensus is that Buddhism first came to China in the first century <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_era" title="Common era">CE</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, through missionaries from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<br />
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<img alt="" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="800" height="640" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Zhuhai_Jintai_Temple_inner_court_view_and_monks.jpg/150px-Zhuhai_Jintai_Temple_inner_court_view_and_monks.jpg" width="510" /><br />
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Buddhist monks at Jintai Temple in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, mainland <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a> Buddhism was first widely propagated in China by the Kushan monk <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokaksema_%28Buddhist_monk%29" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a> (Ch. 支婁迦讖, active c. 164–186 CE), who came from the ancient Buddhist kingdom of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra" title="Gandhāra">Gandhāra</a>. Lokakṣema translated important <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahāyāna sūtras</a> such as the <i>Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra</i>, as well as rare, early Mahāyāna sūtras on topics such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi_%28Buddhism%29" title="Samādhi (Buddhism)">samādhi</a>, and meditation on the buddha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akṣobhya</a>. These translations from Lokakṣema continue to give insight into the early period of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This corpus of texts often includes emphasizes ascetic practices and forest dwelling, and absorption in states of meditative concentration.<br />
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<b>Mahayana</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> for "Great Vehicle") is one of two (or three, under some classifications) main existing branches of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and a term for classification of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophies</a> and practice. The Buddhist tradition of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> is sometimes classified as a part of Mahayana Buddhism, but some scholars may consider it as a different branch altogether.<br />
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According to the teachings of Mahāyāna traditions, "Mahāyāna" also refers to the path of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> seeking complete enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings, also called "Bodhisattvayāna", or the "Bodhisattva Vehicle". A bodhisattva who has accomplished this goal is called a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samyaksa%E1%B9%83buddha" title="Samyaksaṃbuddha">samyaksaṃbuddha</a>, or "fully enlightened Buddha". A samyaksaṃbuddha can establish the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and lead disciples to enlightenment. Mahayana Buddhists teach that enlightenment can be attained in a single lifetime, and this can be accomplished even by a layperson.<br />
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The Mahāyāna tradition is the largest major tradition of Buddhism existing today, with 53.2% of practitioners, compared to 35.8% for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> and 5.7% for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> in 2010.<br />
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In the course of its history, Mahāyāna Buddhism spread from India to various other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. Major traditions of Mahāyāna Buddhism today include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>. It may also include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> traditions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, which add esoteric teachings to the Mahāyāna tradition.<br />
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Where exactly is Hinduism and Buddhism typically practiced today?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4tl7YvlB0io2tdiXzpoWb1r8zGqogsoj8eiFdgk-4cQyFBYoEsjGovKNp67Vf-_vwiGuOmwlCCrdbJFLHkKYIf9Z1ZGItKe65jsSuDySqrYYGOJvuzz1ErBym-3_0Vd9DT-VNng/s1600/863px-Hinduism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Hindu_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4tl7YvlB0io2tdiXzpoWb1r8zGqogsoj8eiFdgk-4cQyFBYoEsjGovKNp67Vf-_vwiGuOmwlCCrdbJFLHkKYIf9Z1ZGItKe65jsSuDySqrYYGOJvuzz1ErBym-3_0Vd9DT-VNng/s640/863px-Hinduism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Hindu_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtG0X4XvjAGhky0XBVRaJipQT70MycUoJTqr9maEyV2v7krDdfxZZaomzy1cdKMwOH5pjLLgW5VgFjevCvZLXLft5A6RDNvyB9Z71uvaWd53QIyV5n27bY2rUCVJGYSS8DYgQnvg/s1600/863px-Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtG0X4XvjAGhky0XBVRaJipQT70MycUoJTqr9maEyV2v7krDdfxZZaomzy1cdKMwOH5pjLLgW5VgFjevCvZLXLft5A6RDNvyB9Z71uvaWd53QIyV5n27bY2rUCVJGYSS8DYgQnvg/s640/863px-Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Did the Buddha reunite with his family after Enlightenment?<br />
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No, we have no evidence, and all biographical details of the Buddha are sketchy, but we have no evidence that he reunited with his family. His death though is celebrated. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">According to the <i>Mahaparinibbana Sutta</i> of the Pali canon, at the age of 80, the Buddha announced that he would soon reach Parinirvana, or the final deathless state, and abandon his earthly body. After this, the Buddha ate his last meal, which he had received as an offering from a blacksmith named </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunda_%28Buddhism%29" title="Cunda (Buddhism)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cunda</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Falling violently ill, Buddha instructed his attendant </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ānanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> to convince Cunda that the meal eaten at his place had nothing to do with his passing and that his meal would be a source of the greatest merit as it provided the last meal for a Buddha.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Mettanando and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_von_Hin%C3%BCber" title="Oskar von Hinüber"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">von Hinüber</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> argue that the Buddha died of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery_syndrome" title="Superior mesenteric artery syndrome"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mesenteric</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">infarction</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, a symptom of old age, rather than food poisoning.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The precise contents of the Buddha's final meal are not clear, due to variant scriptural traditions and ambiguity over the translation of certain significant terms; the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Theravada</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> tradition generally believes that the Buddha was offered some kind of pork, while the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mahayana</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> tradition believes that the Buddha consumed some sort of truffle or other mushroom. These may reflect the different traditional views on </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Buddhist vegetarianism</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> and the precepts for monks and nuns.</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Waley" title="Arthur Waley"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Waley</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> suggests that Theravadins would take <i>suukaramaddava</i> (the contents of the Buddha's last meal), which can translate literally as <i>pig-soft</i>, to mean "soft flesh of a pig" or "pig's soft-food", that is, after </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Eugen_Neumann" title="Karl Eugen Neumann"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Neumann</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, a soft food favoured by pigs, assumed to be a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">truffle</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. He argues (also after Neumann) that as "(p)lant names tend to be local and dialectical", as there are several plants known to have <i>suukara-</i> (pig) as part of their names,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> and as Pali Buddhism developed in an area remote from the Buddha's death, <i>suukaramaddava</i> could easily have been a type of plant whose local name was unknown to those in Pali regions. Specifically, local writers writing soon after the Buddha's death knew more about their flora than Theravadin commentator </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Buddhaghosa</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> who lived hundreds of years and hundreds of kilometres remote in time and space from the events described. Unaware that it may have been a local plant name and with no Theravadin prohibition against eating animal flesh, Theravadins would not have questioned the Buddha eating meat and interpreted the term accordingly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha died at Kuśināra (present-day </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kushinagar</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, India), which became a pilgrimage center.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Ananda protested the Buddha's decision to enter Parinirvana in the abandoned jungles of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kuśināra</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malla_%28India%29" title="Malla (India)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Malla</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> kingdom. The Buddha, however, is said to have reminded Ananda how Kushinara was a land once ruled by a righteous wheel-turning king and the appropriate place for him to die.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Buddha then asked all the attendant </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bhikkhus</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> to clarify any doubts or questions they had and cleared them all in a way which others could not do. They had none. According to Buddhist scriptures, he then finally entered Parinirvana. The Buddha's final words are reported to have been: "All composite things (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra"><span style="color: blue;">Saṅkhāra</span></a>) are perishable. Strive for your own liberation with diligence" (Pali: 'vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā'). His body was cremated and the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic" title="Relic"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">relics</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> were placed in monuments or stupas, some of which are believed to have survived until the present. For example, The </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Temple of the Tooth</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> or "Dalada Maligawa" in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sri Lanka</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is the place where what some believe to be the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">relic of the right tooth of Buddha</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is kept at present.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">According to the Pāli historical chronicles of Sri Lanka, the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipavamsa" title="Dipavamsa"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none;">Dīpavaṃsa</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavamsa" title="Mahavamsa"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none;">Mahāvaṃsa</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, the coronation of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Emperor Aśoka</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (Pāli: Asoka) is 218 years after the death of the Buddha. According to two textual records in Chinese (</span><span lang="ZH" style="font-family: "ms mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt;">十八部論</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> and </span><span lang="ZH" style="font-family: "ms mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt;">部執異論</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">), the coronation of Emperor Aśoka is 116 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore, the time of Buddha's passing is either 486 BCE according to Theravāda record or 383 BCE according to Mahayana record. However, the actual date traditionally accepted as the date of the Buddha's death in Theravāda countries is 544 or 545 BCE, because the reign of Emperor Aśoka was traditionally reckoned to be about 60 years earlier than current estimates. In Burmese Buddhist tradition, the date of the Buddha's death is 13 May 544 BCE.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> whereas in Thai tradition it is 11 March 545 BCE.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">At his death, the Buddha is famously believed to have told his disciples to follow no leader. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakasyapa" title="Mahakasyapa"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mahakasyapa</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> was chosen by the sangha to be the chairman of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" title="First Buddhist Council"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">First Buddhist Council</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, with the two chief disciples </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maudgalyayana</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariputta" title="Sariputta"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sariputta</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> having died before the Buddha.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">While in the Buddha's days he was addressed by the very respected titles Buddha, Shākyamuni, Shākyasimha, Bhante and Bho, he was known after his parinirvana as Arihant, Bhagavā/Bhagavat/Bhagwān, Mahāvira,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Jina/Jinendra, Sāstr, Sugata, and most popularly in scriptures as Tathāgata.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What type of Buddhism created warrior monks?</span><br />
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<i><b>Sōhei</b></i> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(<span lang="ja">僧兵</span><sup class="noprint"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span style="color: #0000ee; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 0.1em; text-decoration: none;">?</span></a></sup>, "monk soldiers", "warrior monks")</span> were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> warrior monks of both medieval and feudal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. At certain points of history they held considerable power, obliging the imperial and military governments to collaborate.<br />
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The prominence of the sōhei rose in parallel with the ascendancy of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> school's influence between the 10th and 17th centuries. The warriors protected land and intimidated rival schools of Buddhism, becoming a significant factor in the spread of Buddhism and the development of different schools during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>.<br />
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The sōhei shared many similarities with the European <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_brother" title="Lay brother">lay brothers</a>, members of a monastic order who might not have been ordained. Much like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, the warrior monks of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_order_%28monastic_society%29" title="Military order (monastic society)">crusading orders</a>, sōhei did not operate as individuals, or even as members of small, individual temples, but rather as warriors in a large extended brotherhood or monastic order. The home temple of a sōhei monastic order might have had several, if not dozens or a hundred, smaller monasteries, training halls, and subordinate temples connected to it. A famous sōhei monastery is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a>, just outside <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Why is the difference between Jewish and Christian rituals and practices so vast? </span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Rephrased, the theology is different, however, there are profound similarities: for example, ritual washing or ablution.</span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Judaism </span></h4>
In <b>Judaism</b>, <b>ritual washing</b>, or ablution, takes two main forms. A <i><b>tevilah</b></i> (טְבִילָה) is a full body immersion in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a>, and a <i><b>netilat yadayim</b></i> which is the washing of the hands with a cup (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwashing_in_Judaism" title="Handwashing in Judaism">Handwashing in Judaism</a>).<br />
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References to ritual washing are found in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, and are elaborated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. They have been codified in various codes of Jewish law and tradition, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> (12th century) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Joseph Karo</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i> (16th century.) These customs are most commonly observed within <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>, the practices are normative with certain leniencies and exceptions. Ritual washing is not generally performed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>.<br />
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Christianity <br />
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<b>Ablution</b>, in religion, is a prescribed washing of part or all of the body or of possessions, such as clothing or ceremonial objects, with the intent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">purification</a> or dedication.<sup> </sup>In Christianity, both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwashing" title="Footwashing">footwashing</a> are forms of ablution. In liturgical churches, ablution can refer to purifying fingers or vessels related to the Eucharist. In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> washing also occurs in reference to rites of Judaism part of the action of a healing by Jesus, the preparation of a body for burial,<sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+9%3A37&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow">[Acts 9:37]</a></sup> the washing of nets by fishermen,<sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk.+5%3A2&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow">[Lk. 5:2]</a></sup> a person's personal washing of the face to appear in public,<sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matt.+6%3A17&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow">[Matt. 6:17]</a></sup> the cleansing of an injured person's wounds,<sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+16%3A33&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow">[Acts 16:33]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>'s washing of his hands as a symbolic claim of innocence<sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matt.+27%3A24&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow">[Matt. 27:24]</a></sup> and foot washing,<sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn.+13%3A5-14&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow">[Jn. 13:5-14]</a></sup> <sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Tim.+5%3A10&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow">[1 Tim. 5:10]</a></sup> now partly a symbolic rite within the Church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> declared himself innocent of the blood of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> by washing his hands.<sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+27%3A24&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow">[Matthew 27:24]</a></sup> This act of Pilate may not, however, have been borrowed from the custom of the Jews. The same practice was common among the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>.<br />
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Why was the Hagia Sophia built?<br />
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<b>Born out of riots</b><br />
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The story of the construction of the Hagia Sophia began in A.D. 532 when the Nika Riots, a great revolt, hit Constantinople. At the time Emperor Justinian I had been ruler of the empire for five years and had become unpopular. It started in the hippodrome among two chariot racing factions called the blue and green with the riot spreading throughout the city the rioters chanting “Nika,” which means “victory,” and attempting to throw out Justinian by besieging him in his palace.<br />
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“People were resentful of the high taxes that Justinian had imposed and they wanted him out of office,” said University of London historian Caroline Goodson in a <a href="http://natgeotv.com/ca/ancient-megastructures/videos/hagia-sofia-dome-secrets">National Geographic documentary</a>. After moving loyal troops into the city Justinian managed to put down the rebellion with brute force.<br />
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In the wake of the uprising, and on the site of a torched church that had been called the Hagia Sophia, a new Hagia Sophia would be built. To the ancient writer Paul the Silentiary, who lived when the cathedral was completed, the building represented a triumph for both Justinian and Christianity.<br />
“I say, renowned Roman Capitol, give way! My Emperor has so far overtopped that wonder as great God is superior to an idol!” (Translation by Peter Bell, from the book "Three Political Voices from the Age of Justinian," Liverpool University Press, 2009).<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.librarything.com/catalog/gmicksmith&collection=-1&deepsearch=islam">Dr. Smith's resources on Islam. </a><br />
<br />
https://www.librarything.com/catalog/gmicksmith&collection=-1&deepsearch=islam<br />
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PART TWO THE MEDIEVAL WORLD AND THE SHAPING OF CULTURE 200 CE–1400 246<br />
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9 The Rise and Spread of Islam A NEW RELIGION 289<br />
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The Prophet Muhammad 291<br />
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The Qur’an 292<br />
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The Hadith 293<br />
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The Hijra and Muslim Practice 293<br />
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The Spread of Islam 298<br />
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Works of the Umayyad Caliphs: The Great Mosque of Damascus 299<br />
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Images in Muslim Art 300<br />
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Islam in Africa and Spain 300<br />
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Islamic Africa 301<br />
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Islamic Spain 304<br />
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The Arts of the Islamic World 308<br />
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Music in the Islamic World 308<br />
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The Art of the Book 309<br />
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The Sufi Tradition 310<br />
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READINGS<br />
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9.1 from the Qur’an, Surah 47 315<br />
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9.1a from the Qur’an, Surah 76 292<br />
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9.1b from the Qur’an, Surah 5 293<br />
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9.2 from the hadith 293<br />
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9.3a from the Sunjata (12th century) 302<br />
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9.3b from the Sunjata (12th century) 304<br />
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9.4 Judah Halevi, “My Heart Is in the East” 306<br />
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9.5 from Nezami, Haft Paykar, “The Tale of the Black Princess” (1197) 310<br />
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9.6 “Tale of the Fisherman and the Genie” from The Thousand and One Nights (ca. 800–1300) 315<br />
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9.7a from Jami, “Seduction of Yusuf and Zulaykha” (1483) 311<br />
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9.7b from Jami, “Seduction of Yusuf and Zulaykha” (1483) 312<br />
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9.8 from Rumi, The Divan of Shams of Tabriz (ca. 1250) 317<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK The Bismillah and the Art of Calligraphy 294<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Islamic Heritage 313<br />
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10 Fiefdom and Monastery, Pilgrimage and Crusade THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WORLD IN EUROPE 319<br />
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Anglo-Saxon Artistic Style and Culture 321<br />
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Society, Law, and Family Life 321<br />
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Beowulf, the Oldest English Epic Poem 323<br />
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The Merging of Pagan and Christian Styles 325<br />
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Manuscript Illustration: Blending of Anglo-Saxon and Christian Traditions 327<br />
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Carolingian Culture and the Frankish Kings 328<br />
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The Song of Roland: Feudal and Chivalric Values 330<br />
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Promoting Literacy 332<br />
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The Medieval Monastery 333<br />
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The Ottonian Empire 337<br />
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Capetian France and the Norman Conquest 337<br />
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The Romanesque: The Pilgrimage Church and the Monastic Abbey 338<br />
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Cluny and the Monastic Tradition 345<br />
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The Cistercian Challenge 347<br />
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The Crusades 347<br />
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Krak des Chevaliers and the Medieval Castle 349<br />
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Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Art of Courtly Love 350<br />
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Troubadour Poetry 350<br />
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The Romance: Chrétien de Troyes’s Lancelot 352<br />
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READINGS<br />
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10.1a–d Beowulf, trans. Burton Raffel 323–325<br />
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10.2 from Caedmon’s Hymn 326<br />
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10.3 Song of Roland 331<br />
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10.4 from Hildegard of Bingen, Scivias 357<br />
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10.4a from Hildegard of Bingen, Scivias 335<br />
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10.5 from Pope Innocent III, On the Misery of the Human Condition 345<br />
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10.6 from the Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks), “The Fall of Jerusalem” 358<br />
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10.7 Bernard de Ventadour, “The Skylark,” verses 1–4 and 7 351<br />
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10.8 Comtessa de Dia’s “Cruel Are the Pains I’ve Suffered,” from Lark in the Morning: The Verses of the Troubadours 351<br />
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10.9 from Marie de France, Bisclavret (The Werewolf) 359<br />
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10.10 from Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot 353<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK The Bayeux Tapestry 340<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE Toward a New Urban Style: The Gothic 354 <br />
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<span style="color: #bb0000;">Week 5 Explore</span> </h3>
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<i>Muslim Structures and Pilgrimage</i> <br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 9 (pp. 288-295, 306-308), Dome of the Rock, <i>Hajj</i>, calligraphy, art (pp. 274-7), Christian mosaics in Ravenna; review the Week 5 Music Folder</li>
<li><i>National Geographic</i> on the <i>Hajj</i> at <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jM81wroj_MQ" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jM81wroj_MQ</a></li>
<a href="https://youtu.be/jM81wroj_MQ">Mecca | National Geographic</a>, 3:45 https://youtu.be/jM81wroj_MQ
<li>Walking tour of Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock and structures around it at <a href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200901/al-haram/tour.htm" target="_blank">http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200901/al-haram/tour.htm</a>. (Focus on what you wish; the entire tour is lengthy) </li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li>http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200901/al-haram/tour.htm </li>
</ul>
<i>Christian Structures and Pilgrimage</i><br />
<ul>
<li>Chapter 10 (pp. 338-345), Medieval Christian pilgrimage and Romanesque cathedrals; review Week 5 Music Folder</li>
<li>Video about Christian pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCDUl04lfLs" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCDUl04lfLs</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Martin Sheen and Emilio Estevez talk about a pilgrimage on film: <a href="http://www.npr.org/2011/10/05/141077667/father-and-son-take-a-spiritual-journey-in-the-way" target="_blank">http://www.npr.org/2011/10/05/141077667/father-and-son-take-a-spiritual-journey-in-the-way </a></li>
<li> </li>
<li> </li>
<li> <a href="http://www.npr.org/2011/10/05/141077667/father-and-son-take-a-spiritual-journey-in-the-way" target="_blank">Routes of </a><a href="https://youtu.be/LCDUl04lfLs">Santiago de Compostela</a> in France (UNESCO/NHK), 2:56<br />
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Santiago de Compostela was the supreme goal for countless thousands of pious pilgrims who converged there from all over Europe throughout the Middle Ages. To reach Spain pilgrims had to pass through France, and the group of important historical monuments included in this inscription marks out the four routes by which they did so. Source: UNESCO TV / © NHK Nippon Hoso Kyokai URL: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/868/<br />
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https://youtu.be/LCDUl04lfLs<br />
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<span style="color: #bb0000;">HUM111 Music for Week 5</span> </h3>
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In this week's readings (<b>chaps. 9-10</b>), there are several musical compositions mentioned.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> These (or decent equivalents) can be found on YouTube.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Watch and give them a listen. Here below is some background and description of each--and the link to the YouTube (and sometimes other helps).</div>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>Traditional: <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Sunjata</span></b></b> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(chap. 9, pp. 302-304)</span></li>
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<span style="font-style: inherit;">See <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivT3Oxjiqu0" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivT3Oxjiqu0</a>. (Alternatively, see a short version at <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQP4gM5Na54" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQP4gM5Na54</a><span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span>and a long version at<span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmRqyhXgmG4" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmRqyhXgmG4</a>).</span></div>
Symphony Of Koras- <a href="https://youtu.be/ivT3Oxjiqu0">Sunjata</a>, 9:10<br />
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Ashkenaz presents the East Bay premiere of Symphony of Koras, featuring an "orchestra" of musicians playing the kora, the 21-stringed West African harp. It is the only known kora orchestra in the United States, and its only previous concert was at small Mill Valley theater last year. The orchestra -- seven international kora players who live in the Bay Area -- includes Senegalese singer-dancer Ousseynou Kouyate in a two-part show, the first half a concert for listening, followed by the orchestra playing music for dancing. The kora is traditionally a solo instrument played by a griot, and even in Africa groups of kora players are usually assembled only for large family or state events. Although several of the Symphony of Koras players have performed at Ashkenaz in various African and world groupings, they've never played in an all-kora ensemble. Anthropologist, kora player, and director of the Symphony of Koras Suzanne Chevalier explains: "I had a djembe (drum) player from Africa here some years ago, and I wanted another instrument for accompaniment. I invited Daniel Berkman to play kora. When I returned to Gambia (Chevalier studies elephants there, and has also devoted time to collecting African sacred music), I began taking kora lessons." Three years ago at a local concert, Senegal native Solo Cissokho asked Chevalier to assemble an orchestra of the instruments for his next Bay Area visit. That led to the Mill Valley concert, where the audience gave an enthused standing ovation. And now, the Symphony of Koras plays at Ashkenaz. The kora has a thousand-year history, beginning in the kingdom of Mali as the accompanying instrument for griots, musicians who preserve and sing the histories of their people. It is a classical instrument with a classical repertoire. There are 150 pieces that all kora players learn, and selections from that repertoire are what Symphony of Koras play together. Ousseynou Kouyate was a member of the National Ballet of Senegal for seven years before moving to Berkeley with his twin brother Assane and starting their colorful music/dance band Djialy Kunda Kouyate (now known as Sekhou Senegal), using such indigenous instruments as the kora and balafon. Kouyate is a descendant of griots who carries on age-old traditions. He has performed in various world music collaborations at Ashkenaz with such musicians as fellow African star Solo Cissokho and Cajun-zydeco fiddler Tom Rigney. Last year he was featured in the African world dance band Makuru. www.sekhousenegal.com Born in Gambia, raised in Mali, singer and kora master Karamo Susso grew up in a compound of griots, next door to Toumani Diabate. His uncle was Ballake Cissoko. Susso was playing kora and performing before he was big enough to hold the instrument. He has since gone on to perform with many of Africa's top stars. www.myspace.com/karamosusso On her own, vocalist, multi-instrumentalist and acupuncturist Unity Nguyen blends ancient Vietnamese and African folk traditions, interweaving them with jazz, funk, and other global influences. She specializes in the kora and the Vietnamese dan tranh (16-string zither). www.unityhealinghands.com San Franciscan Daniel Berkman studied kora while a member of Djialy Kunda Kouyate and began exploring the use of electronics with the instrument to create what he calls "21st century Ambient African Kora." Steve Pile is an American-folk-blues singer-songwriter and guitarist who has also worked with and recorded kora players here and in Gambia. Gordon Hellegers studied with Madou Sidike Diabate and accompanies him in concerts. He built his own kora while traveling in Mali. Joshua Caraco is the newest convert to playing kora.<br />
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https://youtu.be/ivT3Oxjiqu0<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ivT3Oxjiqu0" width="560"></iframe> <br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/oQP4gM5Na54">Shorter version</a><br />
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SUNDIATA - THE HERITAGE OF THE GRIOT 6:03mns, 1:09<br />
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This is the story of Sundiata, the legendary king of the 13th century kingdom of Mali in West Africa. Sung by a genuine griot (traditional oral historian)playing the kora, with a drummer, and illustrated with colorful paintings. Written by: Kenny Mann; Narrator: Afemo Omilami; Griot: Morikeba Konyate; Drums: Oginga Love; Paintings: Vern Edwards. This video is not for sale. Produced for Harcourt Brace Jovanonitch.<br />
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https://youtu.be/oQP4gM5Na54<br />
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<b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span></b></b></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span><b><b>Traditional music of West Africa</b></b>, and a traditional epic of West Africa:<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Read carefully in <b>C</b><b><b>hapter 9 (pp. 302-304</b></b>) about the importance of the epic story of <b><b>Sunjata</b></b> (=Sundiata or Sundjata), a hero of the Mandinka people and founder of the Mali empire in the 1200s AD. <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>His deeds have been widely told and sung by griots in West Africa for many centuries. Sunjata had been crippled as a child and his mother cruelly ridiculed because of it. Sunjata overcame these burdens to become a great hero and leader. See summary at <a href="http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/CoursePack/coursepackpast/sundjata.htm#Summary" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/CoursePack/coursepackpast/sundjata.htm#Summary</a> .<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> For the story in English translation, see <a href="http://www.bu.edu/africa/files/pdf/SUNDIATA1.pdf" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.bu.edu/africa/files/pdf/SUNDIATA1.pdf</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> .<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/CoursePack/coursepackpast/sundjata.htm#Summary </span><br />
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Most in Mali in this time, including Sunjata himself, practiced indigenous West African religions, but Islam was starting to spread.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Sunjata’s grandson, Mansa Musa (p. 302), would be Muslim and become Mali’s most renowned ruler.<br />
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<ol start="2">
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Andalusian music</span></b></b> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">from <i>Nuba ‘al’istihlal</i> (chap. 9, p. 308). This music is from Muslim Spain.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Signficant parts of spain were under Muslim rule (pp. 304, 307, 679) from 711 CE until the last Muslim stronghold of Granada fell in 1492, and chapter 9 describes some of the rich musical developments there. On p. 308 you read a description of the word <i>oud</i> and also of the development of the “guitar” (the word “guitar goes back to India’s Sanskrit language as well as to Persian and Greek--an ancient Greek stringed instrument was the <i>kithara</i> ).<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> But the modern instrument of the guitar seems to have evolved through a line of stringed instruments developed in North Africa and Spain.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> See and hear at:<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFfHA8v9GJg" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFfHA8v9GJg</a> (instrumental:<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>oud and guitar) </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> Juan Martin ft. Abdelsalam Khair - Evocacion De Damasco A <a href="https://youtu.be/yFfHA8v9GJg">Cordoba</a>, 9:43<br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFfHA8v9GJg<br />
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https://youtu.be/yFfHA8v9GJg<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yFfHA8v9GJg" width="560"></iframe> <br />
and<br />
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</span> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJ3mfWhEmt4" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJ3mfWhEmt4</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(</span><i style="font-weight: inherit;">Nuba ‘al’istihlal</i><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">)</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
Música Andalusí - <a href="https://youtu.be/jJ3mfWhEmt4">Núba Al-Istihlál</a>, 16:16 Intérpretes/Performers: Ustad Massano Tazi Imágenes/Images: Miniaturas islámicas medievales (Varios países) / Ancient islamic illuminations (different countries) https://youtu.be/jJ3mfWhEmt4 </ul>
<ul> </ul>
<ul><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jJ3mfWhEmt4" width="560"></iframe> </ul>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> -----------------------------<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div>
<ol start="3">
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit;">Listen to a traditional Gregorian chant, a neumatic chant as described on p. 336 (chap. 10):<span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS_AjMPqy04" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS_AjMPqy04</a> .<span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: inherit;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS_AjMPqy04 </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit;">Old Roman Catholic Chant - <a href="https://youtu.be/FS_AjMPqy04">Dixit Dominus Domino meo</a>, 2:52<br />
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Dixit Dominus Domino meo: Sede a dextris meis, donec ponam inimicos tuos scabellum pedum tuorum. The Lord said unto my Lord: Sit thou on my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy foot-stool. Category People & Blogs License Standard YouTube License Music "Messe de minuit [ca. 1071]: Graduel: Tecum Principium" by Luc Terrieux, Frederic Tavernier-Vellas, Jean-Christophe Candau, Jean-Etienne Langianni, Malcolm Bothwell, Marcel Peres<br />
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https://youtu.be/FS_AjMPqy04<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FS_AjMPqy04" width="560"></iframe> <br />
This is traditionally called Psalm 109 (the Latin Vulgate has slightly different numbering; in Protestant Bibles it is Psalm 110).<span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span> See full text of the Latin lyrics with english transaltion at:<span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<br />
<br />
</span> <span style="font-style: inherit;"><a href="http://www.artemusica.us/repertoire/handels-dixit-dominus/lyrics-of-dixit-dominus/" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.artemusica.us/repertoire/handels-dixit-dominus/lyrics-of-dixit-dominus/</a></span><span style="font-style: inherit;">.<span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span></span></li>
Not found </ol>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit;">Here is a similar chant of the same type:<span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span></span></div>
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<b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>Alleluia Pascha Nostrum</span></b></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span><a href="http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xyiqf5_alleluia-pascha-nostrum_music" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xyiqf5_alleluia-pascha-nostrum_music</a> (for Latin text and English translation, see <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/music/ito/history/plainchant_text.html" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.columbia.edu/itc/music/ito/history/plainchant_text.html</a>)<span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit;"> </span></li>
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/music/ito/history/plainchant_text.html ALLELUIA 0:00 Soloist Alleluia. Alleluia. 0:38 Chorus Alleluia. Alleluia. VERSE 1:18 soloist Pascha nostrum immolatus est, Christus. Christ, our Passover, has been sacrified for us. ALLELUIA 2:30 Chorus Alleluia. Alleluia. <a href="http://dai.ly/xyiqf5">ALLELUIA PASCHA NOSTRUM</a>, 2:10 versetto alleluiatico di Pasqua. Testo 1 Cor. 5,7. Modo V. Voce: Guya Valmaggi. Dal CD RV 018, ALLE SORGENTI. Registrato nel'antico santuario di Valliano. - Gospel Experience - (Re)Discover the Gospel greatest songs - Gospel Experience is the channel dedicated to offer you the best Gospel music experience in high quality audio. Find your favorite artists and subscribe for free to stay connected to our channel and easily access our video updates! http://dai.ly/xyiqf5 </ul>
<ul> </ul>
<ul><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="//www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/xyiqf5" width="480"></iframe> </ul>
<ul> </ul>
<ul><a href="http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xyiqf5_alleluia-pascha-nostrum_music" target="_blank">ALLELUIA PASCHA NOSTRUM</a> <i>by <a href="http://www.dailymotion.com/gospelexperience" target="_blank">gospelexperience</a></i> </ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
Read carefully <b><b>chapter 10 (pp. 335-336)</b></b> about neumatic chant and then give a listen to this musical chant. (<i>Alleluia Pascha Nostrum</i>= Hallelujah, Christ our Passover; based on 1 Cor. 5:7).<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> This is an adaptation of plainchant or neumatic chant from the medieval church.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div>
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<ol start="4">
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><b><b>Kyrie Eleison, Cunctipotens genitor Deus</b></b> (chap. 10, p. 336)</span></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXBQWxI_J4o" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXBQWxI_J4o</a></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXBQWxI_J4o">Kyrie Eleison</a> (Cunctipotens Genitor Deus), 3:38 Daniel Saulnier- Director Conservatorio de Celaya, Guanajuato Pascua 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXBQWxI_J4o </ul>
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<ul><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PXBQWxI_J4o" width="560"></iframe> </ul>
</li>
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<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Read <b><b>p. 336 (in chap. 10</b></b>) carefully and then listen to this.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> This is an example of a melismatic chant in which some syllables are extended and sung with many notes.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><i>Kyrie Eleison Cunctipotens genitor Deus</i> ("Lord, have mercy, all-powerful Father, God") is sung here in melismatic form.</span></div>
<ol start="5">
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><b><b>O successores</b></b> (chap. 10, p. 336)<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Hildegard of Bingen</span></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfCmHuz5oTk" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfCmHuz5oTk</a> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(for text and translation, see <a href="http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/music/kamien/student/olc/40.htm" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/music/kamien/student/olc/40.htm</a> ) </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><br />
<br />
<h1 align="left">
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)</span></h1>
<span style="font-family: "arial";"> <h3 align="left">
<i>O Successores</i> (<i>You Successors</i>)</h3>
<div align="left">
<b>CD 1, Track 46</b></div>
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This example of <b>Gregorian chant</b> is notated in the manuscript as a single melodic line, without accompaniment (<b>monophonic</b>). However, in our recording the performers have added a <b>drone</b> accompaniment. A drone consists of one or more long, sustained tones accompanying a melody. In <i>O successores</i>, two simultaneous sustained notes at the interval of a fifth are played on a fiddle, a medieval bowed string instrument. It may well be that such an accompaniment accords with medieval performance practice.<br />
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<table border="0" cellpadding="2"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top"><b>46) </b></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">Low register</span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>O successores fortissimi leonis</i></span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">You successors of the mightiest lion</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>inter templum et altare—</i></span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">between the temple and the altar—</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>dominantes in ministratione eius— </i></span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">you the masters in his household—</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top">:40</td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">Melody rises<br />
and falls</span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>sicut angeli sonant in laudibus,</i></span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">as the angles sound forth praises</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>et sicut adsunt populis in adiutorio,</i></span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">and are here to help the nations,</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top">1:15</td> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>vos estis inter illos,</i></span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">you are among those</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>qui haec faciunt,</i></span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">who accomplish this,</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>sempter curam habentes</i></span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">forever showing your care</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top">1:44</td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">Climax on <i>officio</i>, <br />
long descent on <i>agni</i> </span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>in officio agni.</i></span></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;">in the service of the lamb.</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<br />
http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/music/kamien/student/olc/40.htm<br />
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<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/YfCmHuz5oTk"> Sequentia - </a>O Successores, 2:09<br />
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https://youtu.be/YfCmHuz5oTk<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YfCmHuz5oTk" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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<br />
</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Read <b><b>p. 336 (in chap. 10</b></b>) carefully.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Then give this a listen; the composition of this chant<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> is attributed to the great <b><b>Hildegard of Bingen</b></b> (see pp. 333-5), who lived ca. AD 1098-1179) and was renowned as a writer, composer, and scholar. This chant, as described on p. 336, is more complex in form than those in the previous two music selections above.</span></div>
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<ol start="6">
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><b><b>Alleluia, Dies Sanctificatus</b></b> (chap. 10, p. 347; compare<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> chap. 12, p. 417)<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Leonin<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(this selection was also in Week 6; it is discussed in both chapters 10 and 12)</span></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBs-qf8AUCc" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBs-qf8AUCc</a><b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></b></b></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(for text and translation, see</span> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="http://williamhawley.net/scorepages/alleluiadies/alleluiadiestxt.htm" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://williamhawley.net/scorepages/alleluiadies/alleluiadiestxt.htm</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> )</span></li>
http://williamhawley.net/scorepages/alleluiadies/alleluiadiestxt.htm Allelúia, allelúia. Díes sanctificátus illúxit nóbis: Veníte géntes, et adoráte Dóminum: Quía hódie descéndit lux mágna súper térram. Allelúia. Alleluia, alleluia. A holy day has dawned for us: Come, ye people, and pray to the Lord: For today the great Light has descended on earth. Alleluia. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBs-qf8AUCc <a href="https://youtu.be/wBs-qf8AUCc">Alleluia: Dies Sanctificatus</a>, 4:29 The mystery of the Incarnation of the Word lies at the heart of the Christian faith. It is celebrated just after the longest night of the year, when (in the northern hemisphere) the days begin to lengthen until we reach the summer solstice, which is associated with the figure of John the Baptist. To celebrate this moment, the Church deploys an exceptional virtually uninterrupted liturgical cycle in which the usual Offices are interspersed with four Masses. The music is that of the ancient chant of the Church of Rome, one of the oldest repertories of which traces have remained in the collective memory of mankind. Up to the thirteenth century this repertory accompanied the papal liturgy. It disappeared with the installation of the papacy in Avignon, and sank into oblivion. Rediscovered in the early twentieth century, it aroused little enthusiasm among musicians, and only began to be studied properly, first from the liturgical, then from the musicological perspective, in the second half of the century. At this time, to distinguish it from Gregorian chant, it was named Old Roman chant. Old Roman chant occupies a central position in the history of music. It is the keystone which gives meaning and coherence to what ought to be the musical consciousness of Western Europe and far beyond. For, looking back to the period before, it gives us the key to the filiation between the chant of the Temple of Jerusalem and the heritage of Greek music. Through the magic of music, sung texts become icons. Time is deployed with sovereign slowness confers on the sound a hieratic immanence in which time and space are united in a single vibrant truth. </ul>
<ul> </ul>
<ul>https://youtu.be/wBs-qf8AUCc </ul>
<ul> </ul>
<ul><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wBs-qf8AUCc" width="560"></iframe> </ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Read <b><b>p. 347</b></b> (in <b><b>chap. 10</b></b>) carefully; also glance ahead at p. 417 (in chap. 12).<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Then consider the term <b><b>polyphony</b></b> (two or more lines of melody) as you listen to this, as well as the other terms suggested. This selection is a partricular form called “melismatic”.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> The composer (Leonin) worked in the Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris) in the late 1100s AD.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <i>Alleluia, Dies Sanctificatus</i> (="Hallelujah, A Holy Day") is a chant normally sung at Christmas. This was one of the polyphonic chants in Léonin’s <i>Magnus Liber Organi</i> (his “Big Book of Polyphony”!).<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> You can see how chant is developing even further from those examples in the earlier works above.</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div>
<ol start="7">
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span><b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Can Vei La Lauzeta Mover</span></b></b> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(chap. 10, pp. 350-351)<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> = "</span></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">When I see the <b><b style="font-style: inherit;">skylark</b></b> beating..."</span></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"> <ul>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkp2GHBRUiQ" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkp2GHBRUiQ</a> or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2l-H6eG2SsY" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2l-H6eG2SsY</a> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(our book has a partial translation on p. 351; see text and a different translation at</span> <a href="http://faculty.goucher.edu/eng240/troubador_and_trobairitz_love_lyrics.htm" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://faculty.goucher.edu/eng240/troubador_and_trobairitz_love_lyrics.htm</a> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">)</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">]</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">Sample Troubador Love Lyric</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> Bernart de Ventadorn (?1130-?1200), “<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfCkmiQ0nDs">Can vei la lauzeta mover</a>” [“When I see the lark beat his wings”]</span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">When I see the lark beat his wings</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">for joy against the sun's ray,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">until he forgets to fly and plummets down,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">for the sheer delight which goes to his heart,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">alas, great envy comes to me</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">of those whom I see filled with happiness,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">and I marvel that my heart</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">does not instantly melt from desire.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Alas, I thought I knew so much about love,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">and really I know so little,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">for I cannot keep myself from loving her</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">from whom I shall have no favor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">She has stolen from me my heart, myself,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">herself, and all the world.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">When she took herself from me, she left me nothing</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">but desire and a longing heart.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Never have I been in control of myself</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">or even belonged to myself from the hour</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">that she let me gaze into her eyes-</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">that mirror that pleases me so greatly.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Mirror, since I saw myself reflected in you,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">deep sighs have been killing me.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">I have lost myself, just as</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">handsome Narcissus lost himself in the fountain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">I despair of women,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">no more will I trust them,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">and just as I used to defend them,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">now I shall denounce them.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Since I see that none aids me</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">against her who destroys and confounds me,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">I fear and distrust them all</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">for I know well they are all alike.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">In this my lady certainly shows herself</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">to be a woman, and for it I reproach her,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">for she wants not that which one ought to want,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">and what is forbidden, she does.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">I have fallen out of favor</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">and have behaved like the fool on the bridge;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">and I don't know why it happened</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">except because I tried to climb too high.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Mercy is lost, in truth,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">though I never received it,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">for she who should possess it most</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">has none, so where shall I seek it?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Ah, one who sees her would scarcely guess</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">that she just leaves this passionate wretch</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">(who will have no good without her)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">to die, and gives no aid.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Since with my lady neither prayers nor mercy</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">nor my rights avail me,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">and since she is not pleased</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">that I love her, I will never speak of it to her again.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Thus I part from her, and leave;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">she has killed me, and by death I respond,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">since she does not retain me, I depart,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">wretched, into exile, I don't know where.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Tristan, you will have nothing from me,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">for I depart, wretched, I don't know where.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">I quit and leave off singing</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">and withdraw from joy and love.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> Bernart is one of the most famous troubadors, but he is but one among many who wrote in this convention-challenging style about secular erotic attraction among unmarried persons. The last stanza of typical troubador lyrics, like this one, addresses a specific friend or the Beloved her-/himself, by means of a coded nick-name called a "senhal," in this case, "Tristan," an allusion to the great medieval love story, "Tristan and Isolde."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> Women wrote these love lyrics, too, and they were called "troubaritz" in the Provencal dialect of French in which all these poems were composed. </span></span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> For examples of the trobairitz' poetry, see Magda Bogin's full collection in the Library Collection, or <a href="http://faculty.goucher.edu/eng240/trobaritz_lyrics_Beatritz_Comtesse_de_Dia.html">click here for the original Occitan text and an English translation of a poem by the Comtesse de Dia</a>:</span></span></div>
<ul>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2l-H6eG2SsY 6:35 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkp2GHBRUiQ Bernart de Ventadorn: <a href="https://youtu.be/jkp2GHBRUiQ">Can vei la lauzeta</a>, 5:17 https://youtu.be/jkp2GHBRUiQ </ul>
<ul> </ul>
<ul><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jkp2GHBRUiQ" width="560"></iframe> </ul>
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</ul>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Read <b><b>pp. 350-351 in chap. 10</b></b>. This is a secular troubador song about a romantic love but now lost in rejection. The troubador who originally composed this in the late 1100s AD was Bernard de Ventadour.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <i>Can Vei La Lauzeta Mover</i> (="When I see the skylark beating" its wings) is here done in a traditional style for a sad song such as this.</span></div>
<div style="font-weight: 300;">
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<ol start="8">
<li style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><b><b>A chantar<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></b></b></span><span style="font-style: inherit;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NACeUqS2D4" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NACeUqS2D4</a></span><b><b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></span></b></b> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">(chap. 10, p. 351) </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Beatriz de Dia </span>(for original language, see:<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=46209" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=46209</a>;<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> see English translation at <a href="http://el-hydra.blogspot.com/2011/03/chantar-mer.html" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://el-hydra.blogspot.com/2011/03/chantar-mer.htm</a>; added note:<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>Reading 10.8 on p. 351 is a translation of lyrics of a different song by Beatriz, one for whom the music does not survive, though some have tried anyway)</li>
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<div style="font-weight: 300;">
Read <b><b>p. 351 in chap. 10</b></b>. The title <i>A chantar</i> simply means "A Song".<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> This one was done <b><b>by a female troubadour</b></b> (Beatriz de Dia) of the late 1100s AD.</div>
Comtessa Beatriz de Dia - A <a href="https://youtu.be/4NACeUqS2D4">chantar m'er de so qu'eu no volria</a> (English lyrics), 14:45 <br />
Music and lyrics by Beatriz de Dia, (born c. 1140 - flourished circa 1175, Provence), was the most famous of a small group of trobairitz, or female troubadours who wrote courtly songs of love during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Performed by Clemencic Consort Singer, Pilar Figueras Picture, The hunt of the unicorn<br />
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https://youtu.be/4NACeUqS2D4<br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week5/WYLTKM-Islam/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about the Pillars of Islam.</a></span><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week5/WYLTKM-Islam/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W5_islam_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Muhammad recites, the 5 pillars are established. Islam's dynamic spread in the 7th Century.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week5/WYLTKM-Martel/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about Charles Martel and the Carolingian Dynasty.</a></span><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week5/WYLTKM-Martel/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W5_Martel_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">The 7-Day Stare: Charles Martel defends Christian Europe and starts a dynasty.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week5/WYLTKM-Norman/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about the Norman Conquest.</a></span><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week5/WYLTKM-Norman/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W5_Norman_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">William the Conqueror and the bloody scramble for England.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week5/WYLTKM-Crusades/story.html" style="color: #990000; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Click the image below to learn more about the Crusades.</a></span><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1146/Week5/WYLTKM-Crusades/story.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1154/Images/W5_crusades_new.jpg" style="border: 0px solid #000000;" /> </a><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Why did the crusades begin, and what did they achieve?</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">9 The Rise and Spread of Islam<br />
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A New Religion </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">THINKING AHEAD<br />
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9.1 Outline the principal tenets of the Muslim faith.<br />
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9.2 Explain the rapid spread of the Muslim faith.<br />
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9.3 Describe Islamic culture in both Africa and Spain.<br />
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9.4 Explore the importance of calligraphy in Islamic art and explain how the other arts reflect its emphasis on abstract rhythms of pattern and repetition.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">MUHAMMAD </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">What are the principal tenets of the Muslim faith? </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600929-dt-content-rid-103256437_2/xid-103256437_2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="Islam">Islam FisherBriefPPT_Ch10.ppt</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://wikiislam.net/wiki/List_of_Killings_Ordered_or_Supported_by_Muhammad" rel="nofollow">List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad</a><br />
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http://wikiislam.net/wiki/List_of_Killings_Ordered_or_Supported_by_Muhammad<br />
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<img alt="Islam Notes" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600929-dt-content-rid-106827679_2/xid-106827679_2" /><br />
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Witness (Shahadah): The repetition of the shahadah, or “witness,” which consists of a single sentence, “There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”<br />
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Prayer (Salat): The practice of daily prayer, recited facing Mecca, five times each day, at dawn, midday, mid-afternoon, sunset, and nightfall, and the additional requirement for all men to gather for a noon prayer and sermon on Fridays.<br />
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Alms (Zakat): The habit of giving alms to the poor and needy, consisting of at least one-fortieth of a Muslim’s assets and income.<br />
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Fasting (Sawm): During the lunar month of Ramadan (which, over a 33-year period, will occur in every season of the year), the ritual obligation to fast by abstaining from food, drink, medicine, tobacco, and sexual intercourse from sunrise to sundown each day.<br />
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Pilgrimage (Hajj): At least once in every Muslim’s life, in the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar, the undertaking of a pilgrimage to Mecca. <br />
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<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600929-dt-content-rid-106827680_2/xid-106827680_2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Islam Notes.jpg</a><br />
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<ul>
<li>Qur’an</li>
</ul>
<b>In Search of the Original Koran: The True History of the Revealed Text</b> by <a href="http://www.librarything.com/author/sfarmondher" rel="nofollow">Mondher Sfar</a>, Other authors: <a href="http://www.librarything.com/author/lanieremilia" rel="nofollow">Emilia Lanier</a> (Translator), Prometheus Books (2008), Hardcover, 152 pages: <a href="http://www.librarything.com/work/5277730/summary/56079606" rel="nofollow">http://www.librarything.com/work/5277730/summary/56079606</a><br />
References on the Qur'an: <a href="http://www.librarything.com/catalog/gmicksmith&collection=-1&deepsearch=Quran+Koran" rel="nofollow">http://www.librarything.com/catalog/gmicksmith&collection=-1&deepsearch=Quran+Koran</a><br />
<ul>
<li>Spread of Islam</li>
</ul>
"Contrary to the conventional wisdom, it is the Middle East where the institution of empire not only originated (for example, Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Iran, and so on) but where its spirit has also outlived its European counterpart. . . . The birth of Islam, by contrast [to Christianity], was inextricably linked with the creation of a world empire and its universalism was inherently imperialist. It did not distinguish between temporal and religious powers, which were combined in the person of Muhammed, who derived his authority directly from Allah and acted at one and the same time as head of the state and head of the church. This allowed the prophet to cloak his political ambitions with a religious aura and to channel Islam's energies into `its instrument of aggressive expansion, there [being] no internal organism of equal force to counterbalance it'" (pp. 2, 6).<br />
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<b>Islamic Imperialism: A History</b> by <a href="http://www.librarything.com/author/karshefraim" rel="nofollow">Efraim Karsh</a>, Yale University Press (2007), Edition: Updated Ed, Paperback, 304 pages: <a href="http://www.librarything.com/work/837890/summary/33242772" rel="nofollow">http://www.librarything.com/work/837890/summary/33242772</a><br />
References on the spread of Islam: <a href="http://www.librarything.com/catalog/gmicksmith&collection=-1&deepsearch=Jihad" rel="nofollow">http://www.librarything.com/catalog/gmicksmith&collection=-1&deepsearch=Jihad</a><br />
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The Kaaba<br />
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In her book, Islam: A Short History, Karen Armstrong asserts that the Kaaba was at some point dedicated to Hubal, a Nabatean deity, and contained 360 idols that probably represented the days of the year.<br />
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In the history of religions, Mircea Eliade developed the notion of the axis mundi (also cosmic axis, world axis, world pillar, columna cerului, center of the world, world tree), and in religion or mythology, it is the world center or the connection between Heaven and Earth. As the celestial pole and geographic pole, it expresses a point of connection between sky and earth where the four compass directions meet. At this point travel and correspondence is made between higher and lower realms. Communication from lower realms may ascend to higher ones and blessings from higher realms may descend to lower ones and be disseminated to all. The spot functions as the omphalos (navel), the world's point of beginning. Numerous sites have been noted in Africa, the Middle East, Australia, The Americas, Europe, and Asia. The Kaaba is one such site.<br />
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9 The Rise and Spread of Islam A NEW RELIGION 289<br />
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The Prophet Muhammad 291<br />
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MUHAMMAD<br />
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What are the principal tenets of the Muslim faith?<br />
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Born in Mecca in about 570 to a prominent family that traced its ancestry back to Ismael, son of Abraham, Muhammad was orphaned at age six and received little formal education. He worked in the desert caravan trade, first as a camel driver for his uncle, and then, after marrying a wealthy widow 15 years his senior, as head of his wife’s flourishing caravan firm. At the age of 40, in 610, he heard a voice in Arabic—the archangel Gabriel’s, as the story goes—urging him, “Recite!” He responded, “What shall I recite?” And for the next 22 years, he claimed to receive messages, or “recitations,” from God through the agency of Gabriel. These he memorized and dictated to scribes, who collected them to form the scriptures of Islam, the Qur’an (or Koran), which means “recitations.” Muhammad also claimed that Gabriel commanded him to declare himself the “Seal of the Prophets,” that is, the messenger of the one and only Allah (the Arab word for God) and the final prophet in a series of prophets extending from Abraham and Moses to Jesus.<br />
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At the core of Muhammad’s revelations is the concept of submission to God—the word Islam, in fact, means “submission” or “surrender.” God, or Allah, is all—all-powerful, all-seeing, all-merciful. Because the universe is his creation, it is necessarily good and beautiful, and the natural world reflects Allah’s own goodness and beauty. To immerse oneself in nature is thus to be at one with God. But the most beautiful creation of Allah is humankind, which God made in his own image. Like Christians, Muslims believe that human beings possess immortal souls and that they can live eternally in heaven if they surrender to Allah and accept him as the one and only God.<br />
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Muslims, or practitioners of Islam, dedicate themselves to the “five pillars” of the religion:<br />
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Witness (Shahadah): The repetition of the shahadah, or “witness,” which consists of a single sentence, “There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”<br />
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Prayer (Salat): The practice of daily prayer, recited facing Mecca, five times each day, at dawn, midday, mid-afternoon, sunset, and nightfall, and the additional requirement for all men to gather for a noon prayer and sermon on Fridays.<br />
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Alms (Zakat): The habit of giving alms to the poor and needy, consisting of at least one-fortieth of a Muslim’s assets and income.<br />
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Fasting (Sawm): During the lunar month of Ramadan (which, over a 33-year period, will occur in every season of the year), the ritual obligation to fast by abstaining from food, drink, medicine, tobacco, and sexual intercourse from sunrise to sundown each day.<br />
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Pilgrimage (Hajj): At least once in every Muslim’s life, in the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar, the undertaking of a pilgrimage to Mecca.<br />
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The five pillars are supported by the teachings of the Qur’an, which, slightly shorter than the New Testament, consists of 114 surahs, or chapters, each numbered but more commonly referred to by their titles. Each begins, as do most Muslim texts, with the bismillah, the first word of the sacred invocation bismillah al-rahman al-rahim, which can be translated “In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, Ever-Merciful” (see Closer Look, pages 294–295). When, after Muhammad’s death in 632, the Qur’an’s text was established in its definitive form, the 114 surahs were arranged from the longest to the shortest. Thus, the first surah contains 287 ayas, or verses, while the last consists of only 3. The mandatory ritual prayer (salat) that is performed five times a day consists of verses from Surahs 2, 4, and 17.<br />
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The Qur’an 292<br />
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As the direct word of God, the beauty of the Qur’an’s poetry rises above what any worldly poet might create, even though in pre-Islamic Arabia, poetry was considered the highest form of art. The beauty of the poetry inspired the creation of many beautiful editions of the work (Fig. 9.4) and, as we shall see, the art of calligraphy. But unfortunately, the beautiful, melodic qualities of the Arabic language are completely lost in translation, a fact that has helped to inspire generations of non-Arabic-speaking Muslims to learn the language. Almost all Muslims regularly read the Qur’an in Arabic, and many have memorized it completely. Translations of the Qur’an are problematic on another, more important level. Since the Qur’an is believed to be the direct word of God, it cannot be modified, let alone translated—a translation of the Qur’an is no longer the Qur’an. Nevertheless, something of the power of the poem’s imagery can be understood in translation. Consider a passage describing paradise from the Surah 76, known as “Time” (Reading 9.1a):<br />
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Stop 4:40<br />
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https://youtu.be/C-XUwD9XFuU<br />
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Not enough time to play in class but recently some have criticized Islam. <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/y_qd__gTNWU">Quran Reloaded</a>: Atheists Read the Quran #1, 21:22<br />
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It's finally here! Hugo and Jake take their first steps in their newest attempt to get themselves killed. Donate- www.patreon.com/tbr Hugo's Twitter- @HugoReloaded Jake's Twitter- @BibleReloaded TBR Logo Created By- Chris Cheape aka CheapeOne Front End/Back End Logos and Buttons Created by- Iskander Aminov aka @Izzy_IRA Theme Song- "Hugo and Jake" Written, performed, and sung by- Dorian Silk Download the Theme Song Here- https://soundcloud.com/mcityhoods/hug... Lyrics- https://www.evernote.com/shard/s85/sh... Dorian's Twitter- @DorianSilk<br />
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https://youtu.be/y_qd__gTNWU<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/y_qd__gTNWU" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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The Hadith 293<br />
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In addition to the Qur’an, another important source of Islamic tradition are collections of hadith, meaning “narratives” or “reports,” which consist of sayings of Muhammad and anecdotes about his life. The story of Muhammad and the Black Rock of the Kaaba comes from the hadith. The hadith literature was handed down orally, as was common in Arab society until about 100 years after Muhammad’s death, when followers began to write the sayings down (Reading 9.2). <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/idqJ1hn76Ek">African American slavery and Islam</a>, the truth not told, 8:47<br />
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Slave trade of black Africans by Muslims, the untold history and story. Islamic history is the world's primary driving force behind black African slavery. The Islamic black slave trade engendered brutality, sexual concubine of women, and elicited an extremely high death toll during the slave transports. The Islamic slave trade comprehensively dwarfs any other slave trade in recorded human history.<br />
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https://youtu.be/idqJ1hn76Ek<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/idqJ1hn76Ek" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Quran<br />
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Quran (33:50) - "O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and those (slaves) whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee" This is one of several personal-sounding verses "from Allah" narrated by Muhammad - in this case allowing a virtually unlimited supply of sex partners. Other Muslims are restricted to four wives, but they may also have sex with any number of slaves, following the example of their prophet.<br />
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Quran (23:5-6) - "..who abstain from sex, except with those joined to them in the marriage bond, or (the captives) whom their right hands possess..." This verse permits the slave-owner to have sex with his slaves. See also Quran (70:29-30). The Quran is a small book, so if Allah used valuable space to repeat the same point four times, sex slavery must be very important to him. He was relatively reticent on matters of human compassion and love.<br />
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Quran (4:24) - "And all married women (are forbidden unto you) save those (captives) whom your right hands possess." Even sex with married slaves is permissible.<br />
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Quran (8:69) - "But (now) enjoy what ye took in war, lawful and good" A reference to war booty, of which slaves were a part. The Muslim slave master may enjoy his "catch" because (according to verse 71) "Allah gave you mastery over them."<br />
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Quran (24:32) - "And marry those among you who are single and those who are fit among your male slaves and your female slaves..." Breeding slaves based on fitness.<br />
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Quran (2:178) - "O ye who believe! Retaliation is prescribed for you in the matter of the murdered; the freeman for the freeman, and the slave for the slave, and the female for the female." The message of this verse, which prescribes the rules of retaliation for murder, is that all humans are not created equal. The human value of a slave is less than that of a free person (and a woman's worth is also distinguished from that of a man).<br />
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Quran (16:75) - "Allah sets forth the Parable (of two men: one) a slave under the dominion of another; He has no power of any sort; and (the other) a man on whom We have bestowed goodly favours from Ourselves, and he spends thereof (freely), privately and publicly: are the two equal? (By no means;) praise be to Allah.' Yet another confirmation that the slave is is not equal to the master. In this case, it is plain that the slave owes his status to Allah's will. (According to 16:71, the owner should be careful about insulting Allah by bestowing Allah's gifts on slaves - those whom the god of Islam has not favored).<br />
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There are also numerous Hadiths (tradition about Muhammad) advocating slavery.<br />
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Hadith and Sira Sahih Bukhari (80:753) - "The Prophet said, 'The freed slave belongs to the people who have freed him.'"<br />
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Sahih Bukhari (52:255) - The slave who accepts Islam and continues serving his Muslim master will receive a double reward in heaven.<br />
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Sahih Bukhari (41.598) - Slaves are property. They cannot be freed if an owner has outstanding debt, but they can be used to pay off the debt.<br />
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Sahih Bukhari (62:137) - An account of women taken as slaves in battle by Muhammad's men after their husbands and fathers were killed. The woman were raped with Muhammad's approval.<br />
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Sahih Bukhari (34:432) - Another account of females taken captive and raped with Muhammad's approval. In this case it is evident that the Muslims intend on selling the women after raping them because they are concerned about devaluing their price by impregnating them. Muhammad is asked about coitus interruptus.<br />
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Sahih Bukhari (47.765) - A woman is rebuked by Muhammad for freeing a slave girl. The prophet tells her that she would have gotten a greater heavenly reward by giving her to a relative (as a slave).<br />
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Sahih Bukhari (34:351) - Muhammad sells a slave for money. He was thus a slave trader.<br />
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Sahih Bukhari (72:734) - Some contemporary Muslims in the West (where slavery is believed to be a horrible crime) are reluctant to believe that Muhammad owned slaves. This is just one of many places in the Hadith where a reference is made to a human being owned by Muhammad. In this case, the slave is of African descent.<br />
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Sahih Muslim 3901 - Muhammad trades away two black slaves for one Muslim slave.<br />
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Sahih Muslim 4345 - Narration of a military raid against a hapless tribe trying to reach their water hole. During the slaughter, the women and children attempt to flee, but are cut off and captured by the Muslims. This story refutes any misconception that Muhammad's sex slaves were taken by their own volition.<br />
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Sahih Muslim 4112 - A man freed six slaves on the event of his death, but Muhammad reversed the emancipation and kept four in slavery to himself. He cast lots to determine which two to free.<br />
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Sahih Bukhari (47:743) - Muhammad's own pulpit - from which he preached Islam - was built with slave labor on his command.<br />
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Sahih Bukhari (59:637) - "The Prophet sent Ali to Khalid to bring the Khumus (of the booty) and I hated Ali, and Ali had taken a bath (after a sexual act with a slave-girl from the Khumus). I said to Khalid, 'Don't you see this (i.e. Ali)?' When we reached the Prophet I mentioned that to him. He said, 'O Buraida! Do you hate Ali?' I said, 'Yes.' He said, 'Do you hate him, for he deserves more than that from the Khumlus.'" Muhammad approved of his men having sex with slaves, as this episode involving his son-in-law, Ali, clearly proves. This hadith refutes the modern apologists who pretend that slaves were really "wives." This is because Muhammad had forbidden Ali from marrying another woman as long as Fatima (his favorite daughter) was living.<br />
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Abu Dawud (2150) - "The Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) sent a military expedition to Awtas on the occasion of the battle of Hunain. They met their enemy and fought with them. They defeated them and took them captives. Some of the Companions of the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) were reluctant to have intercourse with the female captives in the presence of their husbands who were unbelievers. So Allah, the Exalted, sent down the Qur’anic verse: (Quran 4:24) 'And all married women (are forbidden) unto you save those (captives) whom your right hands possess.'" This is the background for verse 4:24 of the Quran. Not only does Allah give permission for women to be captured and raped, but allows it to even be done in front of their husbands. (See also Muslim 3432 & Ibn Kathir/Abdul Rahman Part 5 Page 14)<br />
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Abu Dawud (1814) - "...[Abu Bakr] He then began to beat [his slave] him while the Apostle of Allah (pbuh) was smiling and saying: Look at this man who is in the sacred state (putting on ihram), what is he doing?" The future first caliph of Islam is beating his slave for losing a camel while Muhammad looks on in apparent amusement.<br />
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Ibn Ishaq (734) - A slave girl is given a "violent beating" by Ali in the presence of Muhammad, who does nothing about it.<br />
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Abu Dawud 38:4458 - Narrated Ali ibn AbuTalib: “A slave-girl belonging to the house of the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) committed fornication. He (the Prophet) said: Rush up, Ali, and inflict the prescribed punishment on her. I then hurried up, and saw that blood was flowing from her, and did not stop. So I came to him and he said: Have you finished inflicting (punishment on her)? I said: I went to her while her blood was flowing. He said: Leave her alone till her bleeding stops; then inflict the prescribed punishment on her. And inflict the prescribed punishment on those whom your right hands possess (i.e. slaves)”. A slave girl is ordered by Muhammad to be beaten until she bleeds, and then beaten again after the bleeding stops. He indicates that this is prescribed treatment for slaves ("those whom your right hand possesses").<br />
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Ibn Ishaq (693) - "Then the apostle sent Sa-d b. Zayd al-Ansari, brother of Abdu'l-Ashal with some of the captive women of Banu Qurayza to Najd and he sold them for horses and weapons." Muhammad trades away women captured from the Banu Qurayza tribe to non-Muslim slave traders for property. (Their men had been executed after surrendering peacefully without a fight).<br />
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Umdat al-Salik (Reliance of the Traveller) (o9.13) - According to Sharia, when a child or woman is taken captive by Muslims, they become slaves by the mere fact of their capture. A captured woman's previous marriage is immediately annulled. This would not be necessary if she were widowed by battle, which is an imaginary stipulation that modern apologists sometimes pose.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">The Qur'an:</span></b> <br />
<a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.034">Qur'an (4:34)</a> - <i>"Men are the maintainers of women because Allah has made some of them to excel others and because they spend out of their property; the good women are therefore obedient, guarding the unseen as Allah has guarded; and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and <b>beat them</b>; then if they obey you, do not seek a way against them; surely Allah is High, Great."</i><br />
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<a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/038-qmt.php#038.044">Qur'an (38:44)</a> - <i>"And take in your hand a green branch and beat her with it, and do not break your oath..." </i> Allah telling Job to beat his wife (<a href="http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/38.44">Tafsir</a>).<i></i><br />
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From the Hadith:</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/072-sbt.php#007.072.715">Bukhari (72:715)</a> - A woman came to Muhammad and begged her to stop her husband from beating her. Her skin was bruised so badly that she it is described as being "greener" than the green veil she was wearing. Muhammad did <b>not</b> admonish her husband, but instead ordered her to return to him and submit to his sexual desires.</div>
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<a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/072-sbt.php#007.072.715">Bukhari (72:715)</a> - <i>"Aisha said, 'I have not seen any woman suffering as much as <b>the believing women</b>'"</i> This is Muhammad's own wife complaining of the abuse that the women of her religions suffer relative to other women.</div>
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<a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/004-smt.php#004.2127">Muslim (4:2127)</a> - Muhammad struck his favorite wife, Aisha, in the chest one evening when she left the house without his permission. Aisha narrates, <i>"He struck me on the chest which caused me pain."</i></div>
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<a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/009-smt.php#009.3506">Muslim (9:3506)</a> - Muhammad's father-in-laws (Abu Bakr and Umar) amused him by <b><i>slapping</i></b> his wives (Aisha and Hafsa) for annoying him. According to the Hadith, the prophet of Islam laughed upon hearing this.</div>
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<a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/011-sat.php#011.2141">Abu Dawud (2141)</a> - <i>"Iyas bin ‘Abd Allah bin Abi Dhubab reported the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) as saying: Do not beat Allah’s handmaidens, but <b>when ‘Umar came to the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) and said: Women have become emboldened towards their husbands, he (the Prophet) gave permission to beat them.</b>"</i> At first, Muhammad forbade men from beating their wives, but he rescinded this once it was reported that women were becoming emboldened toward their husbands. Beatings are sometimes necessary to keep women in their place.</div>
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<a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/011-sat.php#011.2142">Abu Dawud (2142)</a> - <i>"The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: A man will not be asked as to why he beat his wife."</i></div>
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<a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/011-sat.php#011.2126">Abu Dawud (2126)</a> - <i>"A man from the Ansar called Basrah said: 'I married a virgin woman in her veil. When I entered upon her, I found her pregnant. (I mentioned this to the Prophet).' The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) said: 'She will get the dower, for you made her vagina lawful for you. The child will be your slave. When she has begotten (a child), flog her'" </i> A Muslim man thinks his is getting a virgin, then finds out she is pregnant. Muhammad tells him to treat the woman as a sex slave and then flog her after she has delivered the child.</div>
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<span style="color: #993300;">Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 969</span> - Requires that a married woman be <i>"put in a separate room and beaten lightly"</i> if she <i>"act in a sexual manner toward others."</i> According to the Hadith, this can be for an offense as petty as merely being alone with a man to whom she is not related.</div>
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<span style="color: #993300;">Kash-shaf (the revealer) of al-Zamkhshari (Vol. 1, p. 525)</span> - [Muhammad said] <i>"Hang up your scourge where your wife can see it"</i></div>
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Additional Notes:<br />
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Some contemporary Muslim apologists often squirm over this relatively straightforward verse from the Qur'an (4:34) - which actually give men the right to beat their wives if they even have a "fear" of disloyalty or disobedience. Their rhetorical aerobics inspired us to write a separate article:</div>
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<a href="http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Articles/WifeBeating.htm">Wife Beating- Good Enough for Muhammad, Good Enough for You</a></div>
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Others are not nearly as squeamish. Sheikh Yousef al-Qaradhawi, one of the most respected Muslim clerics in the world, once made the famous (and somewhat ridiculous statement) that <i>"It is forbidden to beat the woman, <b>unless it is necessary</b>."</i> He also went on to say that <i>"one may <b>beat only to safeguard Islamic behavior</b>,"</i> leaving no doubt that wife-beating is a matter of religious sanction. <i> </i>(<a href="http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sr&ID=SR3004">source</a>)</div>
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Dr. Muzammil Saddiqi, the former president of ISNA (the Islamic Society of North America), a mainstream Muslim organization, says it is important that a wife <i>"recognizes the authority of her husband in the house"</i> and that he may use physical force if he is <i>"sure it would improve the situation."</i> (<a href="http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/id.2543/pub_detail.asp">source</a>)</div>
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Sheikh Dr. Ahmad Muhammad Ahmad Al-Tayyeb, the head of Al-Azhar, Sunni Islam's most prestigious institution says that <i>"light beatings"</i> and <i>"punching"</i> are part of a program to <i>"<b>reform</b> the wife"</i> (<a href="http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4048.htm">source</a>).</div>
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Dr. Jamal Badawi endorses corporal punishment as <i>"another measure that may save the marriage"</i> (<a href="http://islamic-world.net/sister/wife_beating.htm">source</a>). He isn't clear on how striking a woman will make her more inclined toward staying with her assailant, unless the implication is fear of a more serious beating if she leaves.</div>
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Egyptian cleric, Abd al-Rahman Mansour, said in a 2012 televised broadcast that in addition to discouraging the wife from filing divorce, beatings would inspire the wife to <i>"treat him with kindness and respect, and know that her husband has a higher status than her."</i> (<a href="http://www.memri.org/clip_transcript/en/3554.htm">source</a>)</div>
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During Ramadan of 2010, another cleric named Sa'd Arafat actually said the woman is "honored" by the beating (<a href="http://weaselzippers.us/2010/09/05/egyptian-cleric-allah-honors-wives-with-beatings-islam-permits-wife-beating-only-when-she-refuses-to-have-sex-with-her-husband/">source</a>). No one else seemed terribly surprised by this.</div>
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An undercover report from progressive Sweden in 2012 found that 60% of mosques there actually advised beaten women not to report the abuse to the police. These women were also told that they must submit to non-consensual 'sex' with their husbands. (<a href="http://www.thelocal.se/40866/20120516/">source</a>)</div>
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In the birthplace of Islam, about half of Saudi women are beaten at home. <i> "Hands and sticks were found to be used mostly in beating women, following by men’s head cover and to a lesser extent, sharp objects."</i> (<a href="http://frontpagemag.com/2013/dgreenfield/saudi-women-beaten-wsticks-and-sharp-objects-by-fathers-brothers-and-sons-for-religious-motives/">source</a>)</div>
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According to Islamic law, a husband may strike his wife for any one of the following four reasons:</div>
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- She does not attempt to make herself beautiful for him (ie. "let's herself go")</div>
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- She refuses to meet his sexual demands</div>
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- She leaves the house without his permission or for a "legitimate reason"</div>
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- She neglects her religious duties</div>
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Any of these are also sufficient grounds for divorce.</div>
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Respected Quran scholars from the past interpreted verse 4:34 with impressive candor. Tabari said that it means to "<i>admonish them, but if they refused to repent, then tie them up in their homes and beat them until they obey Allah’s commands toward you.</i>" Qurtubi told wife-beaters to try to avoid breaking bones, but added that "<i>it is not a crime if it leads to death.</i>" (<a href="http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2012/03/26/beat-my-wife-please-mainstream-muslim-misogyny-in-north-america-too/">source</a>)</div>
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Muslim apologists sometimes say that Muhammad ordered that women not be harmed, but they are actually basing this on what he said before or during battle, such as in <a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/059-sbt.php#005.059.447">Bukhari (59:447)</a>, when Muhammad issued a command for all the men of Quraiza be killed and the women and children taken as slaves. (Having your husband murdered and being forced into sexual slavery apparently doesn't qualify as "harm" under the Islamic model).</div>
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But, in fact, there are a number of cases in which Muhammad did have women killed in the most brutal fashion. One was Asma bint Marwan, a mother or five, who wrote a poem criticizing the Medinans for accepting Muhammad after he had ordered the murder of an elderly man. In this case, the prophet's assassins literally pulled a sleeping infant from her breast and stabbed her to death.</div>
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After taking Mecca in 630, Muhammad also ordered the murder of a slave girl who had merely made up songs mocking him. The Hadith are rife as well with accounts of women planted in the ground on Muhammad's command and pelted to death with stones for sexual immorality - yet the prophet of Islam actually encouraged his own men to rape women captured in battle (Abu Dawood 2150, Muslim <a href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/008-smt.php#008.3433">3433</a>) and did not punish them for killing non-Muslim women (as Khalid ibn Walid did on several occasions - see Ibn Ishaq 838 and 856).</div>
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In summary, according to the Qur'an, Hadith and Islamic law, a woman may indeed have physical harm done to her if the circumstances warrant, with one such allowance being in the case of disobedience. This certainly does <b><i>not</i></b> mean that all Muslim men beat their wives, only that Islam permits them to do so.</div>
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Today, we see videos of Islamic State members at one of the caliphate's sex slave markets.<br />
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A price list was released setting the rate Yazidi and Christian girls between ages 10 and 20 at $130. Women between the ages of 20 and 30 were being sold for $86; a 30 to 40 year was being sold for $75 and 40 to 50 year old women were listed for sale at a price of $43. The price list began with these words: "In the name of Allah, most gracious and merciful. We have received news that the demand in women and cattle markets has sharply decreased and that will affected Islamic State revenues as well as the funding of the Mujaheddin in the battlefield. We have made some changes. Below are the prices of Yazidi and Christian women."<br />
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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2818598/Footage-shows-ISIS-fighters-attending-slave-girl-market.html#v-3872042561001<br />
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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2818598/Footage-shows-ISIS-fighters-attending-slave-girl-market.html <br />
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The Hijra and Muslim Practice 293<br />
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In 622, Muhammad was forced to flee Mecca when its polytheistic leadership became irritated at his insistence on the worship of only one God. In a journey known as the hijra (or hegira, “emigration”), he and his followers fled to the oasis of Yathrib, 200 miles north, which theyrenamed al-Medina, meaning “the city of the Prophet.” Here Muhammad created a community based not on kinship, the traditional basis of Arab society, but on common submission to the will of God. Such submission did not need to be entirely voluntary. Muslims were obligated to pursue the spread of their religion, and they did so by means of the jihad, the impassioned religious struggle that could take either of two forms: a lesser form, holy war; or a greater form, self-control over the baser human appetites. In order to enforce submission, Muhammad raised an army of some 10,000 men and returned to Mecca, conquering the city and destroying the idols in the Kaaba, with the exception of the Black Stone. Confronted by a Muslim army defined by both piety and zealotry, soon the entire western region of Arabia came under Muslim sway.<br />
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The community of all Muslims would come to be known as the Umma. This represented such a departure from tradition that its creation required a new calendar. Based on lunar cycles, the Muslim year is about 11 days shorter than the Christian year, resulting in a difference of about three years per century. The calendar began in 622 ce. Thus, in the year 2013, the Muslims celebrated the start of their year 1434. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/U2gNs_w3tZQ">Hijra to Europe</a><br />
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Ayaan Hirsi on the Islamization of Europe, Immigration Jihad and the Impotence of the West, 3:15 <br />
Ayaan Hirsi Ali, ardent defender of Western civilization against Islamic supremacism, New York Times bestselling author, former Dutch MP and recipient of The New Criterion’s fourth annual Edmund Burke Award for Service to Culture & Society argues that Islamic supremacists are using immigration or the Islamic concept of the ‘hijra’ as a means of Islamizing Europe while Europeans refuse to assimilate Muslims or defend their culture against those purposefully seeking to destroy it, during an in-depth interview for The New Criterion by Ben Weingarten, commentator and Founder & CEO of ChangeUp Media. For more from The New Criterion’s April 2016 ‘Edmund Burke Award’ gala and other compelling content, check out The New Criterion’s YouTube channel at http://www.youtube.com/user/TheNewCri....<br />
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https://youtu.be/U2gNs_w3tZQ<br />
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The Spread of Islam 298<br />
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Why did Islam spread so rapidly?<br />
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Following the death of the Prophet in 632, the caliphs, or successors to Muhammad, assumed political and religious authority. The first two caliphs were Abu Bakr (r. 632–34) and Umar (r. 634–44), both of whom were fathers to two of Muhammad’s wives. Waiting in the wings was Ali, the Prophet’s cousin, second convert to Islam (after the prophet’s wife Khadija), and husband of Fatima, Muhammad and Khadija’s daughter. But when Umar died in 644, disciples responsible for choosing the new caliph, among them the two leading candidates for caliph, Ali and Uthman, a member of the Ummayad clan of Mecca, passed over Ali and selected the 70-year-old Uthman (r. 644–56). When Uthman was assassinated in 656, victim of an Egyptian revolt, Ali (r. 656–61) was finally named caliph, but over the objections of the Umayyad clan. In 661, Ali was assassinated by a rival faction, led by Muawiya, Uthman’s cousin, that opposed Ali’s rise to power, blaming him for refusing to avenge Uthman’s death. A more conservative group, the Kharijites, supported the assassination of Ali on grounds of his moral weakness. Muawiya (r. 661–80) became caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty, and moving the Caliphate from Medina in Arabia to Damascus in Syria. (This tension between Ali’s followers and the Ummayad caliphs exists to this day. Those who believe that only descendants of Ali should rule are known as Shiites [Shi’a, or “followers of Ali”], and they live largely in Iran and Iraq. Another group, known as Sunnis, who today represent the vast majority of Muslims, believe that religious leaders should be chosen by the faithful. These two groups continue to vie for power in present-day Islam, especially in Iraq. The more conservative Kharijites still survive in Oman and North Africa.) <br />
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Early <a href="https://youtu.be/cXm0D63QepE">Arab Conquests</a> | 3 Minute History, 4:52<br />
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Covering the conquests during the Rashidun Caliphate. I will probably do a separate video on the First Fitna. Thanks for the 15,000 subs. And thanks to Xios, Alan Haskayne, Lachlan Lindenmayer, Derpvic, Seth Reeves and all my other Patrons. If you want to help out - https://www.patreon.com/Jabzy?ty=h<br />
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https://youtu.be/cXm0D63QepE<br />
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How many times <a href="https://youtu.be/c7y2LRcf4kc">Muslims invaded Europe vs. Europeans invaded Muslim countries</a>? 3:43<br />
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Historical facts and Comparisons: How many times Muslims invaded Europe vs. Europeans invaded Muslim countries. Islamics Launched their Crusades in 630 A.D. Western Crusades started in 1095 A.D. to Stop Muslim Invasion. Crusades were a defensive action against the forcible expansion of Islam into territories that had been part of Christendom for centuries. The Crusades were started by the Muslims in the year 630 A.D. when Muhammad invaded and conquered Mecca. Later on, Muslims invaded Syria, Iraq, Jerusalem, Iran, Egypt, Africa, Spain, Italy, France, etc. The Western Crusades started around 1095 to try to stop the Islamic aggressive invasions. Islamic Crusades continued even after the Western Crusade. Islam has killed about 270 million people: 120 million Africans*, 60 million Christians, 80 million Hindus, 10 million Buddhists, etc. http://factreal.wordpress.com/2010/02...<br />
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https://youtu.be/c7y2LRcf4kc<br />
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Works of the Umayyad Caliphs: The Great Mosque of Damascus 299<br />
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The departure of the Umayyad caliphs from Medina to Damascus required them to build a new mosque in Damascus (Fig. 9.8). Originally, the Muslim community in Damascus shared the site with the Christian community, who worshiped in a Byzantine church enclosed inside a walled compound. But by 705, the Muslim community had grown so large that radical steps had to be taken to accommodate it. During the reign of Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705), the Dome of the Rock (see Fig. 9.1) had been completed, and his son, al-Walid (r. 705–15), was responsible for the construction and decoration of the Great Mosque in Damascus. One large section of the original interior decoration survives—a glass mosaic landscape in the covered walkway surrounding the courtyard. The mosaics were probably the work of Christian Byzantine artisans brought to Damascus by al-Walid. Rising in improbable scale above the walkway is an expanse of colonnaded pavilions, towering trees, and arched bridges (Fig. 9.9). It has been suggested that this is the Paradise promised by the Prophet in Surah 76 of the Qur’an (see Reading 9.1a, pages 292–293), but it may be, instead, that this landscape was designed as simply an attractive decorative addition. <br />
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The Umayyad Mosque - Great Mosque of Damascus filmed by a drone, 1:41<br />
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The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, located in the old city of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered by some Muslims to be the fourth-holiest place in Islam.<br />
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https://youtu.be/Y0-THsw4RLc<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/O2P7cUYFwoc">Images in Muslim Art</a> 300<br />
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It is worth noting that human figures are notably absent in the Great Mosque’s mosaic decoration. Neither are there any animals. In fact, Muslim religious architecture is so notably free of figurative decoration that many people, even some Muslims, assume that representations of “living beings” are forbidden in Islam. The Byzantine emperor Leo III (see Chapter 8) attributed the successes of the Muslim armies to their ban on human figures in their mosques. The following admonition from the Qur’an (5:92) is often cited by Muslims who worry about the role of image-making in Muslim art and decoration: “O believers, wine and arrow-shuffling idols and divining arrows are an abomination, / some of Satan’s work; then avoid it.” But, it can be argued, “idols” here refers to pagan idols of the kind the Prophet eliminated from the Kaaba in Mecca. Also, at the time, Muhammad had allowed a painting of Mary and the infant Jesus to remain in the building. The hadiths, however, also supported those who opposed image-making. There the Prophet is reported to have warned, “An angel will not enter a house where there is a dog or a painting.” Likewise, the Prophet claimed that “those who make these pictures will be punished on the Day of Judgment by being told: Make alive what you have created.”<br />
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Some religious scholars believed that the ban on representation applied only to “living” things. Thus, the depiction of Paradise, as on the walls of the Great Mosque of Damascus, was acceptable, because Paradise is “beyond the living.” Such thinking would also lead the Muslim owner of a Persian miniature representing a prince feasting in the countryside to erase the heads of all those depicted (Fig. 9.10). Such an act is closely related to Byzantine iconoclasm, as no one could presume to think that figures without heads could possibly be “alive.” In fact, as we will see, Muslim artists in Persia took great delight in illustrating literary texts, creating scene after scene depicting people in various forms of action, including lovemaking. Their freedom to do so is partly explained by their distance from more conservative brands of Arabian Islam, but also by their belief that they were not illustrating “living beings” so much as fictive characters.<br />
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Why Are Pictures of Muhammad Forbidden In Islam? 3:27<br />
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The French offices of Charlie Hebdo were recently attacked by extremists over the magazine's controversial illustrations of the Muslim Prophet Muhammad. Why are depictions of the spiritual figure prohibited in Islam? Learn More: What Muslims Really Believe About Cartoons Of Muhammad http://thinkprogress.org/world/2015/0... Q&A: Depicting the Prophet Muhammad http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4674864.stm "Why the depictions have caused such offence." The Story of a Picture: Shiite Depictions of Muhammad https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bits... "In spite of the relative prohibition of graphic representation of living beings, especially members of the Prophet's family,1 as expressed by religious authorities in the Islamic world, colourful paper prints showing Ali, son-in- law of Muhammad, and his sons Hassan and Hussayn, even the Prophet himself, are not rare in contemporary Iran." Egypt Bans Movie 'Exodus' http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/27/world/m... The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of NY: A History of the Courthouse https://www.nycourts.gov/history/lega... Placement of the original 1955 exterior sculptures. Images of Muhammad, Gone for Good http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/wee... 1955, 1974, and 1977 incidents explained. Why Islam Does (Not) Ban Images of the Prophet http://www.faithstreet.com/onfaith/20... "Contrary to popular belief, Muslim artists over the centuries produced works of devotion, illuminated by faith, and imbued with a deep sense of love." Watch More: What's the Difference Between Sunni and Shia Muslims? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KLvj... Subscribe to TestTube Daily! http://bitly.com/1iLOHml _________________________ TestTube's new daily show is committed to answering the smart, inquisitive questions we have about life, society, politics and anything else happening in the news. It's a place where curiosity rules and together we'll get a clearer understanding of this crazy world we live in. Watch more TestTube: http://testtube.com/testtubedailyshow/ Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_c... TestTube on Twitter https://twitter.com/TestTube Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/TraceDominguez<br />
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https://youtu.be/O2P7cUYFwoc<br />
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What if an American drew Mohammed (such as in this case a former Muslim cartoonist)?<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/w0hF9fyM1Ok">Mohammed cartoon contest organizer: I'm anti-Jihad</a>, 2:07<br />
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American Freedom Defense Initiative President Pam Geller defends holding a Prophet Mohammed cartoon contest that led to a shooting in Garland, Texas.<br />
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https://youtu.be/w0hF9fyM1Ok<br />
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Islam in Africa and Spain 300<br />
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How would you characterize Islam in both Africa and Spain?<br />
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Scholars once believed that the rapid expansion of Islam was entirely due to the determination of the faithful to convert new followers to the faith, but overpopulation of the Arabian peninsula probably also played a role. If faith offered the excuse, the practical result of Islamic expansion was the acquisition of new territories and the wealth they brought with them. <br />
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<br />
Islamic Africa 301<br />
<br />
The Muslim impact on the culture of North Africa cannot be overstated. Beginning in about 750, not long after Muslim armies had conquered most of North Africa, Muslim traders, following the trade routes created by the Saharan Berber peoples, began trading for salt, copper, dates, and especially gold with the sub-Saharan peoples of the Niger River drainage. Gradually they came to dominate the trans-Saharan trade routes (Map 9.3), and Islam became the dominant faith of West Africa. By the ninth century, a number of African states existed in the broad savanna south of the Sahara desert known as the Sudan (which literally means “land of the blacks”). These states seemed to have formed in response to the prospects of trade with the Muslim and Arab world. Ghana, which means “war chief,” is an early example, and its name suggests that a single chieftain, and later his family, exerted control over the material goods of the region, including gold, salt, ivory, iron, and particularly slaves. Muhammad accepted slavery as the just spoils of war, although no Muslim was ever to enslave another Muslim. Between the ninth and twelfth centuries, the slave trade grew from 300,000 enslaved to over a million, and it was so lucrative that the peoples of the Sudan, all eager to enslave each other for profit, were constantly at war. (There is some reason to believe that many African converts to Islam were initially attracted to the religion as a way to avoid becoming slaves, since the faithful were exempt from servitude.) Finally, the empire of the Mali people subsumed Ghana under the leadership of the warrior-king Sunjata (r. 1230–55) and gained control of the great trade routes north out of the savanna, through Timbuktu, the leading trading center of the era. <br />
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Islamic Spain 304<br />
<br />
Like Islamic Africa, Islamic Spain maintained its own indigenous traditions while it absorbed Muslim ones, thus creating a distinctive cultural and political life. In 750, the Abbasids, a large family that claimed descent from Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad, overthrew the Umayyad caliphs. The Abbasids shifted the center of Islamic power from Damascus, where the Umayyads had centered their power, to a magnificent new capital in Iraq popularly known as Baghdad. In the middle of the ninth century, they moved again, to the complex at Samarra (see Fig. 9.5), 60 miles farther up the Tigris, probably in an attempt to seek more space to build palaces and mosques. Meanwhile, Spain remained under Umayyad control, initially under the leadership of Abd ar-Rahman (r. 756–88), who had escaped the Abbasid massacre of Umayyads in Syria in 750, arriving in Córdoba in 756. For over three centuries, the Spain he encountered had been controlled politically by a Germanic tribe from the north, the Visigoths, who had become Christian. But some 45 years earlier, in about 711 or 712, these Christian Visigoths had been defeated in southern Spain by a force of invading Muslim Arabs and Berbers. Gradually, Abd ar-Rahman solidified Muslim control of the region, first in Córdoba, then in Seville, Toledo (the former Visigothic capital), and Granada. <br />
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Under Siege? <a href="https://youtu.be/b4_lRpXjMmg">Spain Resists Islamic 'Invasion</a>' - CBN.com, 5:00<br />
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The Koran instructs Muslims to conquer the whole world for Islam. It happened 1,300 years ago in Spain -- and some say it's happening again... The Christian Broadcasting Network CBN http://www.cbn.com<br />
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https://youtu.be/b4_lRpXjMmg<br />
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The Arts of the Islamic World 308<br />
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How do Islamic music, book design, narrative, and poetry reflect calligraphy’s emphasis on abstract rhythms of pattern and repetition?<br />
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Between the eighth and thirteenth centuries, the Islamic world, from Baghdad in the east to Córdoba in the west, developed artistic traditions and practices compared to which the arts in Western Europe simply paled. With the same technical virtuosity that the architects at the Alhambra employed, Islam’s musicians, bookmakers, illustrators, and poets crafted beautiful works of complex abstract design. Calligraphy, as we have seen (see Closer Look, pages 294–295), was perhaps the highest form of artistic expression, but by its very emphasis on abstract rhythms of pattern and repetition, it greatly influenced music, book design, narrative, and poetry. <br />
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Promoting <a href="https://youtu.be/3_c-0t6UgUU">Arts of the Islamic World</a> Reinstallation BrooklynMuseum, 1:50<br />
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A quick tour of the behind-the-scenes goings on at the Brooklyn Museum as we work to reinstall the Arts of the Islamic World. The gallery re-opens on June 6, 2009.<br />
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https://youtu.be/3_c-0t6UgUU<br />
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Music in the Islamic World 308<br />
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Music was central to Islamic culture. Though Muhammad and his followers initially viewed music with some skepticism, believing that it distracted the faithful from their true purpose, within a century of his death, Muslim worship had become a highly musical event. In the call to prayer, each of the call’s seven phrases is sung, with a long pause between each phrase and each phrase becoming more melodic than the last. In the daily prayer service and on holy days, verses from the Qur’an are chanted and special songs are sung. <br />
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Maher Zain - Palestine Will Be Free | ماهر زين - فلسطين سوف تتحرر | Official Music Video, 5:39 <br />
Check Out Maher Zain's New Album "One": https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... Order from iTunes/Amazon now: http://smarturl.it/MZOne ©2016 Awakening Records - Maher Zain - <a href="https://youtu.be/foSbqLi6U10">Palestine Will Be Free</a> | Official Music video from the album"Thank You Allah". Watch entire album videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... To buy the album (iTunes, Amazon... etc): http://www.maherzain.com/store This is the first time an animated peace music video has been produced on Palestine: "We are recognized as pioneers and constantly pushing the bounds of creativity and innovation. This animated music video for our new star artist Maher Zain is just another step in that direction and certainly not the last", said Bara Kherigi, Director of Awakening Records. Destined to be an international success, the video features the story of a young brave Palestinian girl who never loses hope for a better future despite the harsh realities surrounding her. ------- Connect with Maher Zain: Website: http://www.MaherZain.com Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/MaherZain Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/MaherZain Instagram: http://instagram.com/MaherZainOfficial YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/MaherZainOffi... -- Download Maher Zain Mobile App: Android: http://bit.ly/MZApp iOS: http://apple.co/1TP9GWE -- Connect with Awakening Records©: Official website: http://www.awakening.org Official Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/awakeningrecords Official Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/AwakeningRec Subscribe to our official YouTube channel: http://bit.ly/YTAwkSubscribe ------------------------- Lyrics: We keep telling each other That this day will be Will be the last and tomorrow We all can go home free And all this will finally end Palestine tomorrow will be free Palestine tomorrow will be free No mother, no father to wipe away my tears That's why I won't cry I feel scared but I won't show my fears I keep my head high Deep in my heart I never have any doubt That Palestine tomorrow will be free Palestine tomorrow will be free I saw those rockets and bombs shining in the sky Like drops of rain in the sun's light Taking away everyone dear to my heart Destroying my dreams in a blink of an eye What happened to our human rights? What happened to the sanctity of life? And all those other lies? I know that I'm only a child But is your conscience still alive? I will caress with my bare hands Every precious grain of sand Every stone, and every tree 'Cause no matter what they do They can never hurt you 'Cause your soul will always be free Palestine tomorrow will be free Palestine tomorrow will be free Lyrics: Maher Zain & Bara Kherigi Melody: Maher Zain Arrangement: Maher Zain & Hamza Namira © Awakening Records 2009 -- Awakening Records is a subsidiary of the UK-based Awakening Worldwide that has operational offices in both United States of America (USA) and Egypt. Awakening Records currently represents five artists: Maher Zain (Sweden), Hamza Namira (Egypt), Mesut Kurtis(Macedonia), Raef (USA), and Harris J (UK). (Previously Sami Yusuf & Irfan Makki among others).<br />
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https://youtu.be/foSbqLi6U10<br />
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The Art of the Book 309<br />
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Sometime in the eighth century, the art of papermaking was introduced into the Arabic world from China. The process involved extracting cellulose pulp from any of a number of plants, suspending the pulp in water, catching it on a fine screen, and then drying it into sheets. By the first years of the ninth century, most official documents in Baghdad were executed on paper, and soon afterward books, which were more affordable than parchment manuscripts, began to increase in number. Calligraphers and artists created not only scholarly treatises but also romances, epics, and lyric poetry, and most Abbasid cities soon boasted special booksellers’ markets. As Jonathan M. Bloom notes in his history of papermaking in the Islamic world, Paper Before Print, “Paper … became the prime medium of memory.” Bloom suggests that although scholars have long recognized “the major achievements of intellectual life under the Abbasids … these achievements were not accidental. Rather, they were tied to the introduction of paper: they were a product of both increased intellectual curiosity—itself fostered by the growth of learning made possible by the explosion of books—and attempts to exploit the potential applications of paper.” It is likely that the West did not produce paper in any sufficient quantity for another 500 years—until the invention of the printing press—because of its comparative lack of interest in the written word. The richest library in the West by the mid-fourteenth century, for instance, was the college library of the Sorbonne in Paris, which boasted some 2,000 volumes. By contrast, a single tenth-century Andalusian scholar, Ibn Hani al-Andalusi, reputedly owned a private library of some 400,000 volumes. Muslim culture, in turn, was slow to adopt the printing press because it so valued the art of calligraphy. <br />
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Beautifully Crafted Digital Art, <a href="https://youtu.be/XuopatZvXq8">Quran</a> Ayat and Islam, 1:22<br />
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https://youtu.be/XuopatZvXq8<br />
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The Sufi Tradition 310<br />
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After the 1258 fall of Baghdad to Mongol invaders—the conquering Mongols would themselves become Muslim—the art of bookmaking shifted to Persia, where a thriving literary culture, exemplified by the poetry of Nezami, already existed. Particularly at the provincial capitals of Shiraz and Herat, home to a number of important Persian poets and painters, the art of the book became associated with the mystical practices of the Sufi orders. Sufism (from the Arabic word for “wool,” suf, a reference to the coarse woolen garments worn by Sufi practitioners) embraces a wide range of mystical practices. All of them share a belief in attaining visionary experience and divine inspiration by means of trances achieved in the intense experience of music, poetry, and dance. Thus, the ecstasy of the wild, whirling dervish dance (the Persian word for a Sufi or Muslim mystic is darvish) represents the path of the soul as it moves closer to God (Fig. 9.18). The great Sufi poets—Sa’di (ca. 1213–92), Rumi (ca. 1207–73), and Jami (1414–92) among them—emphasize the pursuit of the beautiful, often in the form of a beautiful woman or, in the case of Rumi, a beautiful man. However, such a pursuit is an allegory for, or figurative representation of, the pursuit of the beauty that is God. <br />
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Islamic Mysticism: An Introduction to <a href="https://youtu.be/1EQtaQYpzTw">Sufi Islam</a>, 6:23<br />
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An introduction to the history, practices, and beliefs of Sufi Islam. Sufism, or tasawwuf in Arabic, is practiced by many Muslims around the world, both Shia and Sunni, as a personal, mystical, or esoteric path to God. The video includes poetry by Mawlana Rumi and Ibn Arabi, and Mevlevi whirling dervish performances. Produced & Directed by Aleem Karmali Written by Karim Gillani www.karimsangeet.com www.crescentproductions.com Become a Facebook fan: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Aleem-K..<br />
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https://youtu.be/1EQtaQYpzTw<br />
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READINGS<br />
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9.1 from the Qur’an, Surah 47 315<br />
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9.1a from the Qur’an, Surah 76 292<br />
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9.1b from the Qur’an, Surah 5 293<br />
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9.2 from the hadith 293<br />
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9.3a from the Sunjata (12th century) 302<br />
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9.3b from the Sunjata (12th century) 304<br />
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9.4 Judah Halevi, “My Heart Is in the East” 306<br />
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Krinis, Ehud. (translated from Hebrew by Ann Brener and Tamar Liza Cohen), <i>God’s Chosen People: Judah Halevi’s Kuzari and the Shīʿī Imām Doctrine</i>. (Cultural Encounters in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages): Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2014. Pp. 352. $111.00. ISBN-13: 978-2503543963.<br />
<br />
Reviewed by G. Mick Smith, PhD<br />
Strayer University<br />
gmick.smith@strayer.edu<br />
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<br />
Krinis addresses medieval Jewish interaction within an eleventh and twelfth-century Jewish-Andalusian intellectual world. Judaism posits "chosenness" as the belief that the Jews via descent from the ancient Israelites are the chosen people of God by virtue of their unique covenant with God. The idea of the Israelites directly chosen by God is found most pointedly in the Book of Deuteronomy and as developed in the related notion in the Hebrew Bible using related terms and phrases such as a "holy people". Nonetheless, Krinis attempts to show that it is Shia influence and not the Jewish tradition that dominated Judah Halevi's <i>Kuzari</i>. <br />
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Krinis' volume is characterized best as a study in the history of ideas and traces how Halevi (c. 1075 – 1141), the Spanish Jewish physician, poet, and philosopher, incorporated notions of the Imam doctrine from the Shi'ites. Although he is borrowing ideas, in an ironic twist of elucidation, Halevi proves the necessity of Judaism in his work. His major work, <i>Kuzari</i>, relies on the Shi'ia Imam doctrine while appropriating the idea of the chosen people but as referring to the Jewish people as the chosen ones (p. 4). <br />
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From 19th Century research until today, the <i>Kuzari</i> has been viewed as anti-philosophical or rationalist and therefore simply typifying its era as characteristic of other works in its day. Most interpreters then, before Krinis, viewed the <i>Kuzari</i> as trendy and embedded in its direct philosophical roots, rather than original and related to Shia thought. This is not to suggest that all interpreters viewed the <i>Kuzari</i> as confined in its philosophical affinities but Ignac Goldhizer and Shlomo Pines interestingly identified traces of Shia thought preceding Krinis. <br />
<br />
Krinis presents a unique perspective though in claiming that Halevi appropriated the Imam doctrine of Mohammed's Shia followers. This critical split in the question of succession among the followers of Islam, for Halevi at least, led him to this central connection between the Shia successors and Halevi who creatively and selectively picked appealing ideas from the hadith and other texts. <br />
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Krinis' argument then rests on the circumstantial evidence of familiarity between Jewish writing and Shia literature. Krinis' method here is to perform a textual analysis to reveal Halevi's acquaintance and depth of influence or affinity for Shia writers. Krinis' claim, which requires analysis, is to weigh the scope of influence and, most importantly, "the formulation of the central ideological position of this treatise--the idea of the chosen people" (p. 32).<br />
<br />
The idea of the chosen people requires elucidation. There at least two ways to interpret the notion. An <i>afrad</i> is defined herein as a unique individual, or a series of individuals throughout history; or, the concept may refer to a collective group. In the <i>Kuzari</i> this could refer to chosen and successive individuals from Adam to Jacob, and in the second example, the word refers to the Twelve Tribes of Israel. <br />
<br />
In Shia thought, there are two models for the principle of meta-historical continuity: the spiritual, universal model, and the material, particularist model. The spiritual universal model is identified with the Shia concept of prophetic legacy wherein the tradition "is transmitted and handed down in a straight line of God's chosen prophets and 'successors' from the very beginning of history" (43). This chain of transmission consists of leading figures representing four unique periods in time: the early progenitors--Adam to Abraham; the Israelite era--Isaac to Zachariah; the Christian period--Jesus until Mohammed; and, the Islamic period--Mohammed as transmitted through the Imams. In this prophetic legacy model, there is a continuing presence of the universal, monotheistic religion throughout the course of history. The legacy of monotheism is thus preserved and transmitted by chosen individuals until the idealized Islamic period. <br />
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The second model, the material particular, is expressed by the primordial concept known as Mohammed's light. In this way, the primordial light is projected into the historical record in the form of a hidden light dwelling in human semen, and transmitted hereditarily from the loins of men into the wombs of women. This direct family lineage ultimately triumphs in the birth of Mohammed and the Imams. This model, analogous to the first, is based on three different stages: the progenitors from Adam to Abraham, the Arabic era from Ishmael to the immediate forefathers of Mohammad and Ali, and the final stage, which is that of Mohammad and the Imams. This latter model emphasizes Arabic superiority in the lineage of the chosen. <br />
<br />
In Shia literature, the discrepancy between the model of prophetic legacy and the model of primordial lights, is often subdued and not explicit, so that the distinctive features of both models often converge considerably. In any case, in the <i>Kuzari</i> aspects of both Shia models are highlighted by Halevi's exposition of his salient, unique individuals model. <br />
<br />
The key idea is that the transmission of the chosen characteristics, similar to an inheritance as that of a father to a son, is exemplified by the unique possession of the historical caliphate. In him and in historical concreteness, the caliph inherits the land of Israel, knowledge is transmitted through succession, and is the most virtuous of humans. Although there are differences between the <i>afrad</i> unique individuals and the Shia models of continuity (71) the <i>afrad</i> model is itself an adaptation of patriarchal precedent. <br />
<br />
The question to consider is why Halevi diverged from a Jewish cultural model, as that of the three patriarchs, and replace the chosen people model with a disparate patriarchal model so completely foreign to canonical rabbinic literature? The traditional Jewish sources limit the chosen lineage at a point in middle history but in Halevi's <i>Kuzari</i> a full and complete linkage blossoms between the beginning of history and the emergence of the chosen group. Closely examining the <i>Kuzari</i> reveals that the unique individuals model is based in principle on Shia terminology, concepts, and thought patterns. The answer to Halevi's question then relies on the evidence that Krinis can accumulate to demonstrate his evidence. Krinis' claim is that the Shia doctrine of primordial chosen-ness is in the <i>Kuzari</i>. Unique individuals in the <i>Kuzari</i> are the appropriate ones who inherit the land and are "the progenitor of the election-determining entity for all who followed" (103). <br />
<br />
Historically then, God's Proof, or the term <i>Hujja</i>, represents that Shia individual who is the ultimate authority, claim, evidence, or proof of a polemical argument during an historical time period. God's chosen individual as proof gave way to an entire collective serving as God's evidence in history as the Chosen People. <br />
<br />
Also, there are features of hierarchism in the <i>Kuzari</i> as borrowed from Shia thought. There is a holistic, hierarchical distinction between the chosen and the non-chosen as well as the People of God as opposed to other nations which can be attributed to Shia thought. Superhuman attributes of these chosen divine humans are on the upper level of the hierarchy. There is a shift in emphasis from the prophet-messenger type, as reflected in the Quran to the divine human type, which is demonstrated in a plethora of Islamic literature: hadith, <i>sira</i>, literature, dogmatic treaties, mystical treaties, and so forth. Another aspect of Shia thought in particular should be noted and that is the issue of mediation. The God of mediation, in Islamic monotheism, is non-personal, non-interventionist, and non-revelatory. The Shia divine order in the <i>Kuzari</i> results in "inserting Shia terms and perceptions into frameworks of a philosophical basis" (p. 223). <br />
<br />
In conclusion, Krinis is to be commended for pointing out the creative maneuver of Halevi who transformed the intended group of recipients from descendants of Mohammed to Jews; during a time of Arabic literary vibrancy Halevi strengthened the view that the Jews of Israel are the Chosen People. Krinis provides a sound summary: "the originality of the <i>Kuzari</i> is manifested, first and foremost, in the unique ability of its writer to borrow terms and motifs from a variety of worlds and to weave them together into a significantly unified ideological frame, one which is manifestly original and completely his own" (313). On the other hand, the drawbacks of the volume are not to elaborate upon Jewish tradition and the liveliness of Judaic thought that is part and parcel of the <i>Kuzari</i>. Krinis' work might be richer with a more of a nod in the direction of Judaic thought. Finally, one minor corrective should be mentioned: "is" should be it (172). <br />
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9.5 from Nezami, Haft Paykar, “The Tale of the Black Princess” (1197) 310<br />
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9.6 “Tale of the Fisherman and the Genie” from The Thousand and One Nights (ca. 800–1300) 315<br />
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9.7a from Jami, “Seduction of Yusuf and Zulaykha” (1483) 311<br />
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9.7b from Jami, “Seduction of Yusuf and Zulaykha” (1483) 312<br />
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9.8 from Rumi, The Divan of Shams of Tabriz (ca. 1250) 317<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK The Bismillah and the Art of Calligraphy 294<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Islamic Heritage 313<br />
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10 Fiefdom and Monastery, Pilgrimage and Crusade THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WORLD IN EUROPE 319<br />
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THINKING AHEAD<br />
<br />
10.1 Describe what Anglo-Saxon art and literature tell us about Anglo-Saxon culture.<br />
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10.2 Discuss Charlemagne’s impact on medieval culture and the legacy of his rule.<br />
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10.3 Define the Romanesque and its relation to both pilgrimage churches and the Cluniac abbey.<br />
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10.4 Examine the motivations for the Crusades and appraise their outcome.<br />
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10.5 Explain the courtly love tradition as it manifests itself in the literature of the period. <br />
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The Middle Ages</h1>
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Overview</h3>
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The Middle Ages, contrary to popular belief, was not merely an age of disease and warfare. It was also a time of preservation, renewal, and discovery. The men and women who lived in this period laid many important foundations of the modern Western world.</div>
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Recommended Readings</h3>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ac1a2f; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="Pope Gelasius I, Letter to Emperor Anastasius I" href="https://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-07/Letter-to-Anastasius-I.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pope Gelasius I, Letter to Emperor Anastasius I</a></span></li>
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Debates over the question of the relationship of Christ’s humanity to His divinity divided the Church for most of the fourth and fifth centuries. As Eusebius’s account of the Council of Nicaea made clear, emperors were from time to time prepared to urge a compromise in these serious theological disputes in the interests of unity, much to the dismay of churchmen, especially those from the West, whose native Latin rendered incomprehensible many of the theological subtleties debated so heatedly in the Greek East. In an attempt to appease a large group of Christians who rejected the theological position adopted by the Council of Chalcedon in 451—a position Western churchmen considered definitive—the Emperor Zeno (r. 474–491) issued a compromise statement in 482 that led to a temporary schism between Rome and Constantinople. During the course of this schism, Pope Gelasius I wrote the following letter to Zeno’s successor, Anastasius I. This letter was quoted in Western discussions of the proper relationship between spiritual and temporal authority for nearly a thousand years</div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="Benedict of Nursia, “The Benedictine Rule”" href="https://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-07/The-Benedictine-Rule.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Benedict of Nursia, “The Benedictine Rule”</span></a></li>
Monasticism originated in the Egyptian desert in the late third century. Its scriptural basis was the story of the rich young man in the Gospels who asked Jesus what he needed to do to have eternal life. Jesus replied that he needed to keep the commandments; if he wished to be perfect, the young man should sell all he had, give it to the poor, and follow Him. Once the young man had departed, Jesus said to his disciples that those who left home, family, and possessions for His sake would be rewarded a hundredfold and have eternal life. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> After Christianity was legalized and the possibility of being asked to give up one’s life for Christ was consequently diminished, the monastic life began to be seen as the new form of martyrdom. Te earliest monks were hermits, though they were not completely cut off from human contact since their reputation for holiness led many to seek them out for spiritual counsel. Communities of monks soon followed. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">Saint Basil the Great (330–379), father of Eastern monasticism, declared that living in a monastic community was preferable to living as a hermit because it was difficult to practice the virtue of charity if one had no neighbor. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> In Gaul, the earliest monastic communities shared the extreme austerity that was characteristic of Eastern monasticism. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">In the sixth century, however, Saint Benedict of Nursia wrote a rule for monasteries, which, as Gregory the Great (540–604) pointed out, was “remarkable for its discretion.” In his rule, based on the earlier, anonymous “Rule of the Master,” Benedict prescribed a form of monastic life that required no rigorous physical hardships and could be adapted for communities of men or women in a wide variety of local conditions. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">Over time, the Benedictine Rule became the basis for most forms of the monastic life in the West. To some degree, monasteries provided early medieval Europe with some of the urban functions of the old Roman cities. They kept alive the intellectual heritage of Antiquity, preserving and copying many old manuscripts. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">This was especially true in economic terms, as the diligent and efficient monks, living under the principle “laborare est orare” (to work is to pray), cleared and put into production frontier land, often using the newest technology to do so. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">Ironically, these monasteries became places of wealth and power, causing Church reformers to found new monastic orders that would return to the primitive simplicity of the apostles. Such orders as the Cluniacs, Cistercians, Franciscans, and Dominicans showed the pattern of decadence and renewal in medieval Christendom. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> <a href="https://youtu.be/aMD6zXZ2G4A">St. Benedict</a> HD, 3:11 </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> St. Benedict is believed to have been born around 480, as the son to a Roman noble of Norcia and the twin to his sister, Scholastica. In the fifth century, the young Benedict was sent to Rome to finish his education with a nurse/housekeeper. The subject that dominated a young man's study then was rhetoric -- the art of persuasive speaking. A successful speaker was not one who had the best argument or conveyed the truth, but one who used rhythm, eloquence, and technique to convince. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">The power of the voice without foundation in the heart was the goal of the student's education. And that philosophy was reflected in the lives of the students as well. They had everything -- education, wealth, youth -- and they spent all of it in the pursuit of pleasure, not truth. Benedict watched in horror as vice unraveled the lives and ethics of his companions. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> Afraid for his soul, Benedict fled Rome, gave up his inheritance and lived in a small village with his nurse. When God called him beyond this quiet life to an even deeper solitude, he went to the mountains of Subiaco. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">Although becoming a hermit was not his purpose in leaving, there he lived as a hermit under the direction of another hermit, Romanus. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> One day, during his time living in a cave above a lake as a hermit, the Devil presented Benedict's imagination with a beautiful, tempting woman. Benedict resisted by rolling his body into a thorn bush until it was covered in scrapes. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">It is said through these body wounds, he cured the wounds of his soul. After years of prayer, word of his holiness brought nearby monks to ask for his leadership. He warned them he would be too strict for them, but they insisted -- then tried to poison him when his warning proved true. The story goes, the monks attempted to poison Benedict's drink, but when he prayed a blessing over the cup - it shattered. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> So Benedict was on his own again -- but not for long. The next set of followers were more sincere and he set up twelve monasteries in Subiaco where monks lived in separate communities of twelve. He left these monasteries abruptly when the envious attacks of another hermit made it impossible to continue the spiritual leadership he had taken. But it was in Monte Cassino he founded the monastery that became the roots of the Church's monastic system. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">Instead of founding small separate communities he gathered his disciples into one whole community. His own sister, Saint Scholastica, settled nearby to live a religious life. After almost 1,500 years of monastic tradition his direction seems obvious to us. However, Benedict was an innovator. No one had ever set up communities like his before or directed them with a rule. What is part of history to us now was a bold, risky step into the future. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> Benedict had the holiness and the ability to take this step. His beliefs and instructions on religious life were collected in what is now known as the Rule of Saint Benedict -- still directing religious life after 15 centuries. In this tiny but powerful Rule, Benedict put what he had learned about the power of speaking and oratorical rhythms at the service of the Gospel. He did not drop out of school because he did not understand the subject! </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">Scholars have told us that his Rule reflects an understanding of and skill with the rhetorical rules of the time. Despite his experience at school, he understood rhetoric was as much a tool as a hammer was. A hammer could be used to build a house or hit someone over the head. Rhetoric could be used to promote vice ... or promote God. Benedict did not shun rhetoric because it had been used to seduce people to vice; he reformed it. Benedict did not want to lose the power of voice to reach up to God simply because others had use it to sink down to the gutter. He reminded us "Let us consider our place in sight of God and of his angels. Let us rise in chanting that our hearts and voices harmonize." There was always a voice reading aloud in his communities at meals, to receive guests, to educate novices. Hearing words one time was not enough -- "We wish this Rule to be read frequently to the community. https://youtu.be/aMD6zXZ2G4A</ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> <iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aMD6zXZ2G4A?rel=0" width="560"></iframe></ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ac1a2f; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="The Venerable Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of The English People" href="https://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-07/The-Ecclesiastical-History-of-the-English-People.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Venerable Bede, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Ecclesiastical History of The English People</em></a></span></li>
Te Venerable Bede lived as a monk of the Northumbrian abbeys of Wearmouth and Jarrow from the age of seven. During his lifetime he contributed to the scholarly brilliance of what some scholars call the Northumbrian Renaissance, writing biblical commentaries, books on chronology, saints’ lives, and at the end of his life, his most famous work, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> Bede modeled his Ecclesiastical History on that of Eusebius. As D. H. Farmer observed, “for each the history of the Church was simply a development of the story of the Acts of the Apostles. Just as Christ’s apostles had worked, preached, and suffered to establish the Church in obedience to Christ, so did their successors in whatever time or place.” </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">In Book I, Bede recounted the story of the Roman mission headed by Augustine of Canterbury, which resulted in the conversion of the King of Kent and his people. Of particular interest to the modern reader is a letter Bede included in which Pope Gregory the Great explained how the missionaries should deal with pagan temples and holidays. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">Turning his attention to his own native region in Book II, Bede related the lengthy process by which King Edwin of Northumbria and his people accepted the Christian faith. Bede concerned himself above all with demonstrating progress toward unity, so the centerpiece of his work is his account of the Synod of Whitby of 664. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">For nearly seventy years prior to that event, Roman Christians from Kent and Irish Christians from the island of Iona, off the western coast of Scotland, had worked separately to convert the Angles and Saxons. Because Ireland had never been part of the Roman Empire and was not in regular contact with other parts of the West, not only was the Irish church unusually structured, but its calendar and customs had developed independently of those of the universal Church. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">At the monastery of Streanaeshalch (renamed later by the Vikings as Whitby), Oswy, King of Northumbria, opted for unity rather than local diversity, a decision with which Bede wholeheartedly agreed <a href="https://youtu.be/mDKz0I8RSg8">Saint Bede the Venerable</a> - May 25, 2:15 https://youtu.be/mDKz0I8RSg8</ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> <iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mDKz0I8RSg8?rel=0" width="560"></iframe>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="Alfred the Great, Laws " href="https://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-07/Laws-Alfred-the-Great.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Alfred the Great, Laws</span></a></li>
Early medieval law differed significantly from the kind of Roman law we saw in the Institutes of Justinian, even in areas where local law was based on the Theodosian Code. </ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">Law was custom, an organic outgrowth of the life of the people of the community, transmitted for the most part orally, and enforced by community consensus. Lacking formal enactment and codification, customary law was flexible and adaptable to new situations, though changing it officially was a solemn act not undertaken lightly. Vikings - <a href="https://youtu.be/MjkA4CyAf4Q">Alfred</a> Becomes King [Season 5 Official Scene] (5x09) [HD], 4:27</ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> https://youtu.be/MjkA4CyAf4Q</ul>
<ul style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1em 1em 1em 2em; padding: 0px;"> <iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MjkA4CyAf4Q?rel=0" width="560"></iframe>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="Widukind of Corvey, “Coronation of Otto I” " href="https://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-07/Coronation-of-Otto-I.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Widukind of Corvey, “Coronation of Otto I”</span></a></li>
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<br />
As Carolingian strength waned in East Francia in the late ninth and<br />
early tenth centuries, those who emerged as rulers were the tribal dukes,<br />
great landholders who consolidated their power over large regions.<br />
<br />
Although initially they preferred to elect a weak king, Magyar invasions<br />
from the east convinced them of the need for a strong leader. Henry the<br />
Fowler, Duke of Saxony (r. 919–936), founded a dynasty that ruled Germany<br />
until 1024. His son Otto I (r. 936–973) won a decisive victory<br />
over the Magyars at the Battle of the Lechfeld in 955, and in 962 was<br />
crowned emperor by Pope John XII (r. 955–964), whom he later deposed.<br />
Otto’s conscious revival of Carolingian tradition is evident, not only in his<br />
designation as emperor—though of an empire that differed significantly<br />
from that of Charlemagne—but also in Widukind’s richly detailed account<br />
of his coronation as king in 936. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/vJbwSOI3wX8">King Otto</a> I. - King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor - The Lechfeld Battle, 4:09<br />
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King Otto I. The Great<br />
King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor<br />
912 - 973<br />
The "Lechfeld" Battle<br />
Soundtrack Title - "winds of war" by vvsmusic<br />
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Otto .I the Great (23 November 912 in Wallhausen -- 7 May 973 in Memleben), son of Henry I. the Fowler and Matilda von Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan. While Charlemagne had been crowned emperor in 800, his empire had been divided amongst his grandsons, and following the assassination of Berengar of Friuli in 924, the imperial title had lain vacant for nearly forty years. On 2 February 962, Otto was crowned Emperor of what would later become the Holy Roman Empire.<br />
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https://youtu.be/vJbwSOI3wX8<br />
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<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vJbwSOI3wX8?rel=0" width="560"></iframe><br />
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Anglo-Saxon Artistic Style and Culture 321<br />
<br />
What can we learn about Anglo-Saxon culture from its art and literature?<br />
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A purse cover from the Sutton Hoo site (Fig. 10.2) is a fine example of the artistic style of this non-Christian Germanic culture. It is a work of cloisonné, a technique in which strips of gold are set on edge to form small cells. The cells are then filled with a colored enamel glass paste and fitted with thin slices of semiprecious stones (in this case, garnet). At the top of the purse cover shown here, two hexagons flank a central motif of animal interlace. In this design, two pairs of animals and birds, facing each other, are elongated into serpentine ribbons of decoration, a common Scandinavian motif. Below this, two Swedish hawks with curved beaks attack a pair of ducks. On each side of this design, a male figure stands between two animals. This animal style was used in jewelry design throughout the Germanic and Scandinavian world in the era before Christianity. Notice its symmetrical design, its combination of interlaced organic and geometric shapes, and, of course, its animal motifs. Throughout the early Middle Ages, this style was imitated in manuscripts, stone sculpture, church masonry, and wood sculpture.<br />
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In many ways, the English language was shaped by Anglo-Saxon traditions. Our days of the week are derived from the names of Saxon gods: Tuesday and Wednesday are named after two Saxon gods of war, Tiw and Woden. Thursday is named after Thor, the god of thunder, and Friday after Frigg, Woden’s wife. Similarly, most English place-names have Saxon origins. Bury means fort, and Canterbury means the fort of the Cantii tribe. Ings means tribe or family; Hastings is where the family of chief Haesta lived. Strat refers to a Roman road; Stratford-on-Avon designates the place where the Roman road fords the River Avon. Chester means Roman camp, as in Dorchester; minster means monastery, as in Westminster; and ham means home, as in Nottingham. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/GhQIT85wobE">Anglo-Saxon</a> Britain, 2:22<br />
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See how the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes competed over domination of England while also dealing with Vikings.<br />
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https://youtu.be/GhQIT85wobE<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GhQIT85wobE" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Society, Law, and Family Life 321<br />
<br />
The survival of Anglo-Saxon names in modern English suggests the degree to which this culture dominated even medieval English life. Earlier Anglo-Saxon culture revolved around the king and his thanes (lords). The king possessed his own large estate, as did each of his thanes, and the king and his retinue moved continually among the estates of the thanes, who owed hospitality and loyalty to the throne. Aside from these few powerful persons, feudal society was composed of peasants. Some were ceorls, or churls, free men who owned farms of 90 to 100 acres. Others rented land from the thanes, usually in lots of 20 acres. They paid their lords in goods—sheep or grain—and worked his fields two or three days per week. All employed serfs (day laborers) and thralls (slaves), often captives of wars. (Evidence suggests that by the eighth century, the Anglo-Saxons were routinely marketing slaves abroad, in France and Rome particularly.) Runaway slaves were punished by death, as were those convicted of disloyalty to their thanes.<br />
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Anglo-Saxon law was based on the idea of the wergeld, or “life-price” of an individual. A thane’s value was roughly six times that of a churl, and a thrall had no value at all. If a thane were killed (or injured), his family (or in the case of injury, he himself) was entitled to be compensated at the highest fixed rate. But a thane could kill or injure a thrall with no wergeld due at all. The wergeld for men and women was identical, although a pregnant woman was worth as much as three times the usual rate, and a woman’s potential as a bearer of children could raise her value even if she were not pregnant.<br />
<br />
The medieval fief averaged from 3,000 to 5,000 acres and included one or more manor houses occupied by the lord. The manor house was surrounded by a small village that included as many as 50 families, a common mill, a wine press, an oven, and a church. Surrounding the village were fields and pasture. Oats, corn, barley, wheat, and rye were the largest crops, and over time, serfs developed the heavy-wheeled plow for cultivating sandy soil and the moulboard plow for plowing clay soils. The tandem four-oxen harness helped them in their work (Fig. 10.3). They also learned to offset soil depletion by crop rotation, allowing one-third of their fields to lie fallow each year to recover their fertility.<br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/Vzxiz3Kw9eI">Anglo-Saxons</a> in Britain, 4:49<br />
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For over 600 years the Anglo-Saxons were settled in Britain replacing many of the Roman stone buildings with new buildings of their own. At the same time they brought Christianity to the country. The reign of the Anglo-Saxons came to an end in 1066 but they will be remembered not only for the vast political change they brought with them but for the amazing craftmanship and ornate artifacts and Jewellery that they left behind. They certainly earned their place in history !!<br />
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https://youtu.be/Vzxiz3Kw9eI<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vzxiz3Kw9eI" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Beowulf, the Oldest English Epic Poem 323<br />
<br />
This rigidly hierarchical society is celebrated in the oldest English epic poem, Beowulf. In the poem, a young hero, Beowulf, comes from afar to rid a community of monsters that have been ravaging it. A treasure very much like that found in the Sutton Hoo ship burial is described just 26 lines into the poem, when the death of the Danish king Shild is described (Reading 10.1a). <br />
<br />
A Tribute to a Hero: <a href="https://youtu.be/gpkKPqcK7AE">Beowulf</a>, 1:56<br />
<br />
"Beowulf is a legendary Geatish hero and later turned king in the epic poem named after him, one of the oldest surviving pieces of literature in the English language" This is a Tribute to him, Beowulf. The Music used: Beowulf Main Title - Alan Silvestri. What We Need Is a Hero - Alan Silvestri.<br />
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https://youtu.be/gpkKPqcK7AE<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gpkKPqcK7AE" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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The Merging of Pagan and Christian Styles 325<br />
<br />
Whatever Beowulf’s relation to Christian tradition, it is easy to see how the poem might have been read, even in its own time, in Christian terms. Other clearly Christian poems survive from the era, among them The Dream of the Rood, in which a poet recounts his dream of a conversation with the wooden cross (the rood) upon which Jesus was crucified. Jesus is portrayed as if he were a Germanic king willing to die, like Beowulf, for the greater good. Another is the short poem known as Caedmon’s Hymn, written by the Anglo-Saxon monk, Caedmon, probably in the 670s or 680s (Reading 10.2). It is the only surviving text of what was reportedly a large body of vernacular religious poetry by Caedmon. Tradition holds that the monk was unable to sing, but one night he heard himself singing his poem in a dream, and he miraculously awoke with the ability to sing it. So that you can see how remote the Anglo-Saxon is from the English translation, here is the original text following the translation. <br />
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King <a href="https://youtu.be/liN10C_cXjc">Beowulf about Christianity</a>, 1:06<br />
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https://youtu.be/liN10C_cXjc<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/liN10C_cXjc" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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Manuscript Illustration: Blending of Anglo-Saxon and Christian Traditions 327<br />
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In 601, Gregory sent Augustine a letter urging him not to eliminate pagan traditions overnight, but to incorporate them into Christian practice: “For it is certainly impossible to eradicate all errors from obstinate minds at one stroke, and whoever wishes to climb a mountain top climbs gradually step by step, and not in one leap.” This is one reason that the basic elements of the animal style, evident in the purse cover from Sutton Hoo (see Fig. 10.2), appear in a manuscript page from the Lindisfarne Gospels, designed by Bishop Eadfrith of Lindisfarne in 698 (Fig. 10.6). Notice particularly how the geometric grids in the border decoration of the purse cover are elaborated in the central circle of the Lindisfarne carpet page (a descriptive term, not used in the Middle Ages, that refers to the resemblance between such pages and Turkish or Islamic carpets). The animal interlace of the purse cover reappears in the corner designs that frame the central circle of the carpet page, where two birds face outward and two inward. And the beasts that turn to face one another in the middle of the purse cover are echoed in the border figures of the carpet page, top and bottom, left and right. The pre-Christian decorative vocabulary of the Sutton Hoo treasure, created to honor a pagan king, has been transformed to honor the Christian conception of God.<br />
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This carpet page is an example of a Celtic cross. Legend has it that while preaching to a group of the soon-to-be converted, Saint Patrick had been shown an ancient standing stone monument with a circle carved onto it, symbolic, he was told, of the moon goddess. Patrick reportedly made the mark of a Latin cross through the circle and blessed the stone, thereby making the first Celtic cross. The story is probably only a legend—the circle with a cross through it antedates Patrick’s arrival in Ireland, where it probably symbolized, in pagan culture, the sun and moon, male and female, unity and balance in all things—but the legend speaks to the syncretism (the combining of different practices and principles) of the age. <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/fquuIZCiwIE">Lindisfarne Gospels</a>, 4:43<br />
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https://youtu.be/fquuIZCiwIE<br />
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Carolingian Culture and the Frankish Kings 328<br />
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How did Charlemagne change medieval culture and what was his legacy to the Frankish kings?<br />
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Although England was slow to Christianize, the European continent was not. Christianity was firmly established in 732, at Poitiers, France, just south of Tours in the Loire Valley. There Charles Martel, king of the Franks, defeated the advancing Muslim army, which had entered Spain in 711 and had been pushing northward ever since. The Arabs retreated south, beyond the Pyrenees, and settled into Spain. The Franks were one of many Germanic tribes—like the Angles and Saxons in England—that had moved westward beginning in the fourth century ce. Most of these tribes adopted most of the Christian beliefs of the Roman culture they conquered, most notably the Ostrogoths in Italy, the Visigoths in southern Gaul (France) and Spain, the Vandals in North Africa, and the Franks, who controlled most of present-day France. Unlike the other Germanic tribes, the Franks were Orthodox, or Catholic, Christians, the result of the conversion in 496 of Clovis (ca. 466–511). Clovis was the founder of the first Frankish dynasty, the Merovingians. Within a hundred years, the Franks would come to control most of western Europe. <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/ed8kyeGcBI0">Carolingian Renaissance</a> in Three Minutes, 2:59<br />
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Outside of European specific courses or books, the time period between the fall of Rome and the High Middle Ages is usually glossed over. It is almost as though pop culture history says, "And then Romans fell and then there were knights and Vikings." This ignores the noteworthy achievements of the people who lived during the time period after the Fall of The Western Empire in what is now called Late Antiquity.<br />
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https://youtu.be/ed8kyeGcBI0<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/ddJuvPgtnbM">Charles Martel</a>’s Final Moorish War and the Great Berber Uprising in Spain, 733-741, 5:29<br />
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http://www.realcrusadeshistory.com For the full series: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... This episode kicks off Part II of the Complete History of the Crusades Series: Christendom's Crucible: Survival, Endurance, Rebirth. This episode deals with Charles Martel's final battle with Islam, as well as the Berber uprising in Spain that destabilized Muslim Spain, giving the Christians in the north time to consolidate and even begin to expand. Watch the full series: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... Donate to support Crusades history: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr... Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Real-C... Twitter: https://twitter.com/CrusadesHistory<br />
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https://youtu.be/ddJuvPgtnbM<br />
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The Song of Roland: Feudal and Chivalric Values 330<br />
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Charlemagne’s military might was the stuff of legend. For centuries after his rule, tales of his exploits circulated throughout Europe in cycles of poems sung by jongleurs, professional entertainers or minstrels who moved from court to court and performed chansons de geste (“songs of heroic deeds”). The oldest of these, and the most famous, is the Song of Roland, a poem built around a kernel of historical truth transformed into legend and eventually embellished into an epic. Four thousand lines long, composed of ten-syllable lines grouped in stanzas, it was transmitted orally for three centuries and finally written down in about 1100, by which time the story of a military defeat of little consequence had become an epic drama of ideological importance. The jongleurs sang the poem accompanied by a lyre. The only surviving musical notations to the poem are the letters AOI that end some verses. The exact meaning of this phrase is unclear, but it probably indicates a musical refrain, repeated throughout the performance. Most likely, the poem was sung in a syllabic setting, one note per syllable, in the manner of most folk songs even today. Its melody was probably also strophic—that is, the same music repeated for each stanza of the poem. <br />
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Song Of Roland<br />
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'For who will lead my armies with such strength, When he is slain, that all our days us led? Ah! France the Douce, now art thou deserted! Such grief I have that I would fain be dead.' <br />
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In 778, the rearguard of Charlemagne's retreating army was ambushed in the Pyrenees and defeated. <br />
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The battle of Roncevaux became the inspiration for songs and poems celebrating deeds of valour in the face of overwhelming odds. <br />
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In the mid 12th century, part of this great retelling of heroic deeds was The Song of Roland, the earliest surviving work of Old French and one which shows a chivalric, knightly society in full flower. <br />
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It is a celebration of heroism, of feudalism and of the Franks and their love of 'France the Douce'. <br />
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Roland, most valiant of knights, is in command when the Saracens attack, directed by the traitor Ganelon. <br />
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Although Roland's friend Oliver begs him to blow his olifant and recall the main part of the army, Roland refuses. <br />
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A small force of Franks makes a last stand against 400,000 Saracens, and, one by one, the brave warriors fight to the death. <br />
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At last, Roland blows the horn and Charlemagne gallops to the rescue -- but the king is too late to save his valiant paladins, and can only avenge their deaths. <br />
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With its focus on honour and the feudal obligations between lord and vassal, the poem is a rich evocation of a vanished age. <br />
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Yet its depiction of its soldiers, their trust in one another, their capacity for heroism and their grief for their fallen comrades, resounds through the centuries. <br />
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Promoting Literacy 332<br />
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Across Europe, the Church had traditionally served as the chief guardian of culture. In its monastic centers, the Roman love of learning had been maintained, especially in the manuscripts transcribed by monastic copyists. But literacy was anything but widespread. Charlemagne sought to remedy this situation at his court at Aachen (present-day Aix-la-Chapelle), which soon attracted leading scholars and artists, whose efforts Charlemagne rewarded handsomely. Chief among these was an Englishman, perhaps even of Anglo-Saxon origin, Alcuin of York (735–804), who in 782 became head of Charlemagne’s court school. One of the foremost grammarians and theologians of the period, Alcuin served as Charlemagne’s personal tutor. <br />
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Early Medieval Europe - <a href="https://youtu.be/07_L1H_3US8">Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance</a><br />
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Carolingian Renaissance is a cultural and intellectual revival and the first of three medieval renaissances, which started during the reign of Charlemagne in the late 8th century.<br />
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When Charlemagne takes power, the ancient schools of the Roman Empire are long gone.<br />
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Culture took refuge in monasteries. children for the monastic life we learned there.<br />
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At the same time, the clergy and laity are increasingly uneducated.<br />
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In 789, in a broad program of reforms, Charlemagne entrusted the teaching of the Church, demanding that each monastery every bishopric opened schools to teach reading to children from books carefully corrected.<br />
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The program covers the basic skills, reading (of course Latin), writing and arithmetic.<br />
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But also singing for church services and "notes", a kind of shorthand for the future chancery employees.<br />
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Emperor's objectives are clear: the practice of religion and the execution of administrative tasks.<br />
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Charlemagne knew that it is necessary that the clergy be educated and provided with correct versions of the sacred text in order to evangelize and mentor populations.<br />
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It is also aware of the importance of writing to govern and unify the various territories of the empire.<br />
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Administrative staff must know how to read and to interpret his orders write to write reports.<br />
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The language, Latin, must be pure in order to be understood by all.<br />
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But Charlemagne's efforts are not always followed up.<br />
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On several occasions, it must renew its instructions on schools.<br />
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His successor, Louis the Pious, also legislates a lot in this area.<br />
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The cultural level of the clergy increases, timidly under Charlemagne and more markedly throughout the ninth century.<br />
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Many cultural centers bloom throughout the Empire and the Carolingian scholars write correct Latin which will remain for centuries the international language of religion and culture.<br />
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However, the population remains outside of this cultural renaissance: the majority is expressed in Germanic or Romance language; she does not understand Latin and has no opportunity to consult books, extremely rare items at the time.<br />
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If schools providing elementary knowledge remain unevenly distributed across the Empire, many centers of study are developed however in the Palace of the Emperor or in large monasteries and bishoprics.<br />
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Harking back to ancient times, these institutions organize education in two levels: the trivium grouping three humanities (grammar, dialectic and rhetoric), followed quadrivium devoted to scientific disciplines (arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy).<br />
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These seven are the liberal arts disciplines.<br />
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This organization studies the basis for school and university education during the Middle Ages.<br />
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In these schools, we rediscover the authors of Latin Antiquity, one learns to read the Bible and the great theologians of the first centuries.<br />
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The renewal of the studies also concerns sciences, be it astronomy or medicine.<br />
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Led by recognized scholars as Alcuin Theodulf or Rabanus Maurus, these centers provide training of the intellectual elite and the cultural revival of the Carolingian period.<br />
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It is a meeting of the teachers came from all backgrounds, who bring with them their knowledge and culture, at the crossroads of ancient and Byzantine tradition and the franc and German heritage.<br />
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It was here that merges the ninth century, this patchwork behind Western culture.<br />
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Facts You Didn't Know About <a href="https://youtu.be/ibeJX9Or67U">Charlemagne</a>, 4:10<br />
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https://youtu.be/ibeJX9Or67U<br />
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The Medieval Monastery 333<br />
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The monastery was a central part of Carolingian culture, arguably its most important institution. Before the Carolingian era, monastic life varied widely across Europe. In Italy, the rule of solitude (the Greek word monos, from which monasticism derives, means “alone”) was barely enforced, and life in a monastery could be positively entertaining. If, in Ireland, more austere conditions prevailed, still the lively intellectual climate of the monastery attracted men and women seeking a vocation. Even from monastery to monastery, different conditions and rules prevailed.<br />
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Charlemagne imposed on all monasteries in the Frankish kingdom the rule of Benedict of Nursia, an Italian monk who had lived two centuries earlier (ca. 480–547). The Rule of Saint Benedict defined monastic life as a community of like-minded individuals, all seeking religious perfection, under the direction of an abbot elected by the monks. Monks were to live a family life in the pursuit of religious perfection. They were to possess nothing of their own, accepting worldly poverty. They were to live in one place and not wander, guaranteeing the community’s stability. And they were never to marry, acknowledging their chastity. Each day was divided into eight parts, the horarium (from the Latin hora, “hour”). The horarium is the daily prayer schedule of liturgical praise called the Divine Office (the word Office comes from the Latin officium, meaning “duty”), marked by recitations of the psalms and the chanting of hymns and prayers at eight specific times of the day, from early morning until bedtime. Between services, the monks studied, worked, and ate a light breakfast and heartier dinner. They lived by the motto of their order: “Pray and work.”<br />
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Making History - <a href="https://youtu.be/a_oeKXEMpsY">Medieval Monastic Clergy</a>, 5:49<br />
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Life in the monasteries in Medieval Europe was much more difficult than modern film depicts it to have been.<br />
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https://youtu.be/a_oeKXEMpsY<br />
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The Ottonian Empire 337<br />
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Charlemagne’s empire dissolved in 843 when his son Louis the Pious (r. 814–40) divided the kingdom among his own feuding sons: Lothar, the eldest of the three; Louis the German; and their half-brother, Charles the Bald. To the east, Louis the German ruled most of what is today Germany and Austria. To the west, Charles the Bald ruled most of what is now France. And between the two was Lothar, whose kingdom extended in a narrow band from the North Sea to Italy. When Lothar died in 855, his kingdom was partitioned among his three sons. With this middle territory thus weakened, Charles the Bald to the west and Louis the German to the east began to fight over it, a contest between the German and French Frankish kingdoms. By the end of the tenth century, two powerful kingdoms—one German, the other French—had emerged. <br />
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Heinrich the Fowler, 2:01<br />
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A moving epic tale of Heinrich the Fowler and the <a href="https://youtu.be/vOsNpD4IjMw">Ottonian Empire</a>.<br />
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https://youtu.be/vOsNpD4IjMw<br />
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Capetian France and the Norman Conquest 337<br />
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To the west of the Ottonian Empire, the Frankish territory formerly controlled by Charles the Bald was invaded in the middle of the ninth century by Normans—that is, “Northmen”—Viking warriors from Scandinavia. The Viking onslaught was devastating, as they plundered and looted across the north European seas, targeting especially isolated but wealthy monasteries such as Lindisfarne, which they had attacked even earlier, in 793. The Viking invasions fragmented the former empire and caused nobility, commoners, and peasants alike to attach themselves to anyone who might provide military protection—thus cementing the feudal system. By the tenth century, they had raided, explored, and settled territories from North America, which the explorer Leif Eriksson reached in about the year 1000, to Iceland, Greenland, the British Isles, and France. In France, they besieged Paris in 845 and gained control of the lower Seine Valley. In 915, the Frankish king Charles III (r. 893–923) was forced to grant the Norse leader Rolf, or Rollo, permanent control of the region. Rollo became the first duke of Normandy. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/tc92zC0P0Iw">Norman Conquest</a> of England | 3 Minute History, 3:29<br />
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https://youtu.be/tc92zC0P0Iw<br />
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The Romanesque: The Pilgrimage Church and the Monastic Abbey 338<br />
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How does the Romanesque style manifest itself in both pilgrimage churches and the Cluniac abbey?<br />
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Throughout the Middle Ages, it was customary for Christians to go on religious pilgrimages to holy places or sites containing sacred objects. People believed that their prayers for forgiveness, healing, fertility, or anything else would have a better chance of being fulfilled if they were able to get physically close to a holy object, person, or site. The pilgrimage was also an act of piety, demonstrating the pilgrim’s faith, and, in part, an act of penance. As Europe became increasingly urbanized, worsening hygienic conditions spread disease. Believing that disease was related to sinfulness, pilgrims sought to atone for their sins, saving themselves from sickness and contagion on earth and perpetual damnation in the afterlife.<br />
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Episode 2: A White Garment of Churches: <a href="https://youtu.be/RLjXFBsHhBY">Romanesque </a>and Gothic Art part 2, 5:46<br />
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Romanesque art and architecture were shaped by two powerful forces: pilgrimage and the monastic movement. Later, Gothic cathedrals were filled with divine light. Featured: Basilique, Sainte-Marie-Madeleine in Vézelay, the sculptures of Gislebertus, Paray-le-Monial, the cathedrals at Chartes. "Episode 2: A White Garment of Churches: Romanesque and Gothic Art." Art of the Western World. Presented by Michael Wood. Dir. Geoff Dunlop et. al. WNET/Thirteen, 1989. DVD.<br />
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https://youtu.be/RLjXFBsHhBY<br />
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The Bayeux Tapestry <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/F8OPQ_28mdo">Bayeux Tapestry</a> - Seven Ages of Britain - BBC One, 4:56<br />
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The Bayeux Tapestry. The BBC's David Dimbleby describes the historical significance of the Bayeux Tapestry for his forthcoming BBC One Series, Seven Ages of Britain. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcone<br />
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https://youtu.be/F8OPQ_28mdo<br />
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Cluny and the Monastic Tradition 345<br />
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One of the most influential of the Romanesque pilgrimage churches was the Abbey of Cluny. Like Charlemagne’s Saint Gall (see Fig. 10.12), Cluny, founded in about 910, was a reformed Benedictine monastery. The Cluniac order enjoyed a special status in the Church hierarchy, reporting directly to the pope and bypassing all feudal or ecclesiastic control. No secular ruler could exercise any control over the monastery (the origin of our modern insistence on the separation of Church and State). Furthermore, the Cluniac order insisted on the celibacy of its monks and nuns—the Church was to be their only lord and spouse. Celibacy was not the rule elsewhere, and was not officially imposed on Catholic priests until 1139.<br />
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Perhaps the most important role of the Cluniac order was its sense of culture as something wider than local traditions. Its monks preserved and translated Classical texts. They rediscovered, particularly, Greek and Roman antecedents. The plan of their church mimicked Old Saint Peter’s in Rome. They were lovers of knowledge and of beauty (both considered chief attributes of the Almighty), and of Classical means of representation. The naturalism we associate with Greek and Roman art gradually began to find favor once again. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/PgJBEWq5Ues">Cluny Abbey</a>, 7:15<br />
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Cluny Abbey, dedicated to St Peter, is a former Benedictine monastery built in the Romanesque style, with three churches built in succession from the 10th to the early 12th centuries. Cluny was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910. The establishment of the Benedictine Order was a keystone to the stability of European society that was achieved in the 11th century. In 1790 during the French Revolution, the abbey was sacked and mostly destroyed, with only a small part of the Abbey surviving. Today, there remain only the buildings built under the Old Mode as well as a small portion of Cluny III. Only the southern transept and its bell-tower still stand; the ruined bases of columns give an idea of the size of the rest of the church. The surviving structure represents less than 10% of the floor area of Cluny III, which was the largest church of Christendom, until the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, five centuries later. The abbey has sheltered, since 1901, a forming center of the �cole nationale sup�r-ieure d'arts et m�tiers (ENSAM) of the engineers of the Art-and-Trades.<br />
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https://youtu.be/PgJBEWq5Ues<br />
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The Cistercian Challenge 347<br />
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Not everyone supported the richness of the Cluniac liturgy and its accompanying music, art, and architecture. From the point of view of Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, such artistic excess—in other words, beauty—was an affront to the monastic mission. Chief spokesperson for a new order of Cistercian monks, Bernard of Clairvaux (1091–1153) advocated a rigorous application of the Rule of Saint Benedict. Cistercians were to be self-sufficient, living off their own cultivation of the land (this proved impossible in practice). They were to live a simple life of self-imposed poverty symbolized by the undyed wool of their habits. And their plain, undecorated churches stand in stark contrast to the grandeur and opulence of the rest of Romanesque architecture. Can it be, Bernard asks in his Apologia for Abbot William, that the riches of such large and sumptuous churches as Cluny and others are meant to stimulate financial donations to the Church? Is it really true, he asks, that if “their eyes are feasted with relics … their purse strings are loosed”? Bernard is denouncing not beauty itself, but the use of beauty for monetary profit. He also objects to the fact that it distracts attention from prayer. The Cistercians belong to a long tradition of thought that challenges the role of art in religion, extending back to the early years of Islam and the iconoclasts in Byzantium, although they do not oppose the use of imagery. They simply discourage using imagery in an ostentatious way. <br />
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SAINTS SPEAK: St. <a href="https://youtu.be/Z-PGHetVx7Y">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> (Holy Repentance), 4:32<br />
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From heaven, in his own words, St. Bernard shares how sin damages the image of God on our soul, but through confession, it is restored.<br />
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https://youtu.be/Z-PGHetVx7Y<br />
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The Crusades 347<br />
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Why did the Crusades occur and what, if anything, did they accomplish?<br />
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On November 25, 1095, at the Council of Clermont (present-day Clermont-Ferrand), Pope Urban II (papacy 1088–99) preached the First Crusade. The pope had received his training as a monk at Cluny, under the direct tutelage of Hugh de Semur. What motivated the First Crusade is difficult to say. We know that throughout Christendom there was a widespread desire to regain free access to Jerusalem, which had been captured by the Arabs in 638. In part, however, the aim was to bring peace to Europe. Because of the feudal primogeniture system, by which the eldest son in a family inherited all of its property, large numbers of aristocratic younger brothers were disinherited and left to their own devices. They had taken to feuding with one another (and with their elder brothers) and raiding other people’s land. The Crusades organized these disenfranchised men with the promise of reward, both monetary and spiritual: “Jerusalem,” Urban preached, “is the navel of the world; the land is fruitful above all others, like another paradise of delights. … Undertake the journey [also] for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven.” The pope also presented the Crusades as a Holy War: <br />
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♘ Islamic <a href="https://youtu.be/O6l33XvZDuE">Jihad vs. Catholic Crusades</a> (very telling), 2:57<br />
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Thanks to Bill Warner, Director, Center for the Study of Political Islam for the stats.<br />
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https://youtu.be/O6l33XvZDuE<br />
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Krak des Chevaliers and the Medieval Castle 349<br />
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Krak des Chevaliers (Fig. 10.26), in northern Syria, was first occupied by Crusaders in 1109, and, beginning in 1142, it was occupied by the Knights Hospitaller, whose mission was to care for the sick and wounded. During the Crusades, it was besieged 12 times, finally falling to Berber invaders in 1271.<br />
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Krak des Chevaliers was modeled on the castle-fortresses built by the Normans in England and northern France. When the Normans arrived in England in the twelfth century, they needed defenses against the Saxons. To provide protection, they built mounds, or mottes, topped with a wooden tower, or keep (see Fig. 10.15). Beginning in 1078, stone castles gradually replaced these wooden fortifications (Fig. 10.27). The sheer weight of the stone keep required that it be built on solid ground. So, unless a natural hill presented itself, the motte (the mound on which the older wooden towers had been built) was eliminated. Now the keep served as the main residence of the lord and included a main hall, a chapel, and a dungeon. Workshops, kitchens, and storehouses surrounded the bailey. Most stone castles had a well for fresh water in case of siege, a great advantage over the aqueduct supplying Krak des Chevaliers. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/0SVci8ZvaLk">Krak des Chevaliers</a>, 3:12<br />
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Subtitles in EN & GR - Υπότιτλοι στα ελληνικά και αγγλικά Krak des Chevaliers is a Crusader castle and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world.<br />
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https://youtu.be/0SVci8ZvaLk<br />
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Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Art of Courtly Love 350<br />
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What is courtly love and how does it manifest itself in the literature of the period?<br />
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In the Second Crusade, Eleanor of Aquitaine (ca. 1122–1204) accompanied her husband, King Louis VII, into battle in the Middle East, along with 300 ladies of similar mind, all dressed in armor and carrying lances. Her intent was to help the sick and wounded. The women, most of whom eventually returned safely to Europe, never engaged in battle, but theirs was an act of uncommon personal and social bravery. They were widely chided by contemporary commentators, but their actions underscore the changing role of women in medieval society.<br />
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Eleanor was, by all accounts, fiercely independent, so much so that, in March 1152, Louis had his marriage to her annulled, technically on the grounds that they were related by blood, but in reality because he suspected her of adultery. Eleanor lost no time in reestablishing her position—just eight weeks after the annulment from Louis, she married Henry of Anjou, soon to be King Henry II of England. Together they had eight children, including the future English kings, Richard the Lion-Hearted and John, but Eleanor’s relationship with Henry was anything but easy. Henry cheated on her and treated her abusively, until she finally abandoned England for France in 1170. From Poitiers, in 1173, she encouraged her three surviving sons, Richard, John, and Geoffrey, to rebel against their father, and Henry ultimately responded to her meddling by bringing her back to England in 1179 and keeping her under house arrest until his death in 1189.<br />
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In the decade that she lived at Poitiers, Eleanor and her daughter by Louis VII, Marie, countess of Champagne, established that city as the center of a secular culture and literary movement that celebrated the art of courtly love. This was the time in which the great oral poems of the first millennium—poems like Beowulf and Song of Roland—were first written down. Furthermore, over 2,600 poems survive as texts composed by the troubadour poets of Eleanor’s own day, and some of these survive with the accompanying music for the poems as well.<br />
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Medieval Queens of England: <a href="https://youtu.be/X46-14q-dQ0">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>, 4:37<br />
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Eleanor of Aquitaine This is part of my "Medieval Queens of England" series, in which I write a short biography of the Queens of England from Matilda of Flanders to Elizabeth I. Enjoy! Video made by me. I do not own the photos or music. Music: "Rachel's Song" by Vangelis<br />
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https://youtu.be/X46-14q-dQ0<br />
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Troubadour Poetry 350<br />
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Troubadour poetry originated in the south of France, in Provence, the area around the lower Rhone Valley, and slightly later spread north (the Northern poets are sometimes called trouvère poets to distinguish from their Southern forebears—and far more trouvère music survives than troubadour). The troubadour poets, most of them men, though a few were women, usually accompanied themselves on a lyre or lute, and in their poems they can be said to have “invented” romantic love as we know it today—not the feelings and emotions associated with love, but the conventions and vocabulary that we use to describe it. The primary feeling is one of longing, of a knight or nobleman for a woman (usually unattainable because married or of a higher status), or, when the troubadour was a woman—a trobairitz—the reverse. Thus, to love is to suffer, to wander aimlessly, unable to concentrate on anything but the mental image of the beloved, to lose one’s appetite, to lie sleepless at night—in short, to give up life for a dream. There was, in addition, a quasi-religious aspect to courtly love. Recognizing that he is beset by earthly desires, the lover sees his ability to resist these temptations and rise above his own base humanity as evidence of his spiritual purity. Finally, in the courtly love tradition, the smitten knight or nobleman must be willing to perform any deed to win his lady’s favor. In fact, the loyalty that he once conferred upon his lord in the feudal system is, in courtly love, transferred to his lady (who is often, in fact, his lord’s wife), as the scenes on a jeweled twelfth-century casket make clear (Fig. 10.28). If the courtly love tradition reduced women to little more than objects of male desire, in some measure it also allowed them to share in the power enjoyed by their husbands. The thirteenth-century poet Guiraut Requier wrote that four ranks of musicians existed. The lowest was the jongleurs, musicians who not only sang but also engaged in acrobatics, animal tricks, and other like entertainments. Minstrels were next on the ladder, full-time musicians of lesser station than troubadours because they did not write their own material. The troubadours composed their own music and lyrics and performed their own songs, most often at court. The highest rank of musician was doctores de trobar (trobar means “to invent” and is the root of troubadour), the most outstanding composers of the day. <br />
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Music History: <a href="https://youtu.be/eoVb9PZp0oM">Troubadours</a>, 2:23<br />
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https://youtu.be/eoVb9PZp0oM<br />
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The Romance: Chrétien de Troyes’s Lancelot 352<br />
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Because the poetry of the courtly love tradition was written in the vernacular—the common language of everyday life—and not in the Latin of the highly educated, a broader audience was able to enjoy it. And longer forms, like the Song of Roland, also began to circulate widely, some of them in prose. A remarkable example is the work of Marie de France. Though born in France, she wrote in the English court, and in the late twelfth century, she published a collection of over 100 Fables, many of which were her own. Marie also published another collection of 12 Lais, folktales that deal, in a variety of forms and lengths, with matters of love. A lai was technically a short romance that combined supernatural elements and the courtly love tradition; typically they were sung by minstrels, accompanied by a harp or lyre. In Bisclavret (see Reading 10.9, pages 359–361), she tells the story of a werewolf who is unjustly betrayed by his “loving” wife but ultimately saved by a more loving king.<br />
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One of the most popular works of the day, Chrétien de Troyes’s Lancelot, appeared around 1170. Centered on the adventures of Lancelot, a knight in the court of the legendary King Arthur of Britain, and focusing particularly on his courtly love-inspired relationship with Guinevere, Arthur’s wife, the poem is an example of the medieval romance. The term “romance” derives from the Old French term romans, which referred to the vernacular, everyday language of the people as opposed to Latin. The medieval romance was designed to entertain a broad audience with stories of adventure and love, while it pretended to be an actual historical account of Charlemagne, King Arthur, or Roman legend. <br />
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Excalibur -- <a href="https://youtu.be/G-wylX3P-Ew">Lancelot</a> & Guinevere, 5:00<br />
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Excalibur is a 1981 dramatic fantasy film directed, produced and co-written by John Boorman that retells the legend of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table. Lancelot is King Arthur's most valued Knight of the Round Table , however things change when he falls for Guinevere , bride of King Arthur.<br />
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https://youtu.be/G-wylX3P-Ew<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/G-wylX3P-Ew" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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READINGS<br />
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10.1a–d Beowulf, trans. Burton Raffel 323–325<br />
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10.2 from Caedmon’s Hymn 326<br />
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10.3 Song of Roland 331<br />
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10.4 from Hildegard of Bingen, Scivias 357<br />
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10.4a from Hildegard of Bingen, Scivias 335<br />
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10.5 from Pope Innocent III, On the Misery of the Human Condition 345<br />
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10.6 from the Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks), “The Fall of Jerusalem” 358<br />
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10.7 Bernard de Ventadour, “The Skylark,” verses 1–4 and 7 351<br />
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10.8 Comtessa de Dia’s “Cruel Are the Pains I’ve Suffered,” from Lark in the Morning: The Verses of the Troubadours 351<br />
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10.9 from Marie de France, Bisclavret (The Werewolf) 359<br />
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10.10 from Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot 353<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK The Bayeux Tapestry 340<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE Toward a New Urban Style: The Gothic 354 <br />
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Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What does the Arabic word masjid mean?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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Place of prostration</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Place of prostration</div>
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<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171665600_1"><input id="points__171665600_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171665600_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why in the Qur'an are Muslim women advised to dress modestly?</div>
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<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To avoid harassment</div>
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<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To avoid harassment</div>
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</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171665601_1"><input id="points__171665601_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171665601_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">
Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why did Mohammad allow Muslim men to have up to four wives?</div>
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
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<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To provide protective charity</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To provide protective charity</div>
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</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171665602_1"><input id="points__171665602_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171665602_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">
Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What does the word Islam mean?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
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Submission</div>
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<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Submission</div>
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</td> </tr>
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</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171665603_1"><input id="points__171665603_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171665603_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">
Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why is the Muslim year shorter than the Christian year?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The Muslim year is based on lunar cycles</div>
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<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The Muslim year is based on lunar cycles</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171665604_1"><input id="points__171665604_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171665604_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<div class=" " id="_171665605_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">
Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What in the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy made it a popular pilgrimage destination?</div>
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<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
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<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The relics of a martyred child who refused to worship pagan gods</div>
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<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The relics of a martyred child who refused to worship pagan gods</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
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</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171665605_1"><input id="points__171665605_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171665605_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<div class=" " id="_171665606_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">
Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What advantages did feudalism offer the fiefs?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Use of land and protection</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Use of land and protection</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171665606_1"><input id="points__171665606_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171665606_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
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<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">
Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What medieval cult is connected to the courtly love literature?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The Cult of the Virgin</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
The Cult of the Virgin</div>
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</div>
</td> </tr>
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</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171665607_1"><input id="points__171665607_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171665607_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<div class=" " id="_171665608_1" style="position: relative;">
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">
Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3>
<div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9">
<ol>
<li> <div class="noLabelField">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
What advantages did feudalism offer the nobles?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Military support and goods or produce</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Military support and goods or produce</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div>
</li>
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<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv">
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__171665608_1"><input id="points__171665608_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_171665608_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div>
<span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div>
<h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">
Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3>
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<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
Why does Beowulf travel from Denmark to Sweden?</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To kill the monster Grendel</div>
</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix">
<div class="answer-label">
<img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div>
<div class="u_floatThis-left">
<div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">
To kill the monster Grendel</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
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<br />
<br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why in 610 CE did the Archangel Gabriel first visit Mohammad? Given Answer: Correct To deliver messages from the one and only God Correct Answer: To deliver messages from the one and only God out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why is the Kaaba significant to Muslims today? Given Answer: Correct It represents the physical center of the planet and universe Correct Answer: It represents the physical center of the planet and universe out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Spanish Jews welcome the Muslim invasion? Given Answer: Correct The Visigoth rulers had persecuted them Correct Answer: The Visigoth rulers had persecuted them out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Mohammad allow Muslim men to have up to four wives? Given Answer: Correct To provide protective charity Correct Answer: To provide protective charity out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct What does the word Islam mean? Given Answer: Correct Submission Correct Answer: Submission out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why in 1066 did William of Normandy invade England? Given Answer: Correct To make good Edward's promise that William would be England's next king Correct Answer: To make good Edward's promise that William would be England's next king out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct What pilgrimage destination was most difficult to reach? Given Answer: Correct Jerusalem Correct Answer: Jerusalem out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why is Beowulf considered an English poem even through its events take place in Scandinavia? Given Answer: Correct It is written in Old English Correct Answer: It is written in Old English out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why was the courtly love poetry written in the common language instead of Latin? Given Answer: Correct More people would be able to enjoy it Correct Answer: More people would be able to enjoy it out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What was the main task of Christian missionaries in England? Given Answer: Correct To transfer the people's allegiance from their king to God Correct Answer: To transfer the people's allegiance from their king to God <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Mali's Mansa Moussa cause the value of gold in Egypt to fall in 1334? Given Answer: Correct He distributed so much gold to the poor Correct Answer: He distributed so much gold to the poor out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why perhaps were conquered Africans eager to convert to Islam? Given Answer: Correct To avoid enslavement Correct Answer: To avoid enslavement out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why does a mosque feature a qibla? Given Answer: Correct To indicate Mecca's direction Correct Answer: To indicate Mecca's direction out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why in the Qur'an are Muslim women advised to dress modestly? Given Answer: Correct To avoid harassment Correct Answer: To avoid harassment out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why in 610 CE did the Archangel Gabriel first visit Mohammad? Given Answer: Correct To deliver messages from the one and only God Correct Answer: To deliver messages from the one and only God out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Charlemagne admire the monastery of St. Gall? Given Answer: Correct Its functional, orderly arrangement Correct Answer: Its functional, orderly arrangement out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct What in the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy made it a popular pilgrimage destination? Given Answer: Correct The relics of a martyred child who refused to worship pagan gods Correct Answer: The relics of a martyred child who refused to worship pagan gods out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct What advantages did feudalism offer the nobles? Given Answer: Correct Military support and goods or produce Correct Answer: Military support and goods or produce out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct What literary work describes a scene similar to the Sutton Hoo discovery? Given Answer: Correct Beowulf Correct Answer: Beowulf out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What medieval cult is connected to the courtly love literature? Given Answer: Correct The Cult of the Virgin Correct Answer: The Cult of the Virgin <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why does a mosque feature a qibla? Given Answer: Correct To indicate Mecca's direction Correct Answer: To indicate Mecca's direction out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why do Muslims believe that the Qur'an cannot be translated? Given Answer: Correct It is the direct word of God Correct Answer: It is the direct word of God out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why was Mecca important to the Bedouin traders? Given Answer: Correct It had natural springs Correct Answer: It had natural springs out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Scheherazade in The Thousand and One Nights tell her husband a story each night? Given Answer: Correct To prevent execution the next morning Correct Answer: To prevent execution the next morning out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why was Islam able to spread so quickly after Muhammad's death? Given Answer: Correct A long war had exhausted the Byzantine and the Persian empires Correct Answer: A long war had exhausted the Byzantine and the Persian empires out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Pope Leo III crown Charlemagne the first Holy Roman Emperor? Given Answer: Correct For Christianizing the people of his vast empire Correct Answer: For Christianizing the people of his vast empire out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why in 1066 did William of Normandy invade England? Given Answer: Correct To make good Edward's promise that William would be England's next king Correct Answer: To make good Edward's promise that William would be England's next king out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why was the Book of Kells moved from Iona off the Scottish coast to Kells in Ireland? Given Answer: Correct To protect it from Vikings threatening the Scottish coast Correct Answer: To protect it from Vikings threatening the Scottish coast out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Europe's Christians embark on pilgrimages? Given Answer: Correct To atone for their sins Correct Answer: To atone for their sins out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What pilgrimage destination was most difficult to reach? Given Answer: Correct Jerusalem Correct Answer: Jerusalem <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why do Muslims decorate their mosques without figurative images? Given Answer: Correct Mohammad warned that image makers would face punishment at Judgment Correct Answer: Mohammad warned that image makers would face punishment at Judgment out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Spanish Jews welcome the Muslim invasion? Given Answer: Correct The Visigoth rulers had persecuted them Correct Answer: The Visigoth rulers had persecuted them out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why does a mosque feature a qibla? Given Answer: Correct To indicate Mecca's direction Correct Answer: To indicate Mecca's direction out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why does an author use a framing tale? Given Answer: Incorrect To function as narrator Correct Answer: To unite different stories out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Scheherazade in The Thousand and One Nights tell her husband a story each night? Given Answer: Correct To prevent execution the next morning Correct Answer: To prevent execution the next morning out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why was the courtly love poetry written in the common language instead of Latin? Given Answer: Correct More people would be able to enjoy it Correct Answer: More people would be able to enjoy it out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Charlemagne admire the monastery of St. Gall? Given Answer: Correct Its functional, orderly arrangement Correct Answer: Its functional, orderly arrangement out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct What in the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy made it a popular pilgrimage destination? Given Answer: Correct The relics of a martyred child who refused to worship pagan gods Correct Answer: The relics of a martyred child who refused to worship pagan gods out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why in 1066 did William of Normandy invade England? Given Answer: Incorrect To seek revenge on Harold of Wessex for invading Normandy Correct Answer: To make good Edward's promise that William would be England's next king out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What was the main task of Christian missionaries in England? Given Answer: Correct To transfer the people's allegiance from their king to God Correct Answer: To transfer the people's allegiance from their king to God <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why does an author use a framing tale? Given Answer: Correct To unite different stories Correct Answer: To unite different stories out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why does a mosque feature a qibla? Given Answer: Correct To indicate Mecca's direction Correct Answer: To indicate Mecca's direction out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why was the Kaaba significant to the Bedouins? Given Answer: Incorrect It marked their trade route's midpoint Correct Answer: It housed images of their gods out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct What does the word Islam mean? Given Answer: Correct Submission Correct Answer: Submission out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why do Muslims decorate their mosques without figurative images? Given Answer: Correct Mohammad warned that image makers would face punishment at Judgment Correct Answer: Mohammad warned that image makers would face punishment at Judgment out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct What pilgrimage destination was most difficult to reach? Given Answer: Correct Jerusalem Correct Answer: Jerusalem out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct What advantages did feudalism offer the fiefs? Given Answer: Correct Use of land and protection Correct Answer: Use of land and protection out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct What effect was the space created by the Romanesque churches' barrel vaults designed to produce for the pilgrims? Given Answer: Correct Raise their eyes and direct their thoughts toward heaven Correct Answer: Raise their eyes and direct their thoughts toward heaven out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Beowulf travel from Denmark to Sweden? Given Answer: Correct To kill the monster Grendel Correct Answer: To kill the monster Grendel out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What architectural feature especially distinguishes a Romanesque church? Given Answer: Correct Barrel vaults Correct Answer: Barrel vaults <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why did Mohammad leave Mecca for Medina in 622? Given Answer: Incorrect The Archangel Gabriel told him to flee Correct Answer: Mecca's leadership was displeased with him out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Scheherazade in The Thousand and One Nights tell her husband a story each night? Given Answer: Correct To prevent execution the next morning Correct Answer: To prevent execution the next morning out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why does a mosque feature a qibla? Given Answer: Correct To indicate Mecca's direction Correct Answer: To indicate Mecca's direction out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Spanish Jews welcome the Muslim invasion? Given Answer: Correct The Visigoth rulers had persecuted them Correct Answer: The Visigoth rulers had persecuted them out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct What does the Arabic word masjid mean? Given Answer: Correct Place of prostration Correct Answer: Place of prostration out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct What literary work describes a scene similar to the Sutton Hoo discovery? Given Answer: Correct Beowulf Correct Answer: Beowulf out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct What leads to Roland's death in the Song of Roland? Given Answer: Correct His sense of pride Correct Answer: His sense of pride out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why did Pope Leo III crown Charlemagne the first Holy Roman Emperor? Given Answer: Incorrect For building the monastery at St. Gall, Switzerland Correct Answer: For Christianizing the people of his vast empire out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct What advantages did feudalism offer the nobles? Given Answer: Correct Military support and goods or produce Correct Answer: Military support and goods or produce out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What is the meaning of the old French romans, from which "romance" derives? Given Answer: Correct Everyday language Correct Answer: Everyday language<br />
<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">HUM 111 Week 5</span></b></div>
<br />
HUM 111 Week 5<br />
Review:<br />
Where exactly is Hinduism and Buddhism typically practiced today?<br />
By what practice do Christians honor their holy sites that was later imitated in Islam?<br />
What is neumatic chant or plainchant? (Cf. chapter 10, pp. 335-336)<br />
Read p. 336 (in chap. 10) carefully and then listen to this. What is a melismatic chant?<br />
What woman composer was respected as a composer in medieval Catholicism?<br />
What is at the heart of the Christian faith?<br />
What are the principal tenets of the Muslim faith? And, what do we know about the historical Muhammed? How did Muhammed deal with opposition?<br />
In the history of religions (according to Mircea Eliade) what Islamic pilgrimage site is an axis mundi?<br />
What does the Qur’an say about slaves and women? <br />
What is the hijra to Europe?<br />
Why does at least one European country have to resist invasion? <br />
How do you compare the times that Muslims invaded Europe vs. the number that Europeans invaded Muslim countries during the Medieval era?<br />
What had traditionally served as the guardian of culture?<br />
Who remedied the illiteracy of the era and attracted scholars and artists?<br />
Who stopped the Islamic advance into Europe?<br />
Who are the Anglos during the Norman Conquest of Europe? Who are the Saxons, Vikings, and Jutes?<br />
What are the achievements of the Carolingian Renaissance during Late Antiquity?<br />
<br /></div>
Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-74754214152119395872018-07-26T12:32:00.003-04:002020-10-28T23:00:14.922-04:00HUM 111 Week 4 Summer 2018The presentation may contain content that is deemed objectionable to a particular viewer because of the view expressed or the conduct depicted. The views expressed are provided for learning purposes only, and do not necessarily express the views, or opinions, of Strayer University, your professor, or those participating in videos or other media.<br />
<br />
We will have a break at 8:00 pm. I will take roll and you are dismissed at 10:00 pm.<br />
<br />
<br />
New:<br />
<br />
Rise of Christianity<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.tes.com/lessons/search?q=Rise+Christianity+">Rise+Christianity</a><br />
<br />
<h3 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #6b685e; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 22.15999984741211px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Early Christianity </h3><h3 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #6b685e; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 22.15999984741211px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </h3><h3 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #6b685e; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 22.15999984741211px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Overview</h3><h3 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #6b685e; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 22.15999984741211px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </h3><h3 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #6b685e; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 22.15999984741211px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; padding: 0px;">In the early decades of the first century A.D., Jesus of Nazareth preached that He was the Christ, the long-promised Messiah. Following Christ’s crucifixion, the number of Christians began to expand dramatically. Later in the early fourth century, the Roman Emperor Constantine announced his own conversion and ended the persecution of Christians. The acceptance of Christianity raised questions about the proper relationship between religion and politics.</div></h3><h3 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #6b685e; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 22.15999984741211px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></h3><h3 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #6b685e; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 22.15999984741211px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Recommended Readings</h3><ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="Gospel of Matthew, Chapters 5 and 16" href="http://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-6/Gospel-of-Matthew-chapters-5-16.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Gospel of Matthew, Chapters 5 and 16</a></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 28" href="http://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-6/Gospel-of-Matthew-chapter-28-2.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 28</a></li>
</ul><div><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , "times" , serif;"><br />
</span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , "times" , serif;">Christianity proposed a radical community consisting of heretofore neglected groups such as women, socially unacceptable types such as tax collectors, children, and slaves. None of these groups would have endeared the Christian message to the Greco-Roman cultural context. Nonetheless, Christianity seemed to have a wide appeal and spread quite rapidly; however, not without significant opposition. Christianity appeared to be just one of the several mystery religions arising from the East. In the socially conservative Roman world tradition was favored and innovation was not. Begrudgingly, over time, some of these Eastern religions, including Christianity, spread quite far and penetrated even to higher social circles within Rome itself. In the religious economy of the time Christianity had an appealing message to those Romans who had doubts about the efficacy of traditional Roman religion and philosophy. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , "times" , serif;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="Governor Pliny and Emperor Trajan, Correspondence" href="http://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-6/Correspondence-between-the-Governor-Pliny-and-the-Emperor-Trajan.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Governor Pliny and Emperor Trajan, Correspondence</a></li>
</ul><br />
c. 111 A.D.<br />
<br />
Pliny<br />
It is my practice, my lord, to refer to you all matters concerning which I am in doubt.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, in the case of those who were denounced to me as Christians, I have<br />
observed the following procedure: I interrogated these as to whether they were Christians; those<br />
who confessed I interrogated a second and a third time, threatening them with punishment; those<br />
who persisted I ordered executed. For I had no doubt that, whatever the nature of their creed,<br />
stubbornness and inflexible obstinacy surely deserve to be punished. There were others<br />
possessed of the same folly; but because they were Roman citizens, I signed an order for them to<br />
be transferred to Rome.<br />
<br />
Those who denied that they were or had been Christians, when they invoked the gods in words dictated by me, offered prayer with incense and wine to your image, which I had ordered to be brought for this purpose together with statues of the gods, and moreover cursed Christ--none of which those who are really Christians, it is said, can be forced to do--these I thought should be discharged. Others named by the informer declared that they were Christians, but then denied it, asserting that they had been but had ceased to be, some three years before, others many years, some as much as twenty-five years. They all worshipped your image and the statues of the gods, and cursed Christ.<br />
<br />
They asserted, however, that the sum and substance of their fault or error had been that<br />
they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and <b>sing responsively a hymn to<br />
Christ as to a god</b>, and to bind themselves by oath, not to some crime, but not to commit fraud,<br />
theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a trust when called upon to do so.<br />
<br />
When this was over, it was their custom to depart and to assemble again to partake of food--but<br />
ordinary and innocent food.<br />
<br />
Even this, they affirmed, they had ceased to do after my edict by which, in accordance with your instructions, I had forbidden political associations.<br />
<br />
Accordingly, I judged it all the more necessary to find out what the truth was by torturing two female slaves who were called deaconesses.<br />
<br />
But I discovered nothing else but depraved, excessive superstition. <br />
<br />
Trajan to Pliny<br />
You observed proper procedure, my dear Pliny, in sifting the cases of those who had been<br />
denounced to you as Christians. For it is not possible to lay down any general rule to serve as a<br />
kind of fixed standard. They are not to be sought out; if they are denounced and proved guilty,<br />
they are to be punished, with this reservation, that whoever denies that he is a Christian and<br />
really proves it--that is, by worshiping our gods--even though he was under suspicion in the past,<br />
shall obtain pardon through repentance. But anonymously posted accusations ought to have no<br />
place in any prosecution. For this is both a dangerous kind of precedent and out of keeping with<br />
the spirit of our age.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/eJ86VxS4XAA">Pliny the Younger</a>, 2:46<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/eJ86VxS4XAA<br />
<br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eJ86VxS4XAA?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<br />
<ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Justin Martyr, <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The First Apology</i> between 138-161<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </i></li>
</ul><br />
If, therefore, on some points we teach the same things as the poets and philosophers whom you honour, and on other points are fuller and more divine in our teaching, and if we alone afford proof of what we assert, why are we unjustly hated more than all others? For while we say that all things have<br />
been produced and arranged into a world by God, we shall seem to utter the doctrine of Plato;<br />
and while we say that there will be a burning up of all, we shall seem to utter the doctrine of the<br />
Stoics: and while we affirm that the souls of the wicked, being endowed with sensation even<br />
after death, are punished, and that those of the good being delivered from punishment spend a<br />
blessed existence, we shall seem to say the same things as the poets and philosophers; and while<br />
we maintain that men ought not to worship the works of their hands, we say the very things<br />
which have been said by the comic poet Menander, and other similar writers, for they have<br />
declared that the workman is greater than the work.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/0sqZyyX7XYw">Justin's First Apology</a>, 5:43<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/0sqZyyX7XYw<br />
<br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0sqZyyX7XYw?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<br />
The Mass in A.D. 155: St. <a href="https://youtu.be/q-FwgO_s5_A">Justin Martyr describes the early Christian liturgy</a>, 4:33<br />
<br />
In A.D. 155, Justin Martyr wrote to the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius in defense of Christianity. He explains to the emperor what happens when the early Christians gather together to celebrate the liturgy.<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/q-FwgO_s5_A<br />
<br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/q-FwgO_s5_A?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<br />
<ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tertullian, <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Prescription Against Heretics</i> late 2nd Century</li>
</ul><br />
<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">On the one hand, Christians could more effectively evangelize among the educated classes of the Empire if they could explain the faith in terms familiar to those steeped in Greek philosophy or<br />
Latin literature. On the other, however, philosophy promoted argumentation rather than faith; much Greek and Latin literature teemed with immorality and references to pagan gods.</i><br />
<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br />
Tertullian, a Carthaginian lawyer, blamed Greek philosophy for the growth of heresy. He saw no need for Christian teaching to be explained rationally; indeed, he argued that he “believed because it was absurd” that God should have redeemed mankind by Christ’s Incarnation as a helpless infant and His death on a Cross. </i><br />
<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br />
</i> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem? What concord is there between the Academy and the Church; what between heretics and Christians? Our instruction comes from “the porch of Solomon,” who had himself taught that “the Lord should be sought in simplicity of heart.” Away with all attempts to produce a mottled Christianity of Stoic, Platonic, and dialectic composition!<br />
We want no curious disputation after possessing Christ Jesus, no inquisition after enjoying the gospel! With our faith, we desire no further belief.</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br />
</i><br />
<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/pVNGUx56JDc">Tertullian</a> of Carthage, 3:26<br />
<br />
Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus) lived in Carthage and wrote around AD 197 to 215. He was the first Christian writer to write in Latin. He wrote lots of works. Around AD 210, Tertullian left the main church and joined the sect called the Montanists. They called their sect the New Prophecy. Cyprian, who was an overseer in Carthage about 50 years later, read Tertullian's writings every day. Tertullian is best known for writing the popular statement: "The blood of Christians is seed."<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/pVNGUx56JDc<br />
<br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pVNGUx56JDc?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<br />
<ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Clement of Alexandria, <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">On Philosophy </i><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">c. 150-200 AD</span></li>
</ul><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br />
</span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Titus Flavius Clemens</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κλήμης ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς</span>; c. 150 – c. 215), known as <b>Clement of Alexandria</b> to distinguish him from the earlier <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" title="Pope Clement I">Clement of Rome</a>, was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologian</a> who taught at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria" title="Catechetical School of Alexandria">Catechetical School of Alexandria</a>. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A convert to Christianity, he was an educated man who was familiar with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">classical Greek philosophy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">literature</a>. As his three major works demonstrate, Clement was influenced by Hellenistic philosophy to a greater extent than any other Christian thinker of his time, and in particular by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a>. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">His secret works, which exist only in fragments, suggest that he was also familiar with pre-Christian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> esotericism and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>. In one of his works he argued that Greek philosophy had its origin among non-Greeks, claiming that both Plato and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> were taught by Egyptian scholars. </span><br />
<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br />
</span> <br />
<br />
Round Table on 'Expanding Reason' - <a href="https://youtu.be/4QW0uq3o8xY">Clement of Alexandria</a>, 3:31<br />
<br />
On the 19/09/2013, St Andrew's hosted a Round Table discussion on 'Expanding Reason: the Christian Transformation of Philosophy in the World of the Fathers' featuring Professor David Bradshaw (University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA), who was also one of the keynote speakers for this year's Patristic Symposium on St Cyril, Dr Adam G. Cooper (JP II Institute, Melbourne), and the Very Revd Dr Doru Costache (St Andrew's).<br />
<br />
https://youtu.be/4QW0uq3o8xY<br />
<br />
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4QW0uq3o8xY?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
<br />
<ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Eusebius of Caesarea, <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ecclesiastical History 313 AD</i></li>
</ul><br />
<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The <b>Edict of Milan</b> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i><span lang="la">Edictum Mediolanense</span></i>) was the February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire. Western Roman Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, who controlled the Balkans, met in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and among other things, agreed to change policies towards Christians following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Toleration_by_Galerius" title="Edict of Toleration by Galerius">Edict of Toleration by Galerius</a> issued two years earlier in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdica" title="Serdica">Serdica</a>. The Edict of Milan gave Christianity a legal status, but did not make Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire; this took place under Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 380 AD. </i><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">When I, Constantine Augustus, and I, Licinius Augustus, came under favorable auspices<br />
to Milan and took under consideration everything which pertained to the common good and<br />
prosperity, we resolved among other things, or rather first of all, to make such decrees as seemed<br />
in many respects for the benefit of every one; namely, such as should preserve reverence and<br />
piety toward the deity. We resolved, that is, to grant both to the Christians and to all men<br />
freedom to follow the religion which they choose, that whatever heavenly divinity exists may be<br />
propitious to us and to all that live under our government.</span><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </i><br />
<br />
The <a href="https://youtu.be/aa_ck4zFY1I">Edict of Milan and Constantine</a>, 3:16<br />
<br />
Voice Over: Constantine was an ambitious military man, who, as an Emperor of Rome, reigned from 306-337. That's 31 years.....impressive! Expectations were great when your father is Ceasar, deputy emperor in the West in 293CE. As sole ruler of both East and West, he was the first Roman Emperor to support Christianity. History was about to change!<br />
<br />
Constantine the Great, as he is popularly known, lived in the largest city of Southern Serbia. As emperor, he was in a position where he could sway people's opinions, as was the case with Christianity, which has stood the test of time and shaped our modern day world. Historically, his compassion for the persecuted and tortured christians was the basis for the foundation that shaped Christianity throughout the Middle Ages. One of his greatest accomplishments was signing a proclamation that permanently established religious acceptance of Christianity within the Roman Empire. More importantly, it allowed everyone to worship whatever God they wanted and represented religious freedom. This proclamation was referred to as the Edict of Milan. <br />
<br />
What is the Edict of Milan you ask? As fancy as it sounds, it was basically an agreement made between the two Roman Emperors of the time, Constantine of the West and Licinius from the East, stating that from, henceforth, Christianity could be freely practised by anyone, and that all other religious were to be accepted. The Edict of Milan took place in January 313 CE, in the Northern Italian city of Milan. Its proclamation granted all persons the right and freedom to worship whatever deity they pleased and ensured that Christians were given legal rights, including the right to organize churches. It gave hope to Christians and brought peace and stability to a, previously, fractured Rome. The Edict of Milan, finally, brought an end to the persecution against Christians and to the discrimination against all religions.The era of the "Christian Empire" had begun.<br />
<br />
The Edict of Milan's legacy lies in the freedom we enjoy, today, to come together as a community and celebrate as people of a particular faith. Modern day Australia is a prime example of the Edict in action, where our diversity of religious beliefs enriches our lives and gives us hope and purpose. Hail Emperor Constantine! Were it not for him, would Christianity be what it is today? Would we be enjoying the same freedom of worship and tolerance for all religions? Would we even be attending a fine Catholic school, such as, St Ursula's? What we do know for sure is that because of Emperor Constantine's sense of justice, progressive mind and foresight, all people have the basic human right to practice the religion of their choosing and that the modern day Christian Church is alive and kicking. All hail Emperor Constantine, hero to all christians and believers the world over.<br />
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https://youtu.be/aa_ck4zFY1I<br />
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<ul style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a alt="Eusebius of Caesarea, Life of Constantine" href="http://online.hillsdale.edu/file/western-heritage-2017/lecture-6/Eusebius-of-Caesarea-Life-of-Constantine.pdf" style="color: #ac1a2f; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Eusebius of Caesarea, <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Life of Constantine</i></a></li>
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The <b>First Council of Nicaea</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Νίκαια</span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"></span>) was a council of Christian bishops convened in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynian</a> city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a>, Bursa province, Turkey) by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperors" title="Roman Emperors">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> in AD 325. Constantine I organized the council along the lines of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> and presided over it, but did not cast any official vote.<br />
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This <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> was the first effort to attain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a> in the Church through an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">assembly</a> representing all of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>.<br />
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Its main accomplishments were settlement of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christological" title="Christological">Christological</a> issue of the divine nature of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> and his relationship to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>. Other issues were the first part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, establishing uniform observance of the date of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promulgation_(canon_law)" title="Promulgation (canon law)">promulgation</a> of early <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>.<br />
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In 325, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> defined the persons of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead</a> and their relationship with one another, decisions which were ratified at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> in 381. The language used was that the one God exists in three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit); in particular, it was affirmed that the Son was <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoousios" title="Homoousios">homoousios</a></i> (<b>of the same being</b>) as the Father. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> declared the full divinity and full humanity of Jesus. <br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea#cite_note-harvnb|SEC|pp=44%E2%80%9394-4"></a><br />
How significant is spelling and an "i?"<br />
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In Greek the word <b><i>homoiusios</i></b> means <b>similar in being and is significantly different</b> than the conclusion of Nicaea. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/VpND8dj1RoE">Council of Nicea</a> in 3 1/2 minutes, <br />
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https://youtu.be/VpND8dj1RoE<br />
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<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VpND8dj1RoE?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe><br />
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7 Emerging Empires in the East URBAN LIFE AND IMPERIAL MAJESTY IN CHINA AND INDIA 217<br />
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Early Chinese Culture 218<br />
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Chinese Calligraphy 218<br />
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The Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700–1045 bce) 219<br />
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The Zhou Dynasty (1027–256 bce) 220<br />
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The Chu State 224<br />
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Imperial China 225<br />
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The Qin Dynasty (221–206 bce): Organization and Control 225<br />
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The Han Dynasty (206 bce–220 ce): The Flowering of Culture 225<br />
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Ancient India 231<br />
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Hinduism and the Vedic Tradition 233<br />
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Buddhism: “The Path of Truth” 235<br />
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READINGS<br />
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7.1 from the Book of Songs 241<br />
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7.1a from the Book of Songs 221<br />
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7.2 from the Dao De Jing 222<br />
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7.3 from Confucius, the Analects 242<br />
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7.4 from Emperor Wu’s “Heavenly Horses” 228<br />
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7.5 Liu Xijun, “Lament” 228<br />
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7.6 Fu Xuan, “To Be a Woman” 228<br />
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7.7 from the Bhagavad Gita: Krishna’s Counsel in Time of War 242<br />
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7.8 from the Dhammapada 244<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK The Tomb of Qin Shihuangdi 226<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Silk Road 239<br />
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PART TWO THE MEDIEVAL WORLD AND THE SHAPING OF CULTURE 200 CE–1400 246<br />
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8 The Flowering of Christianity FAITH AND THE POWER OF BELIEF IN THE EARLY FIRST MILLENNIUM 249<br />
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Developments in Judaic Culture 250<br />
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Sectarianism and Revolt 250<br />
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The Rabbis and the Mishnah 251<br />
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The Rise of Christianity 252<br />
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The Evangelists 252<br />
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Symbols and Iconography in Christian Thinking and Art 254<br />
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Christian Rome 258<br />
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The Nicene Creed 259<br />
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The Abandonment of Classicism in Art 260<br />
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Roman Influences on Christian Churches 262<br />
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Greek and Roman Myths in Christianity 264<br />
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Augustine and Early Christian Philosophy 266<br />
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The Byzantine Empire and Its Church 268<br />
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Justinian’s Empire 269<br />
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Ravenna and the Western Empire 274<br />
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The Later Byzantine Empire 277<br />
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The Iconoclast Controversy 278<br />
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Tradition and Innovation: The Icon in the Second Golden Age 279<br />
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READINGS<br />
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8.1 from Josephus, The Jewish War, Book 2, “The Three Sects” 284<br />
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8.2 from the Bible, Romans 5:1–11 252<br />
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8.3 from the Bible, Matthew 6:25–33 254<br />
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8.4 The Nicene Creed 259<br />
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8.5 from Augustine’s Confessions 285<br />
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8.5a from Augustine, Confessions 266<br />
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8.6 from Augustine’s The City of God 286<br />
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8.6a from Augustine, The City of God 267<br />
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8.7 Ambrose’s “Ancient Morning Hymn” 286<br />
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8.8 from Procopius, On Justinian’s Buildings (ca. 537) 270<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus 256<br />
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MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES Byzantine Mural Mosaics 272<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE Byzantine Influences 281 <br />
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THINKING AHEAD<br />
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7.1 Identify the enduring artistic, literary, and philosophical directions that developed early in Chinese history.<br />
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7.2 Understand how the art and literature of the Qin and Han dynasties reflect the values of the imperial court.<br />
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7.3 Describe the Hindu and Buddhist faiths and how they helped to shape the cultures of ancient India.<br />
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Hinduism <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCaSyAuozftPmaxn66eEsea1cptdOne9VJSv_XEzVnkhvakKsA1WiNuRpDP19SMyLBxtJCPcQp48IkLaaefVY01eKWCq6Q5h68FrdQ52lmMGlpn3JOA_73jaSeifAvBA_TU25N5A/s1600/Hinduism+Notes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCaSyAuozftPmaxn66eEsea1cptdOne9VJSv_XEzVnkhvakKsA1WiNuRpDP19SMyLBxtJCPcQp48IkLaaefVY01eKWCq6Q5h68FrdQ52lmMGlpn3JOA_73jaSeifAvBA_TU25N5A/s400/Hinduism+Notes.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Buddhism <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIzcQyO9OWktc7GDoWkadDW8R7xVrPTcRzb1Sxy9vVsueYNTzX6HxXS9aJty7yDuXCLOUcA7DuR8lcQFC-SwuHYf6YWycIta9sGDDx3Nq7GDeWVy0NdTPXyP9tdEo0x034QiCW0w/s1600/Buddhism+Notes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIzcQyO9OWktc7GDoWkadDW8R7xVrPTcRzb1Sxy9vVsueYNTzX6HxXS9aJty7yDuXCLOUcA7DuR8lcQFC-SwuHYf6YWycIta9sGDDx3Nq7GDeWVy0NdTPXyP9tdEo0x034QiCW0w/s400/Buddhism+Notes.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Chinese Religions <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQL2kLS1xQ3t6j-8EB_Ho4DBYudEbPRJmEwWNCqD0NlXRbjxl0pj82GHR8X_E6oDx93IfNq58vCm9s4VaJO3dP3vly4wDUTgxZPS4dn6u5bxoDL4pHEp3ekzqzqZrdllkOUG_jAQ/s1600/Chinese+Religions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQL2kLS1xQ3t6j-8EB_Ho4DBYudEbPRJmEwWNCqD0NlXRbjxl0pj82GHR8X_E6oDx93IfNq58vCm9s4VaJO3dP3vly4wDUTgxZPS4dn6u5bxoDL4pHEp3ekzqzqZrdllkOUG_jAQ/s400/Chinese+Religions.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Christianity <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Eqi8ocFL4i4LrG0Bg48vBcR7Xx0PtnMHT-ltwETMyzjMosG2h8jwapBufkcuSm_dI5-p-i08t2o1TVILVUeNguKVqd5-pXMWtBosqfdff65b9aynsIhif0yWu2bBuHywE59ttQ/s1600/Xity+Notes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Eqi8ocFL4i4LrG0Bg48vBcR7Xx0PtnMHT-ltwETMyzjMosG2h8jwapBufkcuSm_dI5-p-i08t2o1TVILVUeNguKVqd5-pXMWtBosqfdff65b9aynsIhif0yWu2bBuHywE59ttQ/s400/Xity+Notes.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Week 4 Discussion Option A </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"China and its Great Wall"</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Describe two (2) specific aspects about the Great Wall of China, such as facts about its size, length, purposes, varied materials, labor force, and its phases of construction. Consider the various purposes of such a wall and its impact for good or bad, and compare the Chinese wall in this respect to some specific wall of more modern times.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Explore</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China and Its Great Wall</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chapter 7 (pp. 216-218, 225), early phases, (pp. 617-618) later phase</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Explore wall interactively at <a href="http://www.airpano.ru/files/China-Great-Wall/2-2" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.airpano.ru/files/China-Great-Wall/2-2</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.airpano.ru/files/China-Great-Wall/2-2 </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Video at <a href="http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/discovery-atlas-china-revealed-the-great-wall.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/discovery-atlas-china-revealed-the-great-wall.htm</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">2:28</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/discovery-atlas-china-revealed-the-great-wall/</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UNESCO article at <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span>In c. 220 B.C., under Qin Shi Huang, sections of earlier fortifications were joined together to form a united defence system against invasions from the north. Construction continued up to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), when the Great Wall became the world's largest military structure. Its historic and strategic importance is matched only by its architectural significance.<br />
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</div><div class="box"><div class="icaption bordered" style="width: 100%;"><a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0001-750-0-20151104150222.jpg" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0001-750-0-20151104150222.jpg" style="width: 100%;" title="The Great Wall" /></a> <b class="description"> The Great Wall (China) © UNESCO </b> </div><div><a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0032-27-27-20151104150244.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0032-27-27-20151104150244.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0006-27-27-20151104150226.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0006-27-27-20151104150226.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0019-27-27-20151104150233.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0019-27-27-20151104150233.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0033-27-27-20151104150244.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0033-27-27-20151104150244.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0007-27-27-20151104150226.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0007-27-27-20151104150226.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0020-27-27-20151104150234.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0020-27-27-20151104150234.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0034-27-27-20151104150245.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0034-27-27-20151104150245.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0009-27-27-20170222120524.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0009-27-27-20170222120524.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0022-27-27-20151104150235.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0022-27-27-20151104150235.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0010-27-27-20170222120525.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0010-27-27-20170222120525.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0024-27-27-20151104150237.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0024-27-27-20151104150237.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0011-27-27-20170222120527.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0011-27-27-20170222120527.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0026-27-27-20151104150238.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0026-27-27-20151104150238.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0012-27-27-20170222120528.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0012-27-27-20170222120528.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438/gallery/"><img class="bordered" data-src="/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0027-27-27-20151104150239.jpg" height="27" src="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0438_0027-27-27-20151104150239.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 4px 0 0 0;" title="The Great Wall" width="27" /></a> </div></div><div class="box"><h5>Outstanding Universal Value</h5><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Brief synthesis </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Great Wall was continuously built from the 3rd century BC to the 17th century AD on the northern border of the country as the great military defence project of successive Chinese Empires, with a total length of more than 20,000 kilometers. The Great Wall begins in the east at Shanhaiguan in Hebei province and ends at Jiayuguan in Gansu province to the west. Its main body consists of walls, horse tracks, watch towers, and shelters on the wall, and includes fortresses and passes along the Wall.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Great Wall reflects collision and exchanges between agricultural civilizations and nomadic civilizations in ancient China. It provides significant physical evidence of the far-sighted political strategic thinking and mighty military and national defence forces of central empires in ancient China, and is an outstanding example of the superb military architecture, technology and art of ancient China. It embodies unparalleled significance as the national symbol for safeguarding the security of the country and its people.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Criterion </b><b>(i)</b><b>: </b>The Great Wall of the Ming is, not only because of the ambitious character of the undertaking but also the perfection of its construction, an absolute masterpiece. The only work built by human hands on this planet that can be seen from the moon, the Wall constitutes, on the vast scale of a continent, a perfect example of architecture integrated into the landscape.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Criterion (ii): </b> During the Chunqiu period, the Chinese imposed their models of construction and organization of space in building the defence works along the northern frontier. The spread of Sinicism was accentuated by the population transfers necessitated by the Great Wall.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Criterion (iii):</b> That the Great Wall bear exceptional testimony to the civilizations of ancient China is illustrated as much by the rammed-earth sections of fortifications dating from the Western Han that are conserved in the Gansu province as by the admirable and universally acclaimed masonry of the Ming period.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Criterion (iv):</b> This complex and diachronic cultural property is an outstanding and unique example of a military architectural ensemble which served a single strategic purpose for 2000 years, but whose construction history illustrates successive advances in defence techniques and adaptation to changing political contexts.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Criterion (vi): </b>The Great Wall has an incomparable symbolic significance in the history of China. Its purpose was to protect China from outside aggression, but also to preserve its culture from the customs of foreign barbarians. Because its construction implied suffering, it is one of the essential references in Chinese literature, being found in works like the "Soldier's Ballad" of Tch'en Lin (c. 200 A.D.) or the poems of Tu Fu (712-770) and the popular novels of the Ming period.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Integrity </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Great Wall integrally preserves all the material and spiritual elements and historical and cultural information that carry its outstanding universal value. The complete route of the Great Wall over 20,000 kilometers, as well as elements constructed in different historical periods which constitute the complicated defence system of the property, including walls, fortresses, passes and beacon towers, have been preserved to the present day. The building methods of the Great Wall in different times and places have been integrally maintained, while the unparalleled national and cultural significance of the Great Wall to China is still recognised today. The visual integrity of the Wall at Badaling has been impacted negatively by construction of tourist facilities and a cable car.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Authenticity </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The existing elements of the Great Wall retain their original location, material, form, technology and structure. The original layout and composition of various constituents of the Great Wall defence system are maintained, while the perfect integration of the Great Wall with the topography, to form a meandering landscape feature, and the military concepts it embodies have all been authentically preserved. The authenticity of the setting of the Great Wall is vulnerable to construction of inappropriate tourism facilities.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Protection and management requirements </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The various components of the Great Wall have all been listed as state or provincial priority protected sites under the <i>Law of the </i><i>People’s Republic of China </i><i>on the Protection of Cultural Relics</i>. The <i>Regulations on </i><i>the </i><i>Protection of the Great Wall</i> promulgated in 2006 is the specific legal document for the conservation and management of the Great Wall. The series of <i>Great Wall </i><i>Conservation Plans,</i> which is being constantly extended and improved and covers various levels from master plan to provincial plans and specific plans, is an important guarantee of the comprehensive conservation and management of the Great Wall. China’s national administration on cultural heritage, and provincial cultural heritage administrations where sections of the Great Wall are located, are responsible for guiding the local governments on the implementation of conservation and management measures for the Great Wall.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Outstanding Universal Value of the Great Wall and all its attributes must be protected as a whole, so as to fulfill authentic, integral and permanent preservation of the property. To this end, considering the characteristics of the Great Wall, including its massive scale, transprovincial distribution and complicated conditions for its protection and conservation, management procedures and regulations, conservation interventions for the original fabric and setting, and tourism management shall be more systematic, scientific, classified, and prioritized. An efficient comprehensive management system, as well as specific conservation measures for the original fabric and setting will be established, while a harmonious relationship featuring sustainable development between heritage protection and social economy and culture can be formed. Meanwhile, the study and dissemination of the rich connotation of the property’s Outstanding Universal Value shall be enhanced, so as to fully and sustainably realize the social and cultural benefits of the Great Wall.</div></div></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span>“China’s Wall Less Great in View from Space” article at <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall.html</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall.html </span></span></li>
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<div class="name_address"><div class="address"><span class="bold">China's Wall Less Great in View from Space</span></div><div class="promodatepress"><span class="bold">05.09.05</span></div><div style="clear: both;"></div></div>It has become a space-based myth. The Great Wall of China, frequently billed as the only man-made object visible from space, generally isn't, at least to the unaided eye in low Earth orbit. It certainly isn't visible from the Moon. <br />
<br />
You can, though, see a lot of other results of human activity. <br />
<br />
<img align="Right" alt="Expedition 10 photo showing Great Wall of China" border="0" height="330" hspace="5" src="https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/114784main_ISS010E08497arrows.jpg" title="Expedition 10 photo showing Great Wall of China" vspace="5" width="300" /> The visible wall theory was shaken after China's own astronaut, Yang Liwei, said he couldn’t see the historic structure. There was even talk about rewriting textbooks that espouse the theory, a formidable task in the Earth’s most populous nation. <br />
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<span class="detailImageDesc">Image to right: This photo of central Inner Mongolia, about 200 miles north of Beijing, was taken on Nov. 24, 2004, from the International Space Station. The yellow arrow points to an estimated location of 42.5N 117.4E where the wall is visible. The red arrows point to other visible sections of the wall. Credit: NASA. <br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"> + View larger image</a></span> <br />
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The issue surfaced again after photos taken by Leroy Chiao from the International Space Station were determined to show small sections of the wall in Inner Mongolia about 200 miles north of Beijing. <br />
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Taken with a 180mm lens and a digital camera last Nov. 24, it was the first confirmed photo of the wall. A subsequent Chiao photo, taken Feb. 20 with a 400mm lens, may also show the wall. <br />
<br />
The photos by Chiao, commander and NASA ISS science officer of the 10th Station crew, were greeted with relief and rejoicing by the Chinese. One was displayed prominently in the nation's newspapers. Chiao himself said he didn't see the wall, and wasn't sure if the picture showed it. <br />
<br />
<img align="Bottom" alt="Radar image of Great Wall of China" border="0" height="172" hspace="5" src="https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/114630main_greatwall_radar.jpg" title="Radar image of Great Wall of China" vspace="5" width="516" /> <span class="detailImageDesc">Image above: While the Great Wall of China is very difficult to see or photograph from low Earth orbit, sections of the wall can be seen readily in radar imagery. This image of sections of the wall in a desert about 435 miles west of Beijing was made by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar flown aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour. The wall appears as an orange line extending the length of the image. Credit: NASA.</span> <br />
<br />
Kamlesh P. Lulla, NASA's chief scientist for Earth observation at Johnson Space Center in Houston, directs observation science activities from the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. He says that generally the Great Wall is hard to see and hard to photograph, because the material from which it is made is about the same color and texture as the area surrounding it. <br />
<br />
<img align="Left" alt="Pyramids at Giza, Egypt" border="0" height="172" hspace="5" src="https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/114645main_giza.jpg" title="Pyramids at Giza, Egypt" vspace="5" width="200" /> "The interpretation of this (Nov. 24) ISS photo," Lulla said, "seems to be good. It appears that the right set of conditions must have occurred for this photograph to capture the small segment of the wall." It was a sunny day and a recent snowfall had helped make the wall more visible. <br />
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<span class="detailImageDesc">Image to left: Ancient pyramids at Giza, Egypt are clearly visible in this photo from the Station. Credit: NASA.</span> <br />
<br />
The theory that the wall could be seen from the Moon dates back to at least 1938. It was repeated and grew until astronauts landed on the lunar surface. <br />
<br />
"The only thing you can see from the Moon is a beautiful sphere, mostly white, some blue and patches of yellow, and every once in a while some green vegetation," said Alan Bean, Apollo 12 astronaut. "No man-made object is visible at this scale." <br />
<br />
From space you can see a lot of things people have made, Lulla said. Perhaps most visible from low Earth orbit are cities at night. Cities can be seen during the day too, as can major roadways and bridges, airports, dams and reservoirs. <br />
<br />
<img align="Right" alt="Downtown Houston" border="0" height="159" hspace="5" src="https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/114635main_downtownHouston.jpg" title="Downtown Houston" vspace="5" width="250" /> <span class="detailImageDesc">Image to right: Three Houston landmarks are visible in this photo taken by an Expedition 10 crewmember. Minutemaid Park is the bright rectangle on the left side. The dome on the right side is the Toyota Center. At top center in the photo is the George R. Brown Convention Center. Credit: NASA.</span> <br />
<br />
Of the wall visibility theories, Lulla said: "A lot has been said and written about how visible the wall is. In fact, it is very, very difficult to distinguish the Great Wall of China in astronaut photography, because the materials that were used in the wall are similar in color and texture to the materials of the land surrounding the wall -- the dirt." <br />
<br />
It's questionable whether you can see it with the unaided eye from space. "The shape, the age of the structure, the resolution of the camera, the condition of the atmosphere -- all these factors affect the ability to detect an object from space." But, he added, "you can see the wall in radar images taken from space." </li>
</ul><div style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 0in 0in 0in;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Bottom of Form</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Week 4 Discussion Option B </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Constantinople’s Hagia Sophia"</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In considering Constantinople’s Hagia Sophia, describe the primary techniques that the architects used to keep such a large dome from collapsing. Explain the key aspects of the design that allow light inside of the Hagia Sophia, and speculate on the comments that Augustine might have had on the importance of this design feature. Of the Byzantine mosaics in Chapter 8 and in the Explore area, identify the one (1) that you enjoy most. Then, explain the message that it was intended to communicate to the medieval worshipper. Identify one (1) specific work of art in modern times that communicates in some similar way, whether for religious, political, or ideological purposes.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Explore</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Constantinople's Hagia Sophia </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chapter 8 (pp. 267-281)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Images at <a href="http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html</span></a> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><figure class="figure"> <div class="magnify-wrapper iZoom img-zoom-in"><div class="img-zoom-container" id="1493323955744" tabindex="3"><img alt="The Hagia Sophia is a domed monument built as a cathedral and is now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey." class="pure-img lazy loaded z-loaded" data-src="https://img.purch.com/w/640/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzAzNy8zMjEvaTAyL3NodXR0ZXJzdG9ja18xMTc0MzMxOTguanBnPzEzNjIxNjI5ODM=" src="https://img.purch.com/w/640/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzAzNy8zMjEvaTAyL3NodXR0ZXJzdG9ja18xMTc0MzMxOTguanBnPzEzNjIxNjI5ODM=" /><br />
<div class="img-zoom-sub" id="1493323955744-3"><img class="img-zoom" src="https://img.purch.com/h/1400/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzAzNy8zMjEvb3JpZ2luYWwvc2h1dHRlcnN0b2NrXzExNzQzMzE5OC5qcGc/MTM2MjE2Mjk4Mw==" /></div></div></div><figcaption class="fig-cap" id="nointelliTXT"> <div class="fig-desc"></div><div class="fig-desc">The Hagia Sophia is a domed monument built as a cathedral and is now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey.</div><div class="fig-desc"></div><cite class="fig-credit">Credit: <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-77552p1.html">Tatiana Popova</a> <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/">Shutterstock</a> </cite> </figcaption> </figure> The Hagia Sophia, whose name means “holy wisdom,” is a domed monument originally built as a cathedral in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) in the sixth century A.D.<br />
It contains two floors centered on a giant nave that has a great dome ceiling, along with smaller domes, towering above.<br />
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“Hagia Sophia’s dimensions are formidable for any structure not built of steel,” writes Helen Gardner and Fred Kleiner in their book "Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Global History." “In plan it is about 270 feet [82 meters] long and 240 feet [73 meters] wide. The dome is 108 feet [33 meters] in diameter and its crown rises some 180 feet [55 meters] above the pavement.”<br />
<br />
http://content.jwplatform.com/previews/3HzJHLEh-LGVHcJDb <br />
<div id="_tmn_video_placeholder_" style="height: 308.5px; width: 553.283px;"><div id="in-article-1" style="bottom: 0px; height: 308px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-delay: 0s, 0s; transition-duration: 1s, 1s; transition-property: width, height; transition-timing-function: ease-in; width: 553px; z-index: 100;"><div id="in-article-1_tmntag_inline_" style="border: 0pt none; display: inline-block; height: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%;"></div></div><div id="in-article-1" style="bottom: 0px; height: 308px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-delay: 0s, 0s; transition-duration: 1s, 1s; transition-property: width, height; transition-timing-function: ease-in; width: 553px; z-index: 100;"><div id="in-article-1_tmntag_inline_" style="border: 0pt none; display: inline-block; height: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%;"></div></div></div>In its 1,400 year life-span it has served as a cathedral, mosque and now a museum. When it was first constructed, Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. This state, officially Christian, originally formed the eastern half of the Roman Empire and carried on after the fall of Rome.<br />
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<b>Born out of riots</b><br />
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The story of the construction of the Hagia Sophia began in A.D. 532 when the Nika Riots, a great revolt, hit Constantinople. At the time Emperor Justinian I had been ruler of the empire for five years and had become unpopular. It started in the hippodrome among two chariot racing factions called the blue and green with the riot spreading throughout the city the rioters chanting “Nika,” which means “victory,” and attempting to throw out Justinian by besieging him in his palace.<br />
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“People were resentful of the high taxes that Justinian had imposed and they wanted him out of office,” said University of London historian Caroline Goodson in a <a href="http://natgeotv.com/ca/ancient-megastructures/videos/hagia-sofia-dome-secrets">National Geographic documentary</a>. After moving loyal troops into the city Justinian managed to put down the rebellion with brute force.<br />
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In the wake of the uprising, and on the site of a torched church that had been called the Hagia Sophia, a new Hagia Sophia would be built. To the ancient writer Paul the Silentiary, who lived when the cathedral was completed, the building represented a triumph for both Justinian and Christianity.<br />
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“I say, renowned Roman Capitol, give way! My Emperor has so far overtopped that wonder as great God is superior to an idol!” (Translation by Peter Bell, from the book "Three Political Voices from the Age of Justinian," Liverpool University Press, 2009)<br />
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<figure class="figure"> <div class="magnify-wrapper iZoom img-zoom-in"><img alt="Interior of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. The crown of the dome rises 180 feet (55 meters) above the floor." class="pure-img lazy loaded" data-src="https://img.purch.com/w/640/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzAzNy8zMjQvaTAyL3NodXR0ZXJzdG9ja184MTUxMzQzOS5qcGc/MTM2MjE2MzkzOQ==" src="https://img.purch.com/w/640/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzAzNy8zMjQvaTAyL3NodXR0ZXJzdG9ja184MTUxMzQzOS5qcGc/MTM2MjE2MzkzOQ==" /> </div><figcaption class="fig-cap" id="nointelliTXT"> <div class="fig-desc">Interior of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. The crown of the dome rises 180 feet (55 meters) above the floor.</div><cite class="fig-credit">Credit: <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-52846p1.html">Artur Bogacki</a> <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/">Shutterstock</a> </cite> </figcaption> </figure> <b>Building the Hagia Sophia</b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b> </b><br />
To build his cathedral, Justinian turned to two men named Anthemius and Isidore the Elder.<br />
“Contemporary writers do not refer to Anthemius and Isidore as architects, though the term was common in the sixth century, but as <i>mechanikoi</i> or <i>mechanopoioi</i>,” writes Indiana University professor W. Eugene Kleinbauer in a section of the book "Hagia Sophia" (Scala Publishers, 2004). “These terms denote a very small number of practitioners of the arts of design, whether of buildings or of machines or other works ...”<br />
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They built the Hagia Sophia in great haste, finishing it in less than six years. To put this in comparison it took nearly a century for medieval builders to construct the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris.<br />
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This short construction period appears to have led to problems. Ancient sources, such as the writer Procopios, write that the builders had problems with the dome roof, the structure almost collapsing during construction. The dome used a system of piers to channel its weight.<br />
“The piers on top of which the structure was being built, unable to bear the mass that was pressing down on them, somehow or other suddenly started to break away and seemed to be on the point of collapsing...” writes Procopios (translation <a href="http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ma/htm/or/ma_or_gloss_proko.htm">republished</a> on Columbia University’s website).<br />
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Eventually Anthemius and Isidore did get the domed roof to stand and it was a magnificent sight indeed. “It seems not to be founded on solid masonry, but to be suspended from heaven by that golden chain and so cover the space,” wrote Procopios.<br />
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Unfortunately this roof did not stand. It collapsed about two decades later and it fell to a man named Isidore the Younger to build a new domed roof. It has lasted, with some repairs, nearly 1,400 years, down to the present day.<br />
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“The dome rests not on a drum but on pendentives, spherical triangles that arise from four huge piers that carry the weight of the cupola. The pendentives made it possible to place the dome over a square compartment,” writes researcher Victoria Hammond, who describes the structure of the surviving Hagia Sophia dome, in a chapter of the book "Visions of Heaven: The Dome in European Architecture" (Springer, 2005).<br />
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<figure class="figure thumb-right"> <div class="magnify-wrapper iZoom img-zoom-in"><img alt="Sunlight coming in through the windows of the Hagia Sophia "seemed to dissolve the solidity of the walls and created an ambience of ineffable mystery," wrote one author." class="pure-img lazy loaded" data-src="https://img.purch.com/w/192/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzAzNy8zMjIvaTAxL3NodXR0ZXJzdG9ja185ODA2Njc1OS5qcGc/MTM2MjE2MzA5Mw==" src="https://img.purch.com/w/192/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzAzNy8zMjIvaTAxL3NodXR0ZXJzdG9ja185ODA2Njc1OS5qcGc/MTM2MjE2MzA5Mw==" /> </div><figcaption class="fig-cap" id="nointelliTXT"> <div class="fig-desc">Sunlight coming in through the windows of the Hagia Sophia "seemed to dissolve the solidity of the walls and created an ambience of ineffable mystery," wrote one author.</div><div class="fig-desc"></div><cite class="fig-credit">Credit: <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-983321p1.html">Yulia Gursoy</a> <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/">Shutterstock</a> </cite> </figcaption> </figure> Beneath the dome are 40 windows with sunlight coming through. “The sunlight emanating from the windows surrounding its lofty cupola, suffusing the interior and irradiating its gold mosaics, seemed to dissolve the solidity of the walls and created an ambience of ineffable mystery,” she writes. “On the completion of Hagia Sophia, Justinian is said to have remarked, ‘Solomon, I have outdone thee’.”<br />
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<b>Imperial seating</b><br />
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Modern-day visitors will note that the Hagia Sophia has two levels, the ground floor and a gallery above. The presence of the two levels may mean that people were organized according to gender and class when services were held at the cathedral.<br />
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In Byzantine churches “galleries seem to have been used as a means of segregation of genders and of social classes,” writes Vasileios Marinis in a chapter of the book "The Byzantine World" (Routledge, 2010). “In Hagia Sophia a part of the gallery was used as an imperial lodge, from which the empress and occasionally the emperor attended the services.”<br />
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This lodge wasn’t the only benefit the emperor got. Antony White writes in another chapter of the 2004 "Hagia Sophia" book that to enter the cathedral’s nave from the narthex there are nine doorways. “The central or Imperial Door was reserved for the use of the emperor and his attendants, and provides the most perfect approach to the interior of the church.”<br />
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<b>Decorations and iconoclasm</b><br />
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The decorations within the Hagia Sophia at the time of construction were probably very simple, images of crosses for instances. Over time this changed to include a variety of ornate mosaics.<br />
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“There are a number of mosaics that have been added over the centuries, imperial portraits, images of the imperial family, images of Christ and different emperors, those have been added since Justinian’s day,” said Goodson in the documentary.<br />
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During the eighth and ninth centuries A.D., there was a period of iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire that resulted in some of the mosaics being destroyed.<br />
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“The controversy spanned roughly a century, during the years 726–87 and 815–43. In these decades, imperial legislation barred the production and use of figural images; simultaneously, the cross was promoted as the most acceptable decorative form for Byzantine churches,” writes Sarah Brooks, of James Madison University, in a Metropolitan Museum of Art <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/icon/hd_icon.htm">article</a>.<br />
<figure class="figure thumb-right"> <div class="magnify-wrapper iZoom img-zoom-in"><img alt="The Apse Mosaic in the Hagia Sophia shows the Virgin Mary holding baby Jesus. It is 13 feet tall. " class="pure-img lazy loaded" data-src="https://img.purch.com/w/192/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzAzNy8zMjMvaTAxL3NodXR0ZXJzdG9ja184MTUxMzQ2Ni5qcGc/MTM2MjE2MzgyMA==" src="https://img.purch.com/w/192/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5saXZlc2NpZW5jZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzAzNy8zMjMvaTAxL3NodXR0ZXJzdG9ja184MTUxMzQ2Ni5qcGc/MTM2MjE2MzgyMA==" /> </div><figcaption class="fig-cap" id="nointelliTXT"> <div class="fig-desc">The Apse Mosaic in the Hagia Sophia shows the Virgin Mary holding baby Jesus. It is 13 feet tall. </div><div class="fig-desc"></div><cite class="fig-credit">Credit: <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-52846p1.html">Artur Bogacki</a> <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/">Shutterstock</a> </cite> </figcaption> </figure> “Fear that the viewer misdirected his/her veneration toward the image rather than to the holy person represented in the image lay at the heart of this controversy.”<br />
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At the end of this period decoration of the interior of Hagia Sophia resumed, each emperor adding their own images. One of the most well-known mosaics is located on the apse of the church showing a 13-foot-tall (4 meters) Virgin Mary with Jesus as a child. Dedicated on March 29, 867, it is located 30 meters (almost 100 feet) above the church floor, notes University of Sussex professor Liz James in a 2004 article published in the journal Art History.<br />
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<b>Conversion to mosque</b><br />
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Another chapter in the Hagia Sophia’s life began in 1453. In that year the Byzantine Empire ended, with Constantinople falling to the armies of Mehmed II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire.<br />
The Byzantine Empire had been in decline for centuries and by 1453 the Hagia Sophia had fallen into disrepair, notes researcher Elisabeth Piltz in a 2005 British Archaeological Reports series book. Nevertheless, the Christian cathedral made a strong impression on the new Ottoman rulers and they decided to convert it into a mosque.<br />
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“What a dome, that vies in rank with the nine spheres of heaven! In this work a perfect master has displayed the whole of the architectural science,” wrote Ottoman historian Tursun Beg during the 15th century (translation from Piltz’s book).<br />
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Outside the church, four minarets would eventually be added, Kleiner writes (in a 2010 edition of his book) that these “four slender pencil-shaped minarets” are more than 200 feet (60 meters) tall and are “among the tallest ever constructed.”<br />
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Changes occurred on the inside as well. Piltz writes that “after the Ottoman conquest the mosaics were hidden under yellow paint with the exception of the Theotokos [Virgin Mary with child] in the apse.” In addition “Monograms of the four caliphs were put on the pillars flanking the apse and the entrance of the nave.”<br />
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The style of the Hagia Sophia, in particular its dome, would go on to influence Ottoman architecture, most notably in the development of the Blue Mosque, built in Istanbul during the 17th century. [<a href="http://www.livescience.com/23247-enormous-roman-mosaic-unearthed-in-turkey-video.html">Related Video: Enormous Roman Mosaic Unearthed in Turkey</a>]<br />
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<b>Present-day museum</b><br />
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In 1934, the government of Turkey secularized the Hagia Sophia and turned it into a museum. The Turkish Council of Ministers stated that due “to its historical significance, the conversion of the (Hagia Sophia) mosque, a unique architectural monument of art located in Istanbul, into a museum will please the entire Eastern world and its conversion to a museum will cause humanity to gain a new institution of knowledge.” [From Robert Nelson, "Hagia Sophia: 1850-1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument," University of Chicago Press, 2004)<br />
Research, repair and restoration work continues to this day and the Hagia Sophia is now an important site for tourism in Istanbul. It is a place that has been part of the cultural fabric of the city in both ancient and modern times.<br />
<i>— <a href="http://natgeotv.com/ca/ancient-megastructures/videos/hagia-sofia-dome-secrets">Owen Jarus</a>, LiveScience Contributor</i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Video <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng--WLT0Xjc" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng--WLT0Xjc</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> Istanbul, Turkey: <a href="https://youtu.be/ng--WLT0Xjc">Hagia Sophia</a>, 2:00 </span></span></li>
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More info about travel to Istanbul: http://www.ricksteves.com/europe/turk... Hagia Sophia has served over the centuries as one of the greatest houses of worship in both the Christian and Muslim worlds. Hagia Sophia marks the high point of Byzantine architecture and is the pinnacle of that society's 6th century glory days. It remains one of the most important and impressive structures on our planet.<br />
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https://youtu.be/ng--WLT0Xjc<br />
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</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Byzantine mosaics of Ravenna, Italy at <a href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/byzantine-justinian.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/byzantine-justinian.html</span></a></span></li>
</ul> <br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/It3i-dKusIM">San Vitale</a> is one of the most important surviving examples of Byzantine architecture and mosaic work. It was begun in 526 or 527 under Ostrogothic rule. It was consecrated in 547 and completed soon after. Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker. Created by Beth Harris, Steven Zucker.<br />
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10:17<br />
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https://youtu.be/It3i-dKusIM<br />
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EARLY CHINESE CULTURE<br />
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What early Chinese artistic, literary, and philosophical developments would have a lasting impact on Chinese culture?<br />
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Very few of the built edifices of ancient Chinese civilization have been found. We know that by the middle of the second millennium bce, Chinese leaders ruled from large capitals, rivaling those in the West in their size and splendor. Beneath present-day Zhengzhou, for instance, lies an early metropolitan center with massive earthen walls. Stone was scarce in this area, but abundant forests made wood plentiful, so it was used to build cities. As impressive as they were, cities built of wood were vulnerable to fire and military attack, and no sign of them remains. Nevertheless, we know a fair amount about early Chinese culture from the remains of its written language and the tombs of its rulers. Even the most ancient Chinese writing—found on oracle bones and ceremonial bronze vessels—is closely related to modern Chinese. And archeologists discovered that royal Chinese tombs, like Egyptian burial sites, contain furnishings, implements, luxury goods, and clothing that—together with the written record—give us a remarkably vivid picture of ancient China.<br />
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What <a href="https://youtu.be/dJi2N9WkXSk">Ancient Chinese Sounds</a> Like - Poetry (English Subtitles)<br />
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鹿柴 Lu Chai <a href="https://youtu.be/SZdb8_x93gQ">Classical Chinese Poem</a> | Learn Chinese Now, 4:50<br />
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Hi everyone today we are going to look at another classic Chinese Tang Dynasty poem, this time by poet 王維 Wáng Wéi (701 - 761 AD). Wang Wei was a Chinese government official during the Tang Dynasty, he was also a devout Buddhist, so he was sometimes referred to as 詩佛 Shī fó the Poetry Buddha. This poem is entitled 鹿 柴 Lù chái which was an ancient name for a Deer enclosure which would have been close to Wang Wei's house in the countryside. Now let us look at the first line: 空 山 不 見 人 Kōng shān bú jiàn rén Kong means empty and shan means mountain, you can see the shape of the character is something like a triangular mountain.(use picture to depict) Then the next three characters bu means not, jian means see, and ren means person or people. So the whole line can be translated as "In the empty mountains one cannot see anyone." Now to the next line: 但 聞 人 語 響 Dàn wén rén yǔ xiǎng Dan means but and it is still used in modern Chinese, then the character wen means to hear in ancient Chinese however it should be noted that the character 聽 tīng is used in modern Chinese to mean listen or hear, wen has now come to mean smell or taste. Then the next three characters ren yu xiang, ren yu means human language and xiang means a sound. So this is the "sound of human language." We can translate the whole line as "but one can hear the sound of people talking." These two lines describe the atmosphere near Wang Wei's countryside home, he was not completely in the mountain wilderness like a hermit, instead he lived in the peace of the countryside but still near human civilization, thus although he could not see anyone in the mountains, he could still hear the sound of people from nearby village or farm. The next line reads: 返 景 入 深 林 Fǎn jǐng rù shēn lín Fan means to return and jing means shadow but in this context means evening light or twilight. Then ru means to enter, shen means deep and lin means forest. So this line can be translated as: "The returning twilight enters the deep forest." The last line reads: 復 照 青 苔 上 Fù zhào qīng tái shàng Fu means to repeat, zhao means to illuminate, qing tai means green moss and shang means on. Remember from last time we said that Chinese put location words after the thing they are describing location in relation to, so qing tai shang, literally green moss on, means on the green moss and the whole line means: "Returning to shine upon the green moss." These two lines talk about how as the sun becomes lower in the sky at sunset the light is able to enter the deep forest again since it is shining horizontally entering through the side of the forest, whereas before when the light was coming from above it was blocked by the forest canopy. This happens twice per day, once at sunrise and once at sunset, so thus the light can again shine on the green moss. Thank you for watching guys and if you want to hear any more classical Chinese poetry, please leave your requests in the comments section below. We will see you next week. Zai jian Subscribe to Learn Chinese Now! http://www.youtube.com/learnchinesenow Ben on Twitter: http://www.twitter/com/benhedgesntd T-Shirts and other products: http://www.zazzle.com/laowaiapparel<br />
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https://youtu.be/SZdb8_x93gQ<br />
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Chinese Calligraphy<br />
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Sometime during the Bronze Age, the Chinese developed a writing system that used individual pictographic characters to stand for distinct ideas and specific spoken words. According to Chinese legend, this writing system was invented by the culture-hero Fu Xi (who also taught the clans to hunt and fish), inspired by both the constellations and bird and animal footprints. Abundant surviving examples of writing from around 1400 to 1200 bce—engraved with a sharp point on oracle bones made of turtle plastrons and ox scapulae—record answers received from the spirit world during rituals asking about the future. We know as much as we do about the day-to-day concerns of the early Chinese rulers from these oracular fragments, on which a special order of priests, or diviners, posed questions of importance and concern (Fig. 7.3). They might ask about the harvest, the outcome of a war, the threat of flood, the course of an illness, or the wisdom of an administrative decision. To find answers, bones were heated with hot pokers, causing fissures to form with a loud crack. The patterns of these fissures were interpreted, and the bones were then inscribed. The first Chinese signs were pictograms, which, as with the development of cuneiform in Mesopotamia (see Chapter 2, Closer Look, pages 40–41), soon became stylized, particularly after the brush became the principal writing instrument. The essence of Chinese written language is that a single written character has a fairly fixed significance, no matter how its pronunciation might vary over time or from place to place. This stability of meaning has allowed the Chinese language to remain remarkably constant through the ages. In the figure above right, 3,000 years separate the characters on the right from those on the left (Fig. 7.4).<br />
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0:02 / 2:11 <a href="https://youtu.be/r4ghtJolXC8">Chinese Calligraphy</a> 中國書法 - 谢順佳<br />
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Classical Chinese calligraphy by Shun Kai Tse 中國書法 - 谢順佳<br />
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https://youtu.be/r4ghtJolXC8<br />
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The Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700–1045 bce)<br />
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Chinese records say that King Tang established the Shang dynasty. The Shang state was a linked collection of villages, stretching across the plains of the lower Yellow River valley. But it was not a contiguous state with distinct borders; other villages separated some of the Shang villages from one another, and were frequently at war with the Shang. The royal family surrounded itself with shamans, who soon developed into a kind of nobility and, in turn, walled urban centers formed around the nobles’ palaces or temples. The proliferation of bronze vessels, finely carved jades, and luxury goods produced for the Shang elite suggests that well-organized centers of craft production were located nearby. The Shang nobility organized itself into armies—surviving inscriptions describe forces as large as 13,000 men—that controlled the countryside and protected the king.<br />
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3 mins <a href="https://youtu.be/dEYqzkbMZWg">SHANG DYNASTY</a> EMERGING FROM MYTH, 2:48<br />
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https://youtu.be/dEYqzkbMZWg<br />
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The Zhou Dynasty (1027–256 bce)<br />
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The Shang believed that their leaders were the sole conduit to the heavenly ancestors. However, in 1027 bce, a rebel tribe known as the Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty, claiming that the Shang had lost the Mandate of Heaven by not ruling virtuously. The Zhou asserted that the legitimacy of a ruler derived from divine approval, and that the Shang had lost this favor because of their decadent extravagances. Even so, the Zhou took measures to intermarry with the elite whom they had overthrown and took pains to conserve and restore what they admired of Shang culture. In fact, both the Book of Changes and the yin-yang symbol were originated by the Shang but codified and written down by the Zhou.<br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/4p7R0sSeMVg">Zhou Dynasty</a>, 1:34<br />
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https://youtu.be/4p7R0sSeMVg<br />
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The Chu State<br />
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When Chinese historian Sima Qian wrote the Shiji, or Historical Records, in 100 bce, he regarded Confucianism as the product of the northern Chinese dynasties—the Shang and the Zhou—and Daoism as a product of the southern state of Chu, which occupied most of present-day Hubei and Hunan provinces. He considered the people of Chu barbarians—shiftless, uneducated, living off the abundance of a land that knew nothing of the cold, harsh reality of winters in the north, and indifferent to government. They were, from this later point of view, an exotic people who worshiped fantastical ghosts and spirits (dragons, from the northern point of view, were not woven of the same fiber) through the agency of shamans and priests who led them in dancing, singing, and yinsi—excessive, even lewd, rites.<br />
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English story about China: 2. Ancient Greece and the <a href="https://youtu.be/3CqE_UrkN3k">State of Chu</a>- The spirit for art, 4:44<br />
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There's an 'ancient Greece' in the ancient China during the same period, because of the similar spirit for art.<br />
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https://youtu.be/3CqE_UrkN3k<br />
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IMPERIAL CHINA<br />
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How do the art and literature of the Qin and Han dynasties reflect the values of the imperial court?<br />
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At the same time that Rome rose to dominance in the West (see Chapter 6), a similar empire arose in China. But whereas Rome’s empire derived from outward expansion, China’s empire arose from consolidation at the center. From about the time of Confucius onward, seven states vied for control. They mobilized armies to battle one another; iron weapons replaced bronze; they organized bureaucracies and established legal systems; merchants gained political power; and a “hundred schools of thought” flowered.<br />
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The Political Development of <a href="https://youtu.be/1r7DeYkJedo">Imperial China</a>, 4:21<br />
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A rap by Mr. Bloom covering Chapter 16 from History Alive: The Medieval World.<br />
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https://youtu.be/1r7DeYkJedo<br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/1bZXxGv52t8">Qin Dynasty</a> (221–206 bce): Organization and Control<br />
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This period of warring states culminated when the western state Qin (the origin of our name for China) conquered the other states and unified them under the Qin Empire in 221 bce. Under the leadership of Qin Shihuangdi (r. 221–210 bce), who declared himself “First Emperor,” the Qin worked very quickly to achieve a stable society. To discourage nomadic invaders from the north, they built a wall from the Yellow Sea east of present-day Beijing far into Inner Mongolia, known today as the Great Wall of China (see Fig. 7.1).<br />
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Discovering China - The Qin Dynasty—China's First Dynasty, 2:25<br />
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The Qin Dynasty from 221 to 206 BC is considered China's first dynasty. Although China did have three ancient dynasties: the Xia, Shang and Zhou, Qin's ruler was the first to declare him self an emperor. He united China after centuries of division and ruled over an estimated population of twenty million people.<br />
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Now despite its glory, the Qin was a brutal and short-lived dynasty. Emperor Qin's objective was to rule "all under heaven," and he did this through military campaigns and a state philosophy of legalism, or the idea that misbehavior is met with harsh punishment in order to keep the populace in line.<br />
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The original state of Qin was located in the western area of what was China at the time. It was a royal domain allocated for raising horses. It then became one of seven warring states after the ancient Zhou dynasty spilt up. The young king of Qin started his assault of other states in the year 230 BC and by 221 BC had defeated all six, unifying China.<br />
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He then sought to solidify this unification through a unification of culture. Qin unified the currency, weights and measures, Chinese characters and even the width of roads across the whole empire. <br />
But emperor Qin was not popular among the people, his compulsory public works projects and high taxation put a heavy burden on the populace. The Qin emperor ordered the burning of all books on alternative philosophies than the one used by the Qin government, he then buried alive 460 people who violated this rule. His heavily centralized power structure also angered the nobility who's power was weakened.<br />
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In 210 BC, emperor Qin died, and his successor found himself faced with revolts. In 206 BC, a group of rebels, led by Lieutenant Liu Bang succeeded in toppling the Qin. Liu Bang established the Han dynasty which would last for four centuries.<br />
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Although it lasted for only 17 years and inflicted great suffering on the populace, the Qin dynasty left behind a legacy. The first Great Wall of China was built during the Qin to protect the country from invasions from the north. After the Qin emperor died, he was buried in a massive complex of tombs. In the 1974 Chinese farmers dug up some parts of a terracotta statue, this led to the discovery of 7000 terracotta warriors that had been buried with the emperor to protect him in the afterlife.<br />
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But what is more is that the Qin sewed the seeds of unification and led to later periods of prosperity and stability during the great dynasties that followed. We'll tell you about one of those, the Han dynasty, next time.<br />
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https://youtu.be/1bZXxGv52t8<br />
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The Han Dynasty (206 bce–220 ce): The Flowering of Culture 225<br />
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The Han Dynasty (206 bce–220 bce): The Flowering of Culture<br />
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In place of the Qin, the Han dynasty came to power, inaugurating over 400 years of intellectual and cultural growth. The Han emperors installed Confucianism as the official state philosophy and established an academy to train civil servants. Where the Qin had disenfranchised scholars, the Han honored them, even going so far as to give them an essential role in governing the country.<br />
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Han prosperity was constantly threatened by incursions of nomadic peoples to the north, chiefly the Huns, whom the Chinese called Xiongnu, and whose impact would later be felt as far away as Rome. In 138 bce, Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 bce) attempted to forge military alliances with the Huns, sending General Zhang Qian with 100 of his best fighting men into the northern territories. The Huns held General Zhang captive for ten years. When he returned, he spoke of horses that were far stronger and faster than those in China. Any army using them, he believed, would be unbeatable. In fact, horses could not be bred successfully in China owing to a lack of calcium in the region’s water and vegetation, and until General Zhang’s report, the Chinese had known horses only as small, shaggy creatures of Mongolian origin. To meet the Huns on their own terms, with cavalry instead of infantry, China needed horses from the steppes of western Asia.<br />
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Discovering China - <a href="https://youtu.be/VS7pKZJ3zPs">The Han Dynasty</a>-China's First Golden Age, 2:31<br />
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The Han Dynasty began in 206 BC when a man named Liu Bang, who had been born a peasant, led a group of generals to overthrow the Qin dynasty. This started a 400-year period of prosperity—sometimes referred to as China's first golden age.<br />
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The capital of the dynasty was at Chang'an—one of the biggest cities in the world at the time. The Han dynasty saw massive territorial expansion, with China's area almost doubling. <br />
The Han defeated the tribes to North and signed treaties with the clans to the West. This made travel safer and led to the establishment of what became known as the Silk Road. This was the trade route connecting China with the Roman Empire thousands of miles away in Europe.<br />
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The Han also saw massive cultural developments, with Confucianism—which had been suppressed under the Qin dynasty—rising to become the state philosophy of China's aristocracy. Officials were evaluated on their conduct, according to Confucian philosophy and an Imperial University was established to train them.<br />
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It was also during the Han period that Buddhism spread to China. Buddhism's emphasis on compassion and universal salvation appealed to the masses. Along with Confucianism and Taoism, Buddhism became one of China's three main religions that would dominate the faith of the Chinese people for the next two thousand years.<br />
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The Han dynasty gave rise to some of China's most well known historical figures, such as Sima Qian who wrote "The Record of the Grand Historian"—the definitive record of China's early history—and Han Xin, the general who helped Liu Bang establish the Han Dynasty.<br />
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The Han Dynasty was briefly interrupted in the year 9 AD when the nephew of the empress, Wang Mang, seized the throne. Fourteen years later, Liu Xiu—a descendant of Liu Bang—eventually toppled him. And the Han Dynasty, with 12 more emperors, continued for another two hundred years. <br />
But like all dynasties in Chinese history, the Han could not last forever. It officially ended in the year 220 AD. Trouble at court and uprisings across the empire led to its eventual downfall. The warlord Dong Zhuo led troops into the capital kick-starting battles between various warlords.<br />
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Eventually, Cao Cao managed to establish the Wei state North of the Yangtze river. Sun Quan established the Wu state south of the Yangtze, and Liu Bei the Shu state in the west—starting a period known as the Three Kingdoms.<br />
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https://youtu.be/VS7pKZJ3zPs<br />
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Ancient India 231<br />
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ANCIENT INDIA<br />
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How did the Hindu and Buddhist faiths help to shape the cultures of ancient India?<br />
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Indian civilization was born along the Indus River in the northwest corner of the Indian subcontinent in present-day Pakistan, somewhere around 2700 bce in an area known as Sind—from which the words India and Hindu originate (see Map 7.2). The earliest Indian peoples lived in at least two great cities in the Indus Valley, Mohenjo-Daro, on the banks of the Indus, and Harappa, on the River Ravi, downstream from present-day Lahore. These great cities thrived until around 1900 bce and were roughly contemporaneous with Sumerian Ur, the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and Minoan civilization in the Aegean.<br />
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The cities were discovered by chance in the early 1920s, and excavations have continued since. The best preserved of the sites is Mohenjo-Daro. Built atop a citadel is a complex of buildings, presumably a governmental or religious center, surrounded by a wall 50 feet high. Set among the buildings on the citadel is a giant pool (Fig. 7.13). Perhaps a public bath or a ritual space, its finely fitted bricks, laid on edge and bound together with gypsum plaster, made it watertight. The bricks on the side walls of the tank were covered with a thick layer of bitumen (natural tar) to keep water from seeping through the walls and up into the superstructure.<br />
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Why Don't <a href="https://youtu.be/4up9baE7pmQ">Ancient Indian Temples</a> Have Entrance & Exit Signs? Secret Revealed, 4:41 <br />
Read the full story here: http://goo.gl/Q0ZK2c<br />
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Hey guys, I am at the Darasuram Temple in India and wanted to show you something very interesting. As you can see there are lots of both local and foreign tourists that come to visit these temples and they often complain that there are no entrance or exit signs. So they get confused and don't know which way to get in and which way to get out because there are so many chambers and sub chambers in the temple.<br />
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Why don't Indian temples have entrance or exit signs? In fact, archeologists and religious experts will tell you that no such signboards or even writings have been found in ancient temples marking these doorways. This is mind boggling because Indians have been writing in languages like Tamil and Sanskrit for at least 2000 years and you can even see these writings in the very temple that I am currently researching on.<br />
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But I am gonna show you how intelligent the builders were many centuries ago. Let's say you are inside the sanctum and want to get out. Focus on the pillars and you will see the sculpture of this animal on all the pillars. Notice that the tails of all these animals are curved or twisted. All of them except one, which is straight. Just walk towards this pillar and that's the way you should get out. This is the ancient way of marking the exit sign.<br />
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Is this just a coincidence? No, because I am gonna show you the entrance sign as well. When you are outside and want to get in, you can see the front side of the same figure on all the pillars. Now you can see that the trunks of these figures are slightly curved and point up and even though you see the stairs right here, don't enter through this way because you haven't seen the entrance sign yet. Now, I am walking around and you can see that the trunks are all straight except one. This is the only sculpture with a twisted trunk. This is the way to properly enter this temple's chamber. <br />
This is a classic example of how valuable ancient knowledge has been lost. In fact, I just rediscovered this after many centuries because I checked with the local priests and archeologists and they told me they had no idea about these signs.<br />
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Just think, the ancient builders who historians describe as unsophisticated people, have created these signs many centuries ago, this temple being at least 850 years old. And we, who are supposed to be modern and sophisticated people are actually not so perceptive and don't pay attention to these nuances.<br />
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Another remarkable feature is that there is no way you can see the exit sign from the outside because you don't need to see it as long as you are outside and it only becomes visible once you are inside and want to get out. And Vice Versa is also true. These sign boards if you will, need no maintenance and are immortal because they can't be destroyed. They are not just some external signs that can be removed and replaced, but they have been incorporated with the infrastructure of the temple. <br />
Just remember, these little nuances have been lost in the last 500 years and modern temples don't have these carvings that mark entrance and exit signs. So if you ever visit an ancient Indian temple, do look for these sign boards.<br />
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Read the full story here: http://goo.gl/Q0ZK2c Twitter: https://twitter.com/phenomenalplace Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/phenomenalp... Website: http://www.phenomenalplace.com<br />
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Hinduism and the Vedic Tradition 233<br />
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Hinduism and the Vedic Tradition<br />
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The social castes were sanctioned by the religion the Aryans brought with them, a religion based on a set of sacred hymns to the Aryan gods. These hymns, called Vedas, were written in the Aryan language, Sanskrit, and they gave their name to an entire period of Indian civilization, the Vedic period (ca. 1500–322 bce). From the Vedas in turn came the Upanishads, a book of mystical and philosophical texts that date from sometime after 800 bce. Taken together, the Vedas and the Upanishads form the basis of the Hindu religion, with Brahman, the universal soul, at its center. The religion has no single body of doctrine, nor any standard set of practices. It is defined above all by the diversity of its beliefs and deities. Indeed, several images of mother goddesses, stones in the phallic form, as well as a seal with an image that resembles the Hindu god Shiva, have been excavated at various Indus sites, leading scholars to believe that certain aspects and concepts of Hinduism survived from the Indus civilizations and were incorporated into the Vedic religion.<br />
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The Upanishads argue that all existence is a fabric of false appearances. What appears to the senses is entirely illusory. Only Brahman is real. Thus, in a famous story illustrating the point, a tiger, orphaned as a cub, is raised by goats. It learns, as a matter of course, to eat grass and make goat sounds. But one day it meets another tiger, who takes it to a pool to look at itself. There, in its reflection in the water, it discovers its true nature. The individual soul needs to discover the same truth, a truth that will free it from the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth and unite it with the Brahman in nirvana, a place or state free from worry, pain, and the external world.<br />
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The Tradition of <a href="https://youtu.be/qPcasmn0cRU">Vedic</a> Chanting, 4:33<br />
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UNESCO: Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity - 2008 URL: http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/... Description: The Vedas comprise a vast corpus of Sanskrit poetry, philosophical dialogue, myth, and ritual incantations developed and composed by Aryans over 3,500 years ago. Regarded by Hindus as the primary source of knowledge and the sacred foundation of their religion, the Vedas embody one of the worlds oldest surviving cultural traditions. The Vedic heritage embraces a multitude of texts and interpretations collected in four Vedas, commonly referred to as books of knowledge even though they have been transmitted orally. The Rig Veda is an anthology of sacred hymns; the Sama Veda features musical arrangements of hymns from the Rig Veda and other sources; the Yajur Veda abounds in prayers and sacrificial formulae used by priests; and the Atharna Veda includes incantations and spells. The Vedas also offer insight into the history of Hinduism and the early development of several artistic, scientific and philosophical concepts, such as the concept of zero. Expressed in the Vedic language, which is derived from classical Sanskrit, the verses of the Vedas were traditionally chanted during sacred rituals and recited daily in Vedic communities. The value of this tradition lies not only in the rich content of its oral literature but also in the ingenious techniques employed by the Brahmin priests in preserving the texts intact over thousands of years. To ensure that the sound of each word remains unaltered, practitioners are taught from childhood complex recitation techniques that are based on tonal accents, a unique manner of pronouncing each letter and specific speech combinations. Although the Vedas continue to play an important role in contemporary Indian life, only thirteen of the over one thousand Vedic recitation branches have survived. Moreover, four noted schools in Maharashtra (central India), Kerala and Karnataka (southern India) and Orissa (eastern India) are considered under imminent threat. Country(ies): India<br />
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Buddhism: “The Path of Truth” 235<br />
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Buddhism: “The Path of Truth”<br />
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Because free thought and practice mark the Hindu religion, it is hardly surprising that other religious movements drew on it and developed from it. Buddhism is one of those. Its founder, Shakyamuni Buddha, lived from about 563 to 483 bce. He was born Prince Siddhartha Gautama, child of a ruler of the Shakya clan—Shakyamuni means “sage of the Shakyas”—and was raised to be a ruler himself. Troubled by what he perceived to be the suffering of all human beings, he abandoned the luxurious lifestyle of his father’s palace to live in the wilderness. For six years he meditated, finally attaining complete enlightenment while sitting under a banyan tree at Bodh Gaya. Shortly thereafter he gave his first teaching, at the Deer Park at Sarnath, expounding the Four Noble Truths:<br />
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Life is suffering.<br />
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This suffering has a cause, which is ignorance.<br />
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Ignorance can be overcome and eliminated.<br />
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The way to overcome this ignorance is by following the Eightfold Path of right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.<br />
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Living with these truths in mind, one might overcome what Buddha believed to be the source of all human suffering—the desire for material things, which is the primary form of ignorance. In doing so, one would find release from the illusions of the world, from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, and ultimately reach nirvana. These principles are summed up in the Dhammapada, the most popular canonical text of Buddhism, which consists of 423 aphorisms, or sayings, attributed to Buddha and arranged by subject into 26 chapters (see Reading 7.8, pages 244–245). Its name is a compound consisting of dhamma, the vernacular form of the formal Sanskrit word dharma, mortal truth, and pada, meaning “foot” or “step”—hence it is “the path of truth.” The aphorisms are widely admired for their wisdom and their sometimes stunning beauty of expression.<br />
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Introduction to <a href="https://youtu.be/Lxq-RiLb-6M">Buddhism</a> | Belief | Oprah Winfrey Network, 3:19<br />
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Varun Soni, dean of Religious Life at the University of Southern California, explains the fourth largest religion in the world, Buddhism. Starting with the story of Prince Siddhartha, who wished to alleviate human suffering and became enlightened in order to help others, the religion does not focus on a god, but rather on self-empowerment and the belief that everyone is already a Buddha but not yet enlightened. For more on #Belief, visit Oprah.com.<br />
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https://youtu.be/Lxq-RiLb-6M<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Silk Road<br />
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Under the Han (206 bce–220 bce), Chinese trade flourished. Western linen, wool, glass, and gold, Persian pistachios, and mustard originating in the Mediterranean, were imported in exchange for the silk, ceramics, fur, lacquered goods, and spices that made their way west along the “Silk Road” that stretched from the Yellow River across Asia to the Mediterranean (see Map 7.3). The road followed the westernmost spur of the Great Wall to the oasis town of Dunhuang, where it split into northern and southern routes, passing through smaller oasis towns until converging again at Kashgar on the western edge of the western Chinese deserts. From there, traders could proceed into present-day Afghanistan, south into India, or westward through present-day Uzbekistan, Iran, and Iraq into Syria and the port city of Antioch. Goods passed through many hands, trader to trader, before reaching the Mediterranean, and according to an official history of the Han dynasty compiled in the fifth century ce, it was not until 97 ce that one Gan Ying went “all the way to the Western sea and back.” According to Gan Ying, there he encountered an empire with “over four hundred walled cities” to which “tens of small states are subject”—some of them probably outposts of the Roman Empire, but others, like the city of Bam, with its towering citadel—first constructed in about 55 bce (Fig. 7.21)—Persian strongholds.<br />
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Goods and ideas spread along the Silk Road, as trade spurred the cultural interchange between East and West, India and China. As early as the first century bce, silk from China reached Rome, where it captured the Western imagination, but the secret of its manufacture remained a mystery in the West until the sixth century ce. Between the first and third centuries ce, Buddhist missionaries from India carried their religion over the Silk Road into Southeast Asia and north into China and Korea, where it quickly became the dominant religion. By the last half of the first millennium, the Chinese capital of Chang’an, at the eastern terminus of the Silk Road, hosted Korean, Japanese, Jewish, and Christian communities, and Chinese emperors maintained diplomatic relations with Persia. Finally, the Venetian merchant Marco Polo (ca. 1254–1324), bearing a letter of introduction from Pope Gregory X, crossed the Asian continent on the Silk Road in 1275. He arrived at the new Chinese capital of Beijing, and served in the imperial court for nearly two decades. His Travels, written after his return to Italy in 1292, constitute the first eyewitness account of China available in Europe.<br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/vn3e37VWc0k">Silk Road</a>: Connecting the ancient world through trade - Shannon Harris Castelo, 5:19<br />
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With modern technology, a global exchange of goods and ideas can happen at the click of a button. But what about 2,000 years ago? Shannon Harris Castelo unfolds the history of the 5,000-mile Silk Road, a network of multiple routes that used the common language of commerce to connect the world's major settlements, thread by thread.<br />
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Lesson by Shannon Harris Castelo, animation by Steff Lee.<br />
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https://youtu.be/vn3e37VWc0k<br />
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READINGS<br />
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7.1 from the Book of Songs 241<br />
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The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of Chinese poetry. Like all subsequent Chinese poetry, for which these poems, not coincidentally, provide the tradition, the poems provide a telling glimpse into everyday Chinese life. But they also demonstrate the centrality of the natural world and its rhythms and cycles to Chinese thought and feeling. <br />
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7.1a from the Book of Songs 221<br />
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The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of Chinese poetry. Like all subsequent Chinese poetry, for which these poems, not coincidentally, provide the tradition, the poems provide a telling glimpse into everyday Chinese life. But they also demonstrate the centrality of the natural world and its rhythms and cycles to Chinese thought and feeling. <br />
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7.2 from the Dao De Jing 222<br />
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7.3 from Confucius, the Analects 242<br />
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The Analects of Confucius are a collection of his dialogues and utterances, probably recorded by his disciples after his death. They reflect Confucius’s dream of an ideal society of hardworking, loyal people governed by wise, benevolent, and morally upright officials—a government based on moral principles that would be reflected in the behavior of its populace. <br />
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7.4 from Emperor Wu’s “Heavenly Horses” 228<br />
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7.5 Liu Xijun, “Lament” 228<br />
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7.6 Fu Xuan, “To Be a Woman” 228<br />
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7.7 from the Bhagavad Gita: Krishna’s Counsel in Time of War 242<br />
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The Bhagavad Gita constitutes the sixth book of the first-century ce epic Sanskrit poem, the Mahabharata. It represents, in many ways, a summation of Hindu thought and philosophy. The bulk of the poem consists of the reply of Krishna, an avatar, or incarnation, of Vishnu, to Arjuna, leader of the Pandavas, who on the battlefield has decided to lay down his arms. In the following passage, Arjuna declares his unwillingness to fight. The charioteer Sanjaya, the narrator of the entire Mahabharata, then introduces Krishna, who replies to Arjuna’s decision and goes on to describe, at Arjuna’s request, the characteristics of a man of “firm concentration and pure insight.” <br />
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7.8 from the Dhammapada 244<br />
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The Dhammapada, or “path of truth,” consists of 423 sayings, or aphorisms, of Buddha divided by subject into 26 books. They are commonly thought to be the answers to questions put to Buddha on various occasions, and as such they constitute a summation of Buddhist thought. The following passages, consisting of different aphorisms from five different books, emphasize the Buddhist doctrine of self-denial and the wisdom inherent in pursuing the “path.” <br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK The Tomb of Qin Shihuangdi 226<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Silk Road 239<br />
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PART TWO THE MEDIEVAL WORLD AND THE SHAPING OF CULTURE 200 CE–1400 246<br />
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During the last 300 years of the Roman Empire, Christianity gained a stronger and stronger foothold, until the Western Roman Empire collapsed in about 500 ce. The following Middle Ages span a period of about 1,000 years of European history, up to the beginning of the fifteenth century. Its opening centuries, until about 800 ce, were once commonly referred to as the “Dark Ages.” During this time, the great cultural achievements of the Greeks and Romans were forgotten, so-called barbarian tribes from the north overran the Continent, and ignorance reigned. But this era was followed by an age of remarkable innovation and achievement, marked by the ascendancy of three great religions—Christianity, Buddhism, and newborn Islam. Because of the way these three religions dominated their respective cultures, the centuries covered in Part Two might be best thought of as the Age of Faith.<br />
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This was the age of the monastery, the religious pilgrimage, the cathedral, the mosque, and the spread of Buddhism across Asia. By the sixth century, a new Christian mode of representation, reflecting a new ideal of beauty, had asserted itself in Byzantium, the Eastern Roman Empire. Unlike the Romans and Greeks, Byzantine artists showed little interest in depicting the visual appearance of the material world. They abandoned perspectival depth and rendered figures as highly stylized, almost geometric configurations. In other words, they depicted a spiritual rather than physical ideal.<br />
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In the first half of the seventh century, after the death of the prophet Muhammad, Islam began its rapid spread from Arabia across the Middle East to North Africa and into Spain. At the same time, in the rest of Europe, Christian and feudal traditions gradually merged. By the time Charlemagne was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800, fidelity to one’s chief could be understood as analogous to fidelity to one’s God. By the late twelfth century, this brand of loyalty had found its way into the social habits of court life, where it took the form known as courtly love. In the love songs of the troubadour poets, the loyalty that a knight or nobleman had once conferred upon his lord was now transferred to a lady.<br />
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Charlemagne’s passionate interest in education and the arts was broadcast across Europe through the development first of monastic schools and later of universities, which were themselves made possible by a resurgence of economic activity and trade. The Christian Crusades to recapture the Holy Land, principally Jerusalem, from Muslim control contributed to this economic revitalization, as did the practice of pilgrimage journeys to the Holy Land and to churches that housed sacred relics. The art of creating monumental stone sculpture was revived to decorate these churches, which grew ever larger to accommodate the throngs that visited them. The culmination of this trend was the Gothic cathedral, adorned with stained glass and rising to formerly unachieved heights. The sacred music of the liturgy became more complex and ornate as well, reflecting the architecture of the buildings in which it was played. To appeal to the masses of worshipers, the sculpture and painting that decorated these churches became increasingly naturalistic. Similarly, poetry and prose were more frequently written in the vernacular—the everyday language of the people—and less often in Latin. In both literature and art, the depiction of universal types, or generalized characters, gave way to the depiction of real characters and actual personalities.<br />
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We can begin to account for this shift by recognizing that, by the late Middle Ages, the center of intellectual life had shifted from the monastery to the town. From the great metropolis of Hangzhou, China, which Marco Polo visited in 1271, to the cities of Teotihuacán and Palenque in Mesoamerica, daily life was an increasingly urban experience. In Asia and the Americas, these centers reflected the aspirations and power of the ruling nobility. But in Europe, towns such as Florence and Siena flourished as a result of ever-enlarging trade networks. Now, suddenly, merchants and bankers began to assert themselves with as much or more power than either pope or king, ruling local governments and commissioning civic and religious works of architecture and art. <br />
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8 The Flowering of Christianity FAITH AND THE POWER OF BELIEF IN THE EARLY FIRST MILLENNIUM 249<br />
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THINKING AHEAD<br />
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8.1 Outline the development of Judaic culture after the destruction of the Second Temple.<br />
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8.2 Identify the forces at work in the spread of Christianity and differentiate between the new religion’s use of typology, symbolism, and iconography.<br />
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8.3 Describe the Roman reaction to Christianity and explore the ways in which Roman traditions may have impacted the religion’s development.<br />
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8.4 Characterize the new Byzantine style of art and discuss how it reflects the values of the Byzantine emperors, especially Justinian.<br />
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8.5 Explain the role of images in Byzantine art and why they were subject to iconoclast attack. <br />
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Developments in Judaic Culture 250<br />
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DEVELOPMENTS IN JUDAIC CULTURE<br />
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How did Judaic culture evolve after the destruction of the Second Temple?<br />
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From the time of the Babylonian Captivity to the rise of rabbinic Judaism (the Judaism of the rabbis, the scholars and teachers of the Jewish faith), at about the time of the Roman destruction of the Second Temple, the Jewish religion had become increasingly messianic—that is, it prophesied that the world would end in apocalypse, the coming of God on the day of judgment, and that the postapocalyptic world would be led by a Messiah, or Anointed One, in everlasting peace. These feelings were first fueled in 168 bce, when the Seleucid king Antiochus IV tried to impose worship of the Greek gods on the Jews, placing a statue of Zeus in the Second Temple of Jerusalem and allowing pigs to be sacrificed there. The Jews were outraged. From their point of view, the Greek conquerors had not merely transformed the sacred temple into a pagan shrine, but had replaced the Ark with a “graven image.” The slaughter of pigs rendered the temple impure. Still worse, Antiochus made observance of the Hebrew law punishable by death. Led by Judas Maccabeus, a priest of the Maccabean family, the Jews revolted, defeating Antiochus, purifying the temple, and reestablishing Jewish control of the region for the period 142–63 bce. In 63 bce, the Romans, led by their great general Pompey, conquered Judea (present-day Israel).<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/OORTUYAmA3M">Judaic Culture</a> 101, 1:01<br />
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Sectarianism and Revolt 250<br />
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Sectarianism and Revolt<br />
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It was a deeply unsettled time and place. In the early first century ce, large numbers of people claiming to be the Messiah and larger numbers of apocalyptic preachers roamed Judea. This situation was complicated by the growing sectarianism of Judaism itself. Much of what we know about this time comes from the writings of Josephus, a Jewish historian (ca. 37–ca. 100 bce). Josephus’ Jewish War, completed in the early 80s ce, outlines Jewish history from the rise of the Maccabees to the destruction of the temple in 70 ce and the subsequent fall of Masada. “There are three philosophical sects among the Jews,” Josephus writes. “The followers of the first of which are the Pharisees, a scribal group associated with the masses; of the second, the Sadducees, priests and high priests associated with the aristocracy; and the third sect, which pretends to a severer discipline, are called Essenes.” (For Josephus’ extended description of these sects, see Reading 8.1, pages 284–285.) <br />
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The Rabbis and the Mishnah 251<br />
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With the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 ce and the subsequent Diaspora, the center and focal point of Jewish faith evaporated. From then on, Judaism developed as a religion in a sectarian manner. The sects, after all, had viewed the temple and temple rituals with deep skepticism and had practiced their religion outside the temple, in localized synagogues, or “houses of assembly,” engaging in daily prayer, studying the Torah, and observing the laws of purity more or less independently of priests. Yet despite growing sectarianism, a community of scholars known as Sanhedrin, who had met for centuries to discuss and interpret the Torah, continued to provide a strong intellectual center for the Jews. In the town of Yavneh, where the group had moved after the destruction of the First Temple by the Babylonians, ongoing study of the Torah and other traditional teachings known as the Oral Torah had been sufficient to maintain continuity about what it meant to live and think properly as Jews. After the Diaspora of the second century ce, however, it seemed likely that the Jews would be living for generations in many different places under widely varying circumstances, and without an institution such as the Sanhedrin, maintaining a strong, collective Jewish identity was unlikely.<br />
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The solution to this problem came from the rabbis, to whom, in the second to the sixth centuries ce, Jewish communities throughout the Mediterranean world turned for guidance and instruction. The rabbis, who were scholars functioning as both teachers and scribes, realized the importance of writing down the Oral Torah, a massive body of explanations and interpretations of the covenant, as well as traditional stories told to each new generation. In the early years of the third century ce, under the leadership of Rabbi Judah haNasi (ca. 165–220 ce), the Oral Torah was recorded in a work called the Mishnah.<br />
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Almost immediately, the work was viewed as inadequate. The Oral Torah was part of a dynamic intellectual tradition of applying what was perceived as the perfect and unchanging word of God to the circumstances and demands of the changing times. The Mishnah seemed too permanent, too dry, too incomplete. To capture some of the stimulating discussion characteristic of the Sanhedrin, as well as its traditional respect for well-reasoned but differing points of view, a commentary known as the Gemara began to surround the text of each passage of the Mishnah. The Gemara was a record of what had been debated, preserving disagreements as well as consensus. Commentaries on the commentaries continued to be added by successive generations of rabbis, and the Gemara did not take its final shape until around 700 ce. The combined Mishnah and Gemara came to be known as the Talmud. <br />
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A 1st Century <a href="https://youtu.be/6T3v42tyvmk">Jew on Jesus</a>, 2:31<br />
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https://youtu.be/6T3v42tyvmk<br />
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The Rise of Christianity 252<br />
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<a href="https://www.tes.com/lessons/dcE-OzwNR8V5Pw/rise-of-christianity">rise-of-christianity</a><br />
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https://www.tes.com/lessons/dcE-OzwNR8V5Pw/rise-of-christianity <br />
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THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY<br />
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What forces contributed to the spread of the Christian religion and how did Christians make use of typology, symbolism, and iconography?<br />
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The development of Christianity, the religion that would have such a profound effect upon the history of the Western world, can only be understood in the context of Jewish history. It developed as one among many other minor sects of Judaism, at first so inconsequential that Josephus only briefly mentions it. Later theological writings, as opposed to actual historical accounts written at the time, tell us that in Judea’s sectarian climate, Jesus of Nazareth was born to Mary and Joseph of Judea in about 4 bce. At about the age of 30, Jesus began to lead the life of an itinerant rabbi. He preached repentance, compassion for the poor and meek, love of God and neighbor, and the imminence of the apocalypse, which he called the coming of the kingdom of God.<br />
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Although his teachings were steeped in the wisdom of the Jewish tradition, they antagonized both Jewish and Roman leaders. Jesus, in the spirit of reform, had challenged the commercialization of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, especially the practice of money-changing within its sacred precincts, alienating the Sadducee sect that managed it. After his followers identified him as the Messiah, or Savior—he did not make the claim for himself—both conservative Jewish leaders and Roman rulers were threatened. The proclamation by his followers that he was the son of God amounted to a crime against the Roman state, since the emperor was considered to be the only divine human on earth. In fact, since Jews were monotheistic and refused to worship other gods, including the emperor, their beliefs were a political threat to the Romans. The Christian sect’s belief in the divinity of Jesus posed a special problem. <br />
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The Influence of <a href="https://youtu.be/PmE7ZMpWjRw">Greece on Early Christianity</a>, 3:18<br />
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What was the relationship of ancient Greek culture to early Christianity? This seminar will open with two topics of significance in the early development of Christianity: the image (or icon) and the Jesus story itself. The course will also include lectures on the tragic paradigm in Greek poetry (Homer and Sophocles) and a discussion of the soul in Plato's Phaedo. Then we trace the Hellenization of the ancient Mediterranean, beginning with the conquests of Alexander the Great and their influence on the diffusion of Hellenic philosophy and culture. We will also discuss the Logos in the Gospel of John, as well as how the Apostle Paul fits into ancient Epicureanism. The seminar will conclude with the conversion of the Emperor Constantine and the Council of Nicaea, and examine the fusion of Judaism and Platonism in the formation of the Nicene Creed in 325 CE. Find out more at: http://hsp.arizona.edu<br />
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https://youtu.be/PmE7ZMpWjRw<br />
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The Evangelists 252<br />
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The Evangelists<br />
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Upon his death, Jesus’ reputation grew as his evangelists spread the word of his life and resurrection (the word evangelist comes from the Greek evangelos, meaning “bearer of good”—and note the root angel in the word as well). Preeminent among these was Paul, who had persecuted Jews in Judea before converting to the new faith in Damascus (in present-day Syria) in 35 ce. Paul’s epistles, or letters, are the earliest writings of the new Christian faith. In letters written to churches he founded or visited in Asia Minor, Greece, Macedonia, and Rome, which comprise 14 books of the Christian Scriptures, he argues the nature of religious truth and interprets the life of Christ—his preferred name for Jesus, one that he coined. Christ means, literally, “the Anointed One.” It refers to the Jewish tradition of anointing priests, kings, and prophets with oil, and the fact that by Jesus’ time Jews had come to expect a savior who embodied all the qualities of priest, king, and prophet. In true sectarian tradition, for Paul, the only correct expression of Judaism included faith in Christ. Paul conflated Jewish tradition, then, with his belief that Jesus’ Crucifixion was the act of his salvation of humankind. He argued that Christ was blameless and suffered on the cross to pay for the sins of humanity. Resurrection, he believed, was at the heart of the Christian faith, but redemption was by no means automatic—sinners had to show their faith in Christ and his salvation. Faith, he argues in his Epistle to the Church in Rome, ensures salvation (Reading 8.2): <br />
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Symbols and Iconography in Christian Thinking and Art 254<br />
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The new Christian faith did not immediately abandon its traditions as a Jewish sect. Jesus, for instance, never thought of himself as anything other than a Jew. All of his associates and disciples were Jews. He regularly worshiped in Jewish communal worship and he preached from the Torah, the authority of which he never denied. The major distinction was that Christian Jews believed in Jesus’ Resurrection and status as Messiah, while non-Christian Jews did not. Christian Jews regarded the failure of the larger Jewish community to recognize the importance of Jesus as reason to separate themselves from that community to pursue what they believed to be the true will of God. Not until sometime in the early second century ce did Christianity cease to be a Jewish sect. By then, Christians had abandoned Jewish rituals, including circumcision, but even as it slowly distinguished itself from its Jewish roots, Christianity had to come to terms with those roots. In doing so, it found a distinctive way to accept the Hebrew Scriptures.<br />
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Christians believed the stories in the Hebrew Scriptures prefigured the life of Jesus. For example, Adam and Eve’s fall from grace in the Garden of Eden—the original sin that was believed to doom all of humanity—was seen as anticipating the necessity of God’s sacrifice of his son, Jesus, to atone for the sins of humankind. Similarly, Christians interpreted Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son, Isaac, as prefiguring God’s sacrifice of his son. This view of history is called typology, from the Greek tupos meaning “example” or “figure.” Thus Solomon, in his wisdom, is a type for Christ.<br />
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Very little early Christian art survives, and most of what we have dates from the third and fourth centuries. In paintings decorating catacombs, underground cemeteries, and a few sculptures, certain themes and elements are so prevalent that we can assume they reflect relatively long-standing representational traditions. In almost all of these works, it is not so much the literal meaning of the image that matters, but rather its symbolic significance. Likewise, the aesthetic dimension of the work is clearly less important than its message. A very common image is that of Christ as the Good Shepherd, which derives from Jesus’ promise, “I am the good shepherd. A good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep” (John 10:11). The overwhelming message of this symbolism involves the desire of the departed to join Jesus’ flock in heaven, to be miraculously reborn like Jonah. As the Lamb of God, a reference to the age-old role of the lamb in sacrificial offerings, Jesus is, of course, both shepherd and sheep—guardian of his flock and God the Father’s sacrificial lamb. In fact, it is unclear whether images such as the freestanding representation of The Good Shepherd (Fig. 8.4) represent Christ or symbolize a more general concept of God caring for his flock, perhaps even capturing a sheep for sacrifice. The naturalism of the sculpture echoes Classical and Hellenistic traditions. We see this too in monumental funerary sculpture, such as the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (see Closer Look, pages 256–257). The shepherd adopts a contrapposto pose, reminiscent of Polyclitus’ Doryphoros of the fifth century bce (see Fig. 5.4 in Chapter 5). His body is confidently modeled beneath the drapery of his clothing. He turns as if engaged with some other person or object outside the scope of the sculpture itself, animating the space around him. And the sheep he carries on his back seems to struggle to set itself free. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/ggIXPM8syhI">Why Do We Have Four Gospels</a>? 4:57<br />
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Have you ever wondered why there were 4 gospels written instead of just one? Stick around and find out why.<br />
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Hey everyone, welcome back my name is Allen Parr and today we are answering the question, “Why do we have 4 gospels instead of just one?”<br />
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The first thing we have to realize is that each gospel was written by a different person for a difference purpose to a specific group of people.<br />
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During the time when these Gospels were written there was all sorts of information circulating around written about Jesus. There were healings, miracles, sermons, teachings, parables. Stories about His life, etc.<br />
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Each gospel writer carefully selected from this group to convince their particular audience that Jesus was indeed God. So let's look at Matthew<br />
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PURPOSE: To convince the Jewish people that Jesus was the promised Messiah whom THEY had just crucified.<br />
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How does he do it? Knowing that the Jews believed in the authority of the OT, Matthew used more OT Scriptures than the other writers to show how Jesus was the fulfillment of over 330 prophecies written about Him in the OT. ii. Focuses more on how Jesus was the fulfillment of over 330 prophecies written about Him in the OT. 5. Mark a. PURPOSE: To convince the Romans that Jesus was the promised Messiah. So Mark had to get into the mind of a Roman and ask, “What is it that would convince me to believe that Jesus is indeed God?” b. How does he do it? i. His gospel is the shortest because he omitted things about Jesus’ life that would probably not convince a Roman to believe in Jesus. ii. If you’re a Roman you don’t care where Jesus was born and who His great, great granddaddy is? Just tell me what He can do for ME! 1. Genealogy & Nativity 2. Jesus’ long teachings 3. Omits most OT references iii. Mark knew that a Roman would be impressed with a God who performed miracles, healings and raised people from the dead. So Mark focused moreso on what Jesus did rather than what Jesus said. 6. Luke – Luke was a Gentile (non-Jew) who was writing primarily to a Gentile audience. When Jesus was alive there were all these groups that the Jews considered to be rejects (lepers, prostitutes, Samaritans, Gentiles, Tax Collectors, sinners, etc.) So, Luke says, you know what, “I’m going to write a gospel that will show people that Jesus didn’t just come for the good people, the religious people, the highly aristocratic Jew.” No, Jesus came for people like you and I who messed up our lives, made poor decisions, etc. And so Luke wrote to convince these people that Jesus came for them. a. Luke includes stories in his gospel that are not found in any of the other 3 gospels to prove that Jesus came not just for the religious Jewish people but for people who messed up their life. (Prodigal Son, Thief on the cross, prostitute, ten lepers, etc.) b. So next time you read Luke I want you to notice how Luke wrote to convince people that if you’ve messed up your life, if you need grace or you feel like you’ve made too many mistakes, Luke writes a gospel focused on grace! 7. John – John’s gospel is unique in that 93% of its content is not found in the other three gospels. John was writing to a general audience and his purpose was to prove that Jesus was God. He did this by focusing on 7 statements that Jesus made about Himself and 8 miracles that Jesus performed during His earthly ministry in hopes of convincing his audience that Jesus is indeed God.<br />
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https://youtu.be/ggIXPM8syhI<br />
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Christian Rome 258<br />
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What was the Roman reaction to Christianity and in what ways did Roman tradition influence the religion’s development?<br />
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Christianity spread rapidly across the Roman Empire (Map 8.1). As the map indicates, Christian areas of the Empire increased dramatically from 200 to 400 ce, and as Christian authority increased, Roman authority naturally waned. The emperor Constantine’s predecessor, Diocletian (see Chapter 6, Continuity & Change), had unleashed a furious persecution of Christians that lasted for eight years beginning in 303, but he also moved to cement Roman authority by implementing a scheme of government known as the tetrarchy, a four-part monarchy. Diocletian ruled from Solana, a city on the Adriatic near present-day Split, Croatia, and controlled the East, with the other regions of the Empire governed by monarchs in Milan, the Balkans, and Gaul. In a sculpture representing the four (Fig. 8.6), they are almost indistinguishable from one another, except that the two senior Tetrarchs are bearded and their juniors clean-shaven. They hold identical bird-headed swords and wear flat caps from Pannonia. This Roman province was bordered on the north and east by the Danube River in present-day Central Europe, which was the meeting place of the Eastern and Western empires. Their sameness symbolizes their equality, just as their embrace symbolizes their solidarity. Even the sculpture’s material is symbolic: Porphyry is a deep-purple Egyptian stone traditionally reserved for imperial portraits.<br />
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This shift of the Empire’s administration from Rome to its provincial capitals had dramatic implications for Rome itself. Perhaps most important was Diocletian’s removal to Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). There, he almost completely deified the role of the emperor, presenting himself more as the divine manifestation of the gods than as a leader of a citizen-state. He dressed in robes of blue- and gold-threaded silk, glittering with jewels, to symbolize sky and sun. He had his fingernails gilded and gold dust sprinkled in his hair to create the sense of a halo or nimbus encircling his head. When he entered the throne room, servants sprinkled perfume behind him and fan-bearers spread the scent through the room. All kneeled in his presence. He was addressed as dominus, “lord,” and his right to rule, he claimed, was derived not from the people but from God. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/BuLQV8cf1aI">Christianity in Rome</a><br />
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The Nicene Creed 259<br />
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Constantine recognized that Diocletian’s scheme for controlling the Empire was, in most respects, sound. Particularly important was an imperial presence near the eastern and Danubian frontiers of the Empire. To provide this imperial presence in the East, in 324 ce, Constantine founded the city of Constantinople, present-day Istanbul, on the site of the Greek city of Byzantium. The city was dedicated with both pagan rites and Christian ceremonies on May 11, 330. Constantine’s own Christianity became more and more pronounced in his new eastern capital. Though he did not persecute pagans, he officially rejected pagan practices, openly favored Christians as officials, and admitted Church clergy to his court. Perhaps his most important act was to convene the first ecumenical, or worldwide, council of Church leaders in 325 ce at Nicea (present-day Iznik), a site just southeast of Constantinople, in order to address, particularly, the claims of Bishop Arius of Alexandria. Arius argued that Father and Son were not of the same substance, and therefore not coequal and not coeternal. The council rejected the Arian position and produced a document, the Nicene Creed, that unified the Church behind a prescribed doctrine, or dogma, creating, in effect, an orthodox faith. Church leaders believed that by memorizing the Creed, laypeople would be able to easily identify deviations from orthodox Christianity. <br />
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The <a href="https://youtu.be/0YNeTwWU1RE">Creed</a>, 2:56<br />
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When you recite the Creed, are you being real or are you being a robot? Do you even know what you are saying? Is there a difference between believing there is a God and believing in God?<br />
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https://youtu.be/0YNeTwWU1RE<br />
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The Abandonment of Classicism in Art 260<br />
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Roman art was transformed in this period as well. For instance, one of Constantine’s first projects after his victory over his rival Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge in Rome was to construct an impressive triple arch in celebration (Fig. 8.7), for which he raided the artworks of other Roman monuments. Comparing the reliefs made for Constantine’s arch, particularly the horizontal panel that shows Constantine Addressing the People, with the circular roundels (round reliefs) above it, provides insight into the changes in the art and culture of this period that the Christian faith inspired. The roundels come from a monument to Hadrian made almost 200 years earlier. In one roundel (Fig. 8.8), Hadrian and two companions stand before the statue of Apollo. The space is illusionistic, rendered realistically so that the figures seem to stand well in front of the sculpture. The horse on the right emerges from behind its master on a diagonal that emphasizes a logical progression from background to foreground. The draperies of the figures fall naturalistically. <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/oASDecHeZu8">christians and ancient Rome</a>, 5:20<br />
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https://youtu.be/oASDecHeZu8<br />
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Roman Influences on Christian Churches 262<br />
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The community that developed around the new Christian liturgy embodied in the Nicene Creed required a physical church, and Constantine obliged with a building that became a model for many subsequent churches: Saint Peter’s Basilica, begun in 320 on the site of Peter’s tomb in Rome (Figs. 8.11 and 8.12). Its original dimensions are difficult to fathom, but an eighteenth-century print of a nearly contemporary church in Rome, Saint Paul’s Outside the Walls, gives us a fair idea (Fig. 8.13). The church was as long, as high, and as wide as the Roman basilicas upon which it was modeled (see Figs. 6.35 and 6.36 in Chapter 6). It was approached by a set of stairs to a podium, reminiscent of the Roman Temple of Fortuna Virilis (see Figs. 6.7 and 6.8 in Chapter 6). Entering through a triple-arched gateway (again reminiscent of Roman triumphal arches), visitors found themselves in a colonnaded atrium with a fountain in the center (reminiscent of the Roman domus—perhaps suggesting the “House of God”; see Fig. 6.29 in Chapter 6).<br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/O1HVlFQ-t3M">Early Basilica Churches</a>, 5:03<br />
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The establishment of the early basilica church was a revolution in the church proving to be major cornerstone in the connection between architecture and religion. <br />
Video Bibliography https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlwN7... - Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paris - Sacré-Cœur - HD https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61IaM... - St. Mark's Basilica | Eastern Influences (Venice, Italy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XIFm... - St Mark's Basilica - Venice - Italy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ry_v... - Vatican: Inside St. Peter's Basilica <br />
Script During the period 300 Anno Domini the reign of Constantinople over the Roman Empire the state religion was converted to Christianity, thus having a significant impact on the sacred buildings that were to be built following the monumental decision. The early basilica church evolved from a traditional house church becoming one of the world’s most artistic structures, this model was a cornerstone in the development of church architecture. The early basilica churches consisted of an assembly hall, temple and a private house. The basilica’s unique structure included a long nave with column aisles lit by numerous windows while the altar was given a new refurbishment and view becoming more open to the congregation inside. A key part of the early basilica churches was its domes and bell tower giving a unique architectural statement to be recognised as a basilica. The Basilica’s also included stunning mosaics depicting various spiritual events or figures of the Christian belief including a variety of saints.<br />
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St. Mark’s Basilica is one of the world most significant and oldest basilicas; consecrated in 1117 due to its many golden symbols and mosaics it is known as the church of Gold. The basilica’s statues, relics and architecture were used to convey a strong belief in the divine nature of Christianity as seen through the influence of the saints and God. During the early years of Christianity the church used architecture as a form of worship and replication of the grandeur that was related to heaven and the pure and perfect nature of God. St. Peter’s basilica is the most recognized church as it is the world’s largest consecrated in 1626 it is also a significant basilica as it is one of the world’s most influential structures. St. Peters basilica was artistically influenced by many renowned architects including Michelangelo. Originally St. Peters Basilica followed the basic model of the early basilica church in the year 360. Roman emperor Constantine ordered the church to be built during the 4th century and serve as one of the major Christian churches in Rome at the time. The original church however was destroyed in the 16th century as the construction of the new church had begun. Many of the world’s early basilica churches were of ancient Roman architecture which has evolved through many historical influences. Each basilica had its own spiritual significance conveyed in several ways including a unique style of architecture for each basilica or an icon saint portrayed through mosaics and statues.<br />
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The Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Paris is an iconic basilica that was consecrated late in 1919 however was influenced by many early basilica icons and decorations including items from early 18th century churches. The Basilica was dedicated to the dead soldiers of the Franco-Prussian War during a time where France was suffering from a moral decline after the French Revolution. The Basilica thus was used as symbol of order and righteousness which were key aspects shown through the life of Jesus. These Basilicas in many aspects demonstrated a union after the East-West schism through the aspects and influences of both the western and Eastern Church conveyed through the churches architecture and symbols.<br />
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Early basilica churches were by far the most significant abiotic figures of the church’s history as they have evolved over the many years and survived through each event in the history of Christianity. The Christian church has changed from the humble home church to something that has been showcased as spiritual and architectural landmark across the world.<br />
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https://youtu.be/O1HVlFQ-t3M<br />
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Greek and Roman Myths in Christianity 264<br />
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The design makes clear, in fact, the ways in which Christianity incorporated into itself many Greek and Roman mythic traditions—a practice known as syncretism, the reconciliation of different rites and practices into a single philosophy or religion. This occurred not only in the design of Christian churches but also in the symbolism of its art and literature—and it makes perfect sense. How better to convert pagan peoples than to present your religious program in their own terms? After all, the Greek wine god Dionysus had, like Christ, promised human immortality in the manner of the grapevine itself, which appears to die each fall only to be reborn in the spring. Just as Christians had found prefigurings of Christ in the Hebrew Bible, it was possible to argue that Dionysus was a pagan type of Christ. <br />
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Augustine and Early Christian Philosophy 266<br />
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There is one other aspect of Mithras’ cult that we also know—he was the god of truth and light. How much the Mithras cult influenced the Church Fathers is unclear, but light played an important role in their writing, and images of light appear often in the writings of early Christians. For instance, the Roman prelate Ambrose (339–397), Bishop of Milan, refers to God as the “Light of light, light’s living spring” in his “Ancient Morning Hymn.” Perhaps the most important of the early Church Fathers, Augustine of Hippo (present-day Annaba, Algeria), describes the moment of his conversion to Christianity as one in which he was infused with “the light of full certainty.” <br />
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The Byzantine Empire and Its Church 268<br />
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How does Byzantine art differ from earlier, Classical models and how does it reflect the values of the empire and its church?<br />
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Constantine had built his new capital at Constantinople in 325 ce in no small part because Rome was too vulnerable to attack from Germanic tribes. Located on a highly defensible peninsula, Constantinople was far less susceptible to threat, and indeed, while Rome finally collapsed after successive Germanic invasions in 476, Constantinople would serve as the center of Christian culture throughout the early Middle Ages, surviving until 1453 when Ottoman Turks finally succeeded in overrunning it.<br />
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In Constantine’s Constantinople, Christian basilicas stood next to Roman baths, across from a Roman palace and Senate, the former connected to a Roman hippodrome, all but the basilicas elaborately decorated with pagan art and sculpture gathered from across the Empire (Map 8.2). <br />
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Justinian’s Empire 269<br />
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After Rome collapsed in 476, Odoacer, a Germanic leader, named himself King of Italy (r. 476–93), which he governed from the northern Italian city of Ravenna. When the Ostrogoth (“Eastern Goth”) king Theodoric the Great overthrew Odoacer in 493 (he would rule Italy until 526), the Byzantine emperors tolerated him, largely because he was Christian and had been raised in the imperial palace in Constantinople. But after a new, young emperor, Justinian (r. 527–65), assumed the Byzantine throne, things quickly changed. Justinian launched a massive campaign to rebuild Constantinople, including the construction of a giant new Hagia Sophia (Fig. 8.19) at the site of the old one when the latter was burned to the ground in 532 by rioting civic “clubs”—that probably were more like modern “gangs.” The riots briefly caused Justinian to consider abandoning Constantinople, but his queen, Theodora, persuaded him to stay: “If you wish to save yourself, O Emperor,” she is reported to have counseled, “that is easy. For we have much money, there is the sea, here are the boats. But think whether after you have been saved you may not come to feel that you would have preferred to die.” Justinian may well have begun construction of the new Hagia Sophia to divert attention from the domestic turmoil stirred up by the warring gangs. And he may have conceived his imperial adventuring to serve the same end (Map 8.3). In 535, he retook North Africa from the Visigoths, and a year later, he launched a campaign, headed by his general Belisarius, to retake Italy from the successors of Theodoric. But through his massive building program, in particular, Justinian aimed to assert not only his political leadership but his spiritual authority as well. His rule was divine, as his divine works underscored.<br />
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Ravenna and the Western Empire 274<br />
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The most extensive examples of Byzantine art survive in Ravenna, a relatively small city in northern Italy near the Adriatic Sea. (In the Eastern Empire, conquering Muslims were not nearly so interested in preserving Christian art and architecture as their Christian counterparts in the West.) Ravenna’s art was the result of over 250 years of Byzantine rule, beginning in 402 when Honorius, son of Theodosius I, made it the capital of the Western Empire. Surrounded by marshes and easily defended from the waves of Germanic invasion that struck at Rome, by the fifth and sixth centuries, Ravenna was the most prosperous city in the West, the economic, political, and religious center of Western culture. Its art reflected its stature.<br />
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Honorius was succeeded by the first of several women to rise to positions of power in the Byzantine world, the empress Galla Placidia, whose name means “the gentle, or mild, woman of Gaul.” Galla Placidia was Honorius’ half-sister. The Goths captured her in Rome in 410, where she became the wife of the Goth ruler. By 416, her Goth husband dead, she returned to Ravenna and married the consul Constantius, who apparently tried to usurp the throne. Ultimately, she ruled as Galla Placidia Augusta until 450.<br />
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In Ravenna, Galla Placidia built a large basilica dedicated to Saint John the Evangelist. (Only the columns, capitals, and bases of the original church survive in the present San Giovanni Evangelista.) The story goes that on her return to Ravenna, while caught in a severe storm at sea, she prayed to Saint John for deliverance, promising to build him a church if she survived. She also built a second large, cross-shaped church, Santa Croce, which reputedly contained a relic of the True Cross, the one upon which Christ had been sacrificed. <br />
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The Later Byzantine Empire 277<br />
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What is the role of the image in Byzantine art and why did iconoclasts attack it?<br />
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Strange as it may seem, Justinian and Theodora never actually set foot in Ravenna, let alone San Vitale, and their depiction on its walls is probably best understood as a symbol of the relations between Church and State in the Byzantine Empire. Intimately interrelated and mutually dependent, the two balanced one another. Thus, while Maximian, the bishop of Ravenna, stands a little forward of Justinian in the San Vitale mosaic, Justinian’s arm and the paten it holds lie (somewhat improbably) in front of Maximian. It is easy to understand, then, how the century and a half of military and political setbacks that followed Justinian’s rule were interpreted in Byzantium as Church-related. Germanic tribes overran Italy and the Balkans. Persian forces sacked Jerusalem in 614. But even more important was the rise of Islam after the death of Muhammad in 632 (see Chapter 9). Although the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (r. 610–41) recaptured Jerusalem in 620, the Muslim Arabs took it in 638. Within two years, the Muslim Arabs had conquered Syria, Palestine, and Iraq. In 642, the Byzantine army abandoned Alexandria, and Islam in effect controlled all of what once had been Byzantine Asia Minor. Constantinople itself did not fall, but it was besieged twice, from 674 to 678 and from 717 to 718. Only its invincible walls held the Muslim invaders at bay. <br />
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The Iconoclast Controversy 278<br />
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The sudden rise of Islam as a powerful military force had a chilling effect on Byzantine art. The Byzantine emperor Leo III (r. 717–41), who came to power during the second Muslim siege of Constantinople, began to formulate a position opposing the use of holy images. He understood that the Muslims, who were still regarded as Christian heretics, had barred images from their mosques and, so the logic went, their military successes against the Byzantine Empire were a sign both of God’s approval of their religious practice and disapproval of Byzantium’s. Like the Muslims, Leo argued that God had prohibited religious images in the Ten Commandments—“Thou shalt not make any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them nor serve them” (Exodus 20:4–5). Therefore, anyone worshiping such images was an idolater and was offending God. The solution was to ban images.<br />
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Thus was inaugurated a program of iconoclasm, from the Greek eikon (“icon” or “image”) and klao (to “break” or “destroy”), the practice of destroying religious images. By the eighth century, the icon had a rich history in Byzantium. Mosaic icons decorated all churches, and most homes had an icon stand at the front door which visitors greeted even before greeting their host. Among the earliest examples of icons are a set of paintings on wooden panels from Saint Catherine’s monastery, Mount Sinai, among them a Theotokos and Child (Fig. 8.31). Theotokos means “God-bearing,” an epithet defining Mary as the Mother of God, an official Orthodox Church view after 431. If Mary is the mother of Jesus, the Church argued, and if Jesus is God, then Mary is the Mother of God. Such images, and the doctrine associated with them, were expected to stir the viewer to prayer. Mary’s eyes are averted from the viewer’s, but the Christ Child, like the two military saints, Theodore (left) and George, who flank the central pair, looks straight out. The two angels behind raise their eyes to the sky, down from which God’s hand descends in blessing. The words of the sixth-century Byzantine poet Agathias (ca. 536–82) are useful here: “The mortal man who beholds the image directs his mind to a higher contemplation. … The eyes encourage deep thoughts, and art is able by means of colors to ferry over the prayer of the mind.” Thus, the icon was in some sense a vessel of prayer directed to the saint, and, given Mary’s military escort, must have offered the viewer her protection. <br />
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Tradition and Innovation: The Icon in the Second Golden Age 279<br />
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When the Macedonian dynasty (867–1056) initiated by Basil I came to power, the Empire enjoyed a cultural rebirth of art and architecture, often referred to as the Second Golden Age. Although the Empire’s reach was somewhat reduced, its wealthy autocracy could claim control of present-day Turkey and other areas around the Black Sea, the Balkan peninsula including Greece, and southern Italy, including Sicily. It also exerted influence over Russia, Ukraine, and Venice, its major trading partner in the Adriatic.<br />
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The artists of the Macedonian era turned to both Classical and Justinian models for their church decoration, lending the traditional icon a more naturalistic air and an almost Hellenistic emotional appeal. While images of Christ on the cross had occasionally appeared in earlier centuries, after the iconoclast controversy, they appeared with greater frequency. A particularly fine example survives at Daphni, near Athens, Greece, in the Church of the Dormition (from the Latin word for “sleep” and referring to the assumption into heaven of the Virgin Mary at the moment of her death) (Fig. 8.33). The image remains completely traditional in its reverse perspective (noticeable particularly on the platform at Christ’s feet) and in its refusal to create a realistic spatial setting, opting instead for the spiritual space of its golden background. But the nudity of Christ and the graceful gestures of the Virgin and Saint John, the draperies of their clothing falling almost softly in comparison to the stiff folds of the Justinian and Theodora mosaics at San Vitale, are clearly inspired by Classical antecedents. Even more Classical is the pure human emotion that the figures convey. Where early Christian art had emphasized the Saviour’s power, wisdom, and personal strength, this image hints at his vulnerability, the human pathos of his sacrifice. The arc of blood and water springing from his side, referring to both the Eucharist and the Baptism, connects his “passion” to our own.<br />
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READINGS<br />
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8.1 from Josephus, The Jewish War, Book 2, “The Three Sects” 284<br />
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At the beginning of The Jewish War, its author introduces himself as “Joseph, son of Matthias, an ethnic Hebrew, a priest from Jerusalem.” He had fought the Romans in the First Jewish-Roman War beginning in 66 ce, as a commander in Galilee, but after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 ce, he apparently joined Titus’ entourage when it returned to Rome with all its spoils. Despite living rather comfortably under the patronage of the Flavian emperors, he remained, in his own eyes at least, a loyal and observant Jew, intent on advocating for the Jewish people in the hostile atmosphere of the Roman Empire.<br />
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Josephus wrote all his works, including The Jewish War, in Rome. His is the most thorough account we have of Roman-Jewish relations in the first century ce. It also provides much information about Jewish sectarian thought, since he blamed the Jewish War on “unrepresentative and over-zealous fanatics” among the Jews—sects, that is, other than the aristocratic Pharisees to which he belonged. The passage from The Jewish War excerpted here concentrates on one of the “overzealous” sects, the Essenes. <br />
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8.2 from the Bible, Romans 5:1–11 252<br />
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8.3 from the Bible, Matthew 6:25–33 254<br />
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8.4 The Nicene Creed 259<br />
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8.5 from Augustine’s Confessions 285<br />
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What do you believe motivated Augustine to write his Confessions? <br />
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Of all the Latin Church fathers, Augustine of Hippo was the most influential. His Confessions are unique in the history of early Christianity because they represent the personal struggle of an individual to overcome his love of worldly pleasures and come, instead, to love God. The distinction he draws between the rewards of the physical appetites as opposed to those of spiritual knowledge, between the demands of the body and those of the soul, are fundamental to the development of Christian doctrine. In the first of the two passages excerpted below, the famous episode of “The Pear Tree” in Book 2, he describes what can only be called his darkest moment, when, in his sixteenth year, he stole a neighbor’s pears. Later, in Book 8, still leading a dissolute life as a student but despairing of his lifestyle, he describes his conversion to Christianity in a garden near Carthage at the age of 33. <br />
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8.5a from Augustine, Confessions 266<br />
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8.6 from Augustine’s The City of God 286<br />
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The following passage is representative of Augustine’s use of allegory in The City of God. In allegory, meanings of an abstract or spiritual nature are revealed in material and concrete forms. Thus, here, Augustine sees Noah’s ark as an allegorical figure for, first, the wooden cross upon which Christ was crucified, then the lives of the saints, and then the Church itself.<br />
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Augustine’s allegory is based on the fact that both the ark and the cross were made of wood. How does he extend and expand on this analogy?<br />
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8.6a from Augustine, The City of God 267<br />
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8.7 Ambrose’s “Ancient Morning Hymn” 286<br />
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Ambrose was a Roman aristocrat, a generation older than Augustine, who became the bishop of Milan in 374, about 13 years before Augustine’s conversion to Christianity in a garden near Carthage. A great mediator between different factions of the Church, he was also the first to compose hymns to be sung by the entire congregation. The simplicity of his diction and the direct optimism embodied in his imagery go a long way toward accounting for the popularity of his hymns—to say nothing of their survival in the liturgy. In short, the crowds could both enjoy singing his verses and identify with his vision.<br />
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Both Ambrose’s hymn and the Egyptian Akhenaten’s Hymn to the Sun (see Reading 3.3 in Chapter 3) are addressed to the sun. How do they otherwise compare? <br />
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<a href="https://youtu.be/6F5qe03D4AA">St. Ambrose</a> HD, 3:25<br />
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Saint Ambrose, also known as Ambrose of Milan, is one of the four original doctors of the Church. He was the Bishop of Milan and one of the most important theological figures of the 4th century. Ambrose was born around 340 AD to a Roman Christian family. When Ambrose was just an infant, a swarm of bees landed on his face and left behind a single drop of honey. He was educated in Rome, where he studied law, literature and rhetoric. Ambrose received a place on the council, and was made consular prefect, or the Governor, of Liguria and Emilia around 372 AD. He remained Governor until 374 when he became the Bishop of Milan, due to popular demand. Within a week's time, Ambrose was baptized, ordained and duly consecrated as the bishop of Milan on December 7, 374. Ambrose was generous to the poor, making him widely popular and often more politically powerful than even the emperor. His preaching abilities impressed Augustine of Hippo and in 387, it was Ambrose who baptized Augustine. According to legend, Ambrose tried to put an end to Arianism in Milan. He often attempted to theologically dispute their propositions. Ambrose refused to turn over any churches to the Arians. When Milan was taken by Magnus Maximus, Ambrose stayed and is credited with doing a great service to the sufferers during this time. He passed away on April 4, 397, and his body remains in the church of St. Ambrogio in Milan. Ambrose introduced successful reforms for public worship. He was a great influence on many Popes, and is credited with composing the Antiphonal Chant. St. Ambrose is the Confessor and Doctor of the Church. He is the patron saint of bee keepers, beggars, learning and Milan, and his feast day is celebrated on December 7.<br />
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https://youtu.be/6F5qe03D4AA<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6F5qe03D4AA" width="560"></iframe> <br />
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8.8 from Procopius, On Justinian’s Buildings (ca. 537) 270<br />
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FEATURES<br />
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CLOSER LOOK The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus 256<br />
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MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES Byzantine Mural Mosaics 272<br />
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CONTINUITY & CHANGE Byzantine Influences 281 <br />
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<b>Assignment 1: Essay – Exploring Ancient Mysteries</b><br />
Due Week 4 and worth 100 points<br />
Choose one (1) of the topics below and develop a three to four (3-4) paragraph essay (of at least 250-500 words) which adequately address the topic you have chosen.<br />
<b>Topic Choices</b><br />
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<ul><li>There have been many theories regarding how the pyramids at Giza were constructed. Most experts agree that they were constructed as burial monuments for pharaohs, but “how” these ancient people constructed monuments of such great size without modern machinery is a mystery which is still being debated. </li>
<li>No one can say for certain what happened to the great urban Mayan civilization, but theories abound and include varied possible alternatives to explain the relatively abrupt and mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization.</li>
<li>Tutankhamen died young, at approximately eighteen (18) years of age. However, his cause of death has been the subject of quite varied scholarly theories and conclusions. Did he die of an injury, of illness, of murder, or something else?.</li>
<li>Minoan Crete was a major civilization in its time, but several theories have been advanced to explain its demise, including speculations associating it with mythical Atlantis. What were the causes of Minoan Civilization's decline?</li>
<li>Great Zimbabwe is an enormous complex of structures in East Africa. Since the builders and occupants left no written records, several theories have developed as to the identity of its builders and the functions of the structures. Which theory makes the most sense?</li>
<li>The monumental size and complexity of the Tomb of Shihuangdi is astounding, yet its location and construction details were to be kept secret. What was the emperor’s purpose for such an elaborate, secret burial place?</li>
<li>Other topic choice recommended and approved by the professor and supported by the grading rubric.</li>
</ul>Write a three to four (3-4) paragraph paper in which you:<br />
<ol><li>Clearly state the “mystery” and provide a brief summary of at least two (2) reasonable and scholarly theories which could explain the mystery. Because some theories may sound far-fetched, include the source or promoter of each theory – such as a scientist, a historian, a theologian, etc.</li>
<li>After summarizing at least two (2) scholarly theories, identify one (1) of the theories as the most plausible and provide at least two (2) convincing reasons why the theory you have chosen is the best one to explain the mystery. This will involve some critical reasoning skills on your part.</li>
<li>Use at least two (2) sources plus the class textbook. (Three [3] sources total as the minimum) <b>Note:</b> Wikipedia and other similar Websites do not qualify as academic resources. You are highly encouraged to use the Resource Center tab at the top of your Blackboard page.</li>
</ol>Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:<br />
<ul><li>Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA style format. Both in-text citations and a References list are required. Citations and references must follow APA style format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. (<b>Note:</b> Students can find APA style materials located in the course shell for guidance).</li>
<li>Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. For our purposes, you may omit any abstract page.</li>
</ul>The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:<br />
<ul><li>Explain how key social, cultural, and artistic contributions contribute to historical changes.</li>
<li>Explain the importance of situating a society’s cultural and artistic expressions within a historical context.</li>
<li>Examine the influences of intellectual, religious, political, and socio-economic forces on social, cultural, and artistic expressions.</li>
<li>Identify major historical developments in world cultures during the eras of antiquity to the Renaissance</li>
<li>Use technology and information resources to research issues in the study of world cultures.</li>
<li>Write clearly and concisely about world cultures using proper writing mechanics.</li>
</ul>Buddhism<br />
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<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600957-dt-content-rid-103631353_4/xid-103631353_4" rel="nofollow">Pre-Built Course Content</a><br />
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<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600957-dt-content-rid-106664857_2/xid-106664857_2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="Buddhism PowerPoint">Buddhism FisherBriefPPT_Ch5_JAT.ppt</a><br />
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<img alt="Buddhism Review" height="936" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600957-dt-content-rid-106664858_2/xid-106664858_2" width="992" /><br />
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<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600957-dt-content-rid-103631353_4/xid-103631353_4" rel="nofollow">Pre-Built Course Content</a><br />
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<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1116/Week2-1116/Lecture1/player.html" rel="nofollow">Supplemental Lecture 1</a><br />
<ul><li>Early Chinese Culture</li>
<li>Imperial China</li>
<li>Ancient China</li>
</ul>https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1116/Week2-1116/Lecture1/player.html<br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1116/Week2-1116/Lecture2/player.html" rel="nofollow">Supplemental Lecture 2</a><br />
<ul><li>Developments in China</li>
<li>India and Southeast Asian Civilizations</li>
</ul>https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1116/Week2-1116/Lecture2/player.html<br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600957-dt-content-rid-103631354_4/xid-103631354_4" rel="nofollow">Pre-Built Course Content</a><br />
Powerpoint Introduction to Hinduism<br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600957-dt-content-rid-106647898_2/xid-106647898_2" rel="nofollow" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><br />
<img alt="Hinduism Notes" height="936" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600957-dt-content-rid-106648736_2/xid-106648736_2" width="992" /><br />
<a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600957-dt-content-rid-103631354_4/xid-103631354_4" rel="nofollow">Pre-Built Course Content</a><br />
Confucianism<br />
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title"><span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Confucius & Confucianism">Confucius & Confucianism, 8:21<br />
</span></h1><span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" title="Confucius & Confucianism">http://youtu.be/Ximqppmkfc4</span><br />
<iframe frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ximqppmkfc4" width="560"></iframe><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0.0% 0.0%; border: 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; padding: 0.0in;"><span style="color: black;">Art & Architecture of Buddhism</span></span></div><h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title"><span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="The Hindu Temple"><span style="font-size: small;">The Hindu Temple, 4:50</span><br />
</span></h1>An introduction to the art and architecture of the Hindu temples of India.<br />
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http://youtu.be/Yiupwfu_h0k<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Yiupwfu_h0k" width="420"></iframe><br />
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Chandragupta Maurya Video | The Mauryan Empire History | Chanakya Niti Education Video, 8:32<br />
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http://youtu.be/7ISmwH6ShrE<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7ISmwH6ShrE" width="560"></iframe><br />
<div class="item clearfix"><h3><span style="color: #bb0000;">Week 4 Explore</span></h3><span class="contextMenuContainer" style="display: inline;"><a class="cmimg editmode jsInit" href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_id=_18600962_1&course_id=_176056_1#contextMenu" rel="nofollow" title="Week 4 Explore item options"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/cmlink_generic.gif" /> </a></span> <a class="u_floatThis-right" href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_id=_18600962_1&course_id=_176056_1#" rel="nofollow" title="Hide Details"><img alt="Hide Details" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/ng/portlet_contract.gif" /> </a></div><div class="details"><div class="vtbegenerated"><br />
<i>China and Its Great Wall</i><br />
<ul><li>Chapter 7 (pp. 216-218, 225), early phases, (pp. 617-618) later phase</li>
<li>Explore wall interactively at <a href="http://www.airpano.ru/files/China-Great-Wall/2-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.airpano.ru/files/China-Great-Wall/2-2</a></li>
<li>Video at <a href="http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/discovery-atlas-china-revealed-the-great-wall.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/discovery-atlas-china-revealed-the-great-wall.htm</a></li>
<li>UNESCO article at <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438</a></li>
<li>“China’s Wall Less Great in View from Space” article at <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall.html</a></li>
</ul><i>Constantinople's Hagia Sophia</i><br />
<ul><li>Chapter 8 (pp. 267-281)</li>
<li>Images at <a href="http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html</a> </li>
<li>Video <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng--WLT0Xjc" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng--WLT0Xjc</a></li>
<li>Byzantine mosaics of Ravenna, Italy at <a href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/byzantine-justinian.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/byzantine-justinian.html</a></li>
</ul></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0.0in 0.0in 10.0pt 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"></div>MUSIC FOLDER<br />
<div class="item clearfix"><h3><span style="color: #990000;">HUM111 Music for Week 4</span></h3><span class="contextMenuContainer" style="display: inline;"><a class="cmimg editmode jsInit" href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_id=_18600958_1&course_id=_176056_1#contextMenu" rel="nofollow" title="HUM111 Music for Week 4 item options"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/cmlink_generic.gif" /> </a></span> <a class="u_floatThis-right" href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_id=_18600958_1&course_id=_176056_1#" rel="nofollow" title="Hide Details"><img alt="Hide Details" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/ng/portlet_contract.gif" /> </a></div><div class="details"><div class="vtbegenerated"><br />
<div style="font-weight: 300;">In this week's readings (<b>Chaps. 7-8</b>), there is no direct mention of a musical selection.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> However, there is much we can learn about ancient music with a little exploration.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>ANCIENT MUSIC:</b></b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> We have visuals and even some remains of musical instruments from early cultures (like Mesopotamia), and some ancient literary references to music and instruments. We even have some lyrics.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>However, they did not have sheet music or recording, so it is very difficult to reconstruct what any ancient music sounded like until we get to the later age of some traditional religious chants and music that have been passed down.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> But, it will be Week 5 (chaps. 9-10) before we reach that point.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> However, here in Week 4, we can still learn a great deal about ancient music of various cultures, and we can be grateful for a few attempts to reconstruct the sound.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>Week 4:</b></b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> <b>C</b></span><b><b>hapters 7-8<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></b></b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>MUSIC of ancient CHINA<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></b></b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>Chapter 7--</b></b></div><ol><li style="font-weight: 300;">221-222 - These pages discuss evidence for early Chinese music.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> See fig. 7.7 .<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>A large list of different musical instruments is provided.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 300;">228-229, 241 - These pages discuss <i>Yue Fu</i> songs of the common people of China, and poems are given on these pages that served as song lyrics.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></li>
</ol><div style="font-weight: 300;">See<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> for a good summation of ancient Chinese music an some lists and pictures of ancient musical instruments:<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/much/hd_much.htm" rel="nofollow" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/much/hd_much.htm</a>.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Also, see <a href="http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/culture/traditional-music.htm" rel="nofollow" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/culture/traditional-music.htm</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>for a summary.</div><div style="font-weight: 300;">Perhaps not ancient, but here is a traditional Chinese song played on a traditional instrument: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfgqHwBdsXw" rel="nofollow" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfgqHwBdsXw</a>.</div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> ---------------------<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>MUSIC of Ancient India</b></b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>Chapter 7, p. 233:</b></b><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> This page mentions the ancient hymns of India called the Vedas.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;">The ancient Vedas, by tradition, are usually chanted.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Often the chanting is combined with meditation and prayer. See examples by watching and listening to the first ten minutes or so of this:<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgR9sdy6y8A" rel="nofollow" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgR9sdy6y8A</a>.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span>It has musical demonstrations of the Vedas and some explanation.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;">This musician explains and demonstrates a traditional Raga musical composition of India: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bFzS6upIW4" rel="nofollow" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bFzS6upIW4</a>.</div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> -------------------------------------<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>Chapter 8---Music of Early Christianity</b></b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;">The musical heritage of the early Christians was rooted in the Jewish psalm and hymn traditions, because Christianity emerged from Judaism.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> And, the non-Jewish Christians also brought with them the musical heritage of Greece and Rome.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Other than the fact that they did sing regularly, we know little of how the early Christian music sounded.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Gradually this was changed as traditional chants and hymns would be passed down from memory and eventually forms of musical notation would be developed to help reconstruct the sound.</div><ol><li style="font-weight: 300;">264, 266-268 (with pp. 286-7 and <a href="http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/Hymni/Splendor.html" rel="nofollow" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/Hymni/Splendor.html</a> and<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> <a href="http://www.smithcreekmusic.com/Hymnology/Latin.Hymnody/Ambrose.html" rel="nofollow" style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" target="_blank">http://www.smithcreekmusic.com/Hymnology/Latin.Hymnody/Ambrose.html</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> )</li>
</ol><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> These pages show music already a custom n the church by the 300s AD.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> Ambrose became Bishop of Milan in Italy in 374 AD, and he penned what is normally called "Ancient Morning Hymn".<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> This song and others were simple and melodic and often became part of the regular worship liturgy.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> However, figuring what it sounded like is difficult.</div><div style="font-weight: 300;">2. 277 (fig. 8.30): Please read this page, which includes Augustine's famous description of music in the church.<span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span> This page also mentions Boethius who presented the classifications used for different classes of music. The churches at Ravenna, Italy, had a splendid musical traditions throughout the city's Byzantine period and then the Middle Ages.</div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>In several future weeks and chapters we will have much more on music in religious contexts, and with sounds and visuals.</b></b></div></div></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span> ------------------------------------- <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b>Part 2<br />
</b></b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b><b></b>The Medieval World and the Shaping of Culture<br />
</b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b>200 CE-1400</b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b>Chapter 8 The Flowering of Christianity</b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b>Faith and the Power of Belief in the Early First Millennium</b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b>Thinking Ahead</b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b>8.1 Outline the development of Judaic culture after the destruction of the Second Temple.</b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b>8.2 Identify the forces at work in the spread of Christianity and differentiate between the new religion's use of typology, symbolism, and iconography.</b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b>8.3 Describe the Roman reaction to Christianity and explore the ways in which Roman traditions may have impacted the religion's development.</b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b>8.4 Characterize the new Byzantine style of art and discuss how it reflects the values of the Byzantine emperors, especially Justinian.</b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b>8.5 Explain the role of images in Byzantine art and why they were subject to iconoclast attack.</b></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><b></b><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>DEVELOPMENTS IN JUDAIC CULTURE<br />
</b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b></b><span style="font-size: small;">Sectarianism and Revolt<br />
</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Rabbis and the Mishnah</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The Rise of Christianity</b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Evangelists<br />
</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Gnostic Gospels</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Symbols and Iconography in Christian Thinking and Art</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Closer Look</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>CHRISTIAN ROME</b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b></b><span style="font-size: small;">The Nicene Creed<br />
</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Abandonment of Classicism in Art</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Roman Influences on Christian Churches</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Greek and Roman Myths in Christianity</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Augustine and Early Christian Philosophy</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Confessions and The City of God</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Augustine, Ambrose, and Music in the Liturgy</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND ITS CHURCH</b></span></div><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600957-dt-content-rid-103631357_4/xid-103631357_4" rel="nofollow">Pre-Built Course Content</a><br />
<div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: small;">Justinian's Empire</span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hagia Sophia</span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: small;">Saint Catherine's Monastery</span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: small;">Materials & Techniques</span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: small;">Byzantine Mural Mosaics</span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ravenna and the Western Empire</span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: small;">Church Building under Theodoric</span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: small;">San Vitale</span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: small;">Music in Ravenna</span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>THE LATER BYZANTINE EMPIRE</b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b></b><span style="font-size: small;">The Iconoclast Controversy<br />
</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tradition and Innovation: The Icon in the Second Golden Age</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Continuity & Change</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Byzantine Influences</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"></div><div style="font-weight: 300;"></div><ul><li>Chapter 8 (pp. 267-281)</li>
<li>Images at <a href="http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html</a></li>
<li>Video <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng--WLT0Xjc" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng--WLT0Xjc</a></li>
<li>Byzantine mosaics of Ravenna, Italy at <a href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/byzantine-justinian.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/byzantine-justinian.html</a></li>
</ul><a href="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1116/Week4-1116/Lecture2/player.html" rel="nofollow">Supplemental Lecture 3</a><br />
<ul><li>Developments in Judaic Culture</li>
<li>The Rise of Christianity</li>
<li>Christian Rome</li>
<li>Roman and Greek Influences on Christian Churches and Rituals</li>
<li>Augustine and Early Christian Philosophy</li>
<li>The Byzantine Empire and its Church</li>
<li>Ravenaa and the Western Empire</li>
<li>The Later Byzantine Empire</li>
</ul>https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/HUM/111/1116/Week4-1116/Lecture2/player.html<br />
DISCUSSION<br />
<div class="ratingsContainer" title="Overall rating of the message is 3."><div class="dbThreadDetailTreeRowCell"><div class="dbThreadDetailTreeRowCellItem message-subject">Week 4 Discussion Option A</div></div></div><div class="dbThreadMessage"><div class="dbThread"><div class="dbThreadInfo clearfix"></div><div class="dbThreadBody"><div class="vtbegenerated"><b>"China and its Great Wall"</b> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:<br />
<ul><li>Describe two (2) specific aspects about the Great Wall of China, such as facts about its size, length, purposes, varied materials, labor force, and its phases of construction. Consider the various purposes of such a wall and its impact for good or bad, and compare the Chinese wall in this respect to some specific wall of more modern times.</li>
</ul><b>Explore</b><br />
<i>China and Its Great Wall</i><br />
<ul><li>Chapter 7 (pp. 216-218, 225), early phases, (pp. 617-618) later phase</li>
<li>Explore wall interactively at <a href="http://www.airpano.ru/files/China-Great-Wall/2-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.airpano.ru/files/China-Great-Wall/2-2</a></li>
<li>Video at <a href="http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/discovery-atlas-china-revealed-the-great-wall.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/discovery-atlas-china-revealed-the-great-wall.htm</a></li>
<li>UNESCO article at <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438</a></li>
<li>“China’s Wall Less Great in View from Space” article at <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall.html</a></li>
</ul></div></div></div></div><div class="ratingsContainer" title="Overall rating of the message is 0."><div class="dbThreadDetailTreeRowCell"><div class="dbThreadDetailTreeRowCellItem message-subject">Week 4 Discussion Option B</div></div></div><div class="dbThreadMessage"><div class="dbThread"><div class="dbThreadInfo clearfix"></div><div class="dbThreadBody"><div class="vtbegenerated"><b>"Constantinople’s Hagia Sophia"</b> Please respond to the following, <b>using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response</b>:<br />
<ul><li>In considering Constantinople’s Hagia Sophia, describe the primary techniques that the architects used to keep such a large dome from collapsing. Explain the key aspects of the design that allow light inside of the Hagia Sophia, and speculate on the comments that Augustine might have had on the importance of this design feature. Of the Byzantine mosaics in Chapter 8 and in the Explore area, identify the one (1) that you enjoy most. Then, explain the message that it was intended to communicate to the medieval worshipper. Identify one (1) specific work of art in modern times that communicates in some similar way, whether for religious, political, or ideological purposes.</li>
</ul><b>Explore</b><br />
<i>Constantinople's Hagia Sophia</i><br />
<ul><li>Chapter 8 (pp. 267-281)</li>
<li>Images at <a href="http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html</a> </li>
<li>Video <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng--WLT0Xjc" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng--WLT0Xjc</a></li>
<li>Byzantine mosaics of Ravenna, Italy at <a href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/byzantine-justinian.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/byzantine-justinian.html</a></li>
</ul><br />
7 Emerging Empires in the East URBAN LIFE AND IMPERIAL MAJESTY IN CHINA AND INDIA 217<br />
<br />
Early Chinese Culture 218<br />
<br />
Chinese Calligraphy 218<br />
<br />
The Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700–1045 bce) 219<br />
<br />
The Zhou Dynasty (1027–256 bce) 220<br />
<br />
The Chu State 224<br />
<br />
Imperial China 225<br />
<br />
The Qin Dynasty (221–206 bce): Organization and Control 225<br />
<br />
The Han Dynasty (206 bce–220 ce): The Flowering of Culture 225<br />
<br />
Ancient India 231<br />
<br />
Hinduism and the Vedic Tradition 233<br />
<br />
Buddhism: “The Path of Truth” 235<br />
<br />
READINGS<br />
<br />
7.1 from the Book of Songs 241<br />
<br />
7.1a from the Book of Songs 221<br />
<br />
7.2 from the Dao De Jing 222<br />
<br />
7.3 from Confucius, the Analects 242<br />
<br />
7.4 from Emperor Wu’s “Heavenly Horses” 228<br />
<br />
7.5 Liu Xijun, “Lament” 228<br />
<br />
7.6 Fu Xuan, “To Be a Woman” 228<br />
<br />
7.7 from the Bhagavad Gita: Krishna’s Counsel in Time of War 242<br />
<br />
7.8 from the Dhammapada 244<br />
<br />
FEATURES<br />
<br />
CLOSER LOOK The Tomb of Qin Shihuangdi 226<br />
<br />
CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Silk Road 239<br />
<br />
PART TWO THE MEDIEVAL WORLD AND THE SHAPING OF CULTURE 200 CE–1400 246<br />
<br />
8 The Flowering of Christianity FAITH AND THE POWER OF BELIEF IN THE EARLY FIRST MILLENNIUM 249<br />
<br />
Developments in Judaic Culture 250<br />
<br />
Sectarianism and Revolt 250<br />
<br />
The Rabbis and the Mishnah 251<br />
<br />
The Rise of Christianity 252<br />
<br />
The Evangelists 252<br />
<br />
Symbols and Iconography in Christian Thinking and Art 254<br />
<br />
Christian Rome 258<br />
<br />
The Nicene Creed 259<br />
<br />
The Abandonment of Classicism in Art 260<br />
<br />
Roman Influences on Christian Churches 262<br />
<br />
Greek and Roman Myths in Christianity 264<br />
<br />
Augustine and Early Christian Philosophy 266<br />
<br />
The Byzantine Empire and Its Church 268<br />
<br />
Justinian’s Empire 269<br />
<br />
Ravenna and the Western Empire 274<br />
<br />
The Later Byzantine Empire 277<br />
<br />
The Iconoclast Controversy 278<br />
<br />
Tradition and Innovation: The Icon in the Second Golden Age 279<br />
<br />
READINGS<br />
<br />
8.1 from Josephus, The Jewish War, Book 2, “The Three Sects” 284<br />
<br />
8.2 from the Bible, Romans 5:1–11 252<br />
<br />
8.3 from the Bible, Matthew 6:25–33 254<br />
<br />
8.4 The Nicene Creed 259<br />
<br />
8.5 from Augustine’s Confessions 285<br />
<br />
8.5a from Augustine, Confessions 266<br />
<br />
8.6 from Augustine’s The City of God 286<br />
<br />
8.6a from Augustine, The City of God 267<br />
<br />
8.7 Ambrose’s “Ancient Morning Hymn” 286<br />
<br />
8.8 from Procopius, On Justinian’s Buildings (ca. 537) 270<br />
<br />
FEATURES<br />
<br />
CLOSER LOOK The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus 256<br />
<br />
MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES Byzantine Mural Mosaics 272<br />
<br />
CONTINUITY & CHANGE Byzantine Influences 281<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class=" " id="_158208069_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why has Qin Shihuangdi's actual tomb never been excavated?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It may be surrounded by a river of mercury</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It may be surrounded by a river of mercury</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158208069_1"><input id="points__158208069_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158208069_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158208070_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why do Daoists advocate living in total simplicity?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To understand qi</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To understand qi</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158208070_1"><input id="points__158208070_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158208070_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158208071_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why is the writing inscribed on the ancient oracle bones easily understood today?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Chinese written language has remained remarkably constant</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Chinese written language has remained remarkably constant</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158208071_1"><input id="points__158208071_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158208071_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158208072_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">In which river's valley did the Chinese people first settle around 7000 BCE?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Yellow River</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Yellow River</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158208072_1"><input id="points__158208072_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158208072_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158208073_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">What does the yin-yang symbolize?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The perpetual interplay and mutual relation among all things</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The perpetual interplay and mutual relation among all things</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158208073_1"><input id="points__158208073_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158208073_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158208074_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Which of the following did Boethius consider the highest form of music?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Musica mundana</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Musica mundana</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158208074_1"><input id="points__158208074_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158208074_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158208075_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did Justinian choose the Sinai peninsula as the site for St. Catherine's Monastery?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">This was the location of God's first address to Moses</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">This was the location of God's first address to Moses</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158208075_1"><input id="points__158208075_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158208075_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158208076_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why was early Christianity syncretistic, incorporating into itself pagan mythic traditions?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To convert pagans by presenting Christianity in their terms</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To convert pagans by presenting Christianity in their terms</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158208076_1"><input id="points__158208076_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158208076_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158208077_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why in 325 CE did Constantine move his capital from Rome to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To provide an imperial presence in the East</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To provide an imperial presence in the East</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158208077_1"><input id="points__158208077_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158208077_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did the emperor Justinian begin construction of the Hagia Sophia in 532 CE?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To divert attention from domestic turmoil stirred up by warring gangs</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To divert attention from domestic turmoil stirred up by warring gangs</div></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<ul></ul></div></div></div></div><br />
<div class=" " id="_158313433_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did Ashoka decry violence in 261 BCE and turn to Buddhism?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He was appalled by the carnage he had caused as warrior and leader</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He was appalled by the carnage he had caused as warrior and leader</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158313433_1"><input id="points__158313433_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158313433_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158313434_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why, around 483 BCE, were eight of the earliest stupas built?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To contain Buddha's remains, which were divided into eight parts</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To contain Buddha's remains, which were divided into eight parts</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158313434_1"><input id="points__158313434_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158313434_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158313435_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">What does the yin-yang symbolize?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The perpetual interplay and mutual relation among all things</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The perpetual interplay and mutual relation among all things</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158313435_1"><input id="points__158313435_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158313435_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158313436_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did the Zhou claim they were able to overthrow the Shang dynasty?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Shang had lost the Mandate of Heaven by not ruling virtuously</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Shang had lost the Mandate of Heaven by not ruling virtuously</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158313436_1"><input id="points__158313436_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158313436_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158313437_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why is the writing inscribed on the ancient oracle bones easily understood today?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Chinese written language has remained remarkably constant</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Chinese written language has remained remarkably constant</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158313437_1"><input id="points__158313437_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158313437_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158313438_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Which of the following did Boethius consider the highest form of music?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Musica mundana</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Musica mundana</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158313438_1"><input id="points__158313438_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158313438_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158313439_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why around 168 BCE did the Jewish religion start becoming increasingly messianic?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Seleucids tried to impose worship of Greek gods on the Jews</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Seleucids tried to impose worship of Greek gods on the Jews</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158313439_1"><input id="points__158313439_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158313439_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158313440_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why was early Christianity syncretistic, incorporating into itself pagan mythic traditions?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To convert pagans by presenting Christianity in their terms</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To convert pagans by presenting Christianity in their terms</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158313440_1"><input id="points__158313440_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158313440_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158313441_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why is Masada one of the most symbolic sites in all of Israel?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It represents the sacrifice of Jews rather than submit to Roman defeat</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It represents the sacrifice of Jews rather than submit to Roman defeat</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158313441_1"><input id="points__158313441_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158313441_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did the Byzantine emperor Leo III inaugurate a program of iconoclasm?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He argued that God in the Ten Commandments had prohibited images</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He argued that God in the Ten Commandments had prohibited images</div></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class=" " id="_157373659_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why have archaeologists been unable to find many ancient Chinese edifices?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Most were built of wood, which did not survive time's ravages</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Most were built of wood, which did not survive time's ravages</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157373659_1"><input id="points__157373659_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157373659_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157373660_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">What lies at the core of Confucianism?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Traditional Chinese values of self-discipline and proper relations among people</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Traditional Chinese values of self-discipline and proper relations among people</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157373660_1"><input id="points__157373660_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157373660_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157373661_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">According to Chinese legend, what inspired Fu Xi's invention of a pictographic writing system?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Constellations and bird and animal footprints</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Constellations and bird and animal footprints</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157373661_1"><input id="points__157373661_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157373661_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157373662_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why do sensuous form, vibrant color, a profusion of ornament, and rich texture dominate Indian art?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To capture the essence of the divine</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To capture the essence of the divine</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157373662_1"><input id="points__157373662_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157373662_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157373663_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">What is considered to be the greatest artistic achievement of the Shang dynasty?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Bronze casting</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Bronze casting</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157373663_1"><input id="points__157373663_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157373663_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157373664_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did Jesus of Nazareth identify himself as the Messiah?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He never made this claim; his followers did</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He never made this claim; his followers did</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157373664_1"><input id="points__157373664_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157373664_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157373665_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why is Masada one of the most symbolic sites in all of Israel?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It represents the sacrifice of Jews rather than submit to Roman defeat</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It represents the sacrifice of Jews rather than submit to Roman defeat</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157373665_1"><input id="points__157373665_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157373665_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157373666_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why was the Nicene Creed so important?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It unified the church behind a prescribed doctrine.</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It unified the church behind a prescribed doctrine.</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157373666_1"><input id="points__157373666_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157373666_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157373667_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">According to our class text, why did the developing Church ban the Gnostic texts?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">They were at odds with what would become normative belief</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">They were at odds with what would become normative belief</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157373667_1"><input id="points__157373667_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157373667_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did Justinian choose the Sinai peninsula as the site for St. Catherine's Monastery?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">This was the location of God's first address to Moses</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">This was the location of God's first address to Moses</div></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<div class=" " id="_157621018_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">What lies at the core of Confucianism?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Traditional Chinese values of self-discipline and proper relations among people</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Traditional Chinese values of self-discipline and proper relations among people</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157621018_1"><input id="points__157621018_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157621018_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157621019_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why is the writing inscribed on the ancient oracle bones easily understood today?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Chinese written language has remained remarkably constant</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Chinese written language has remained remarkably constant</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157621019_1"><input id="points__157621019_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157621019_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157621020_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why has Qin Shihuangdi's actual tomb never been excavated?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It may be surrounded by a river of mercury</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It may be surrounded by a river of mercury</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157621020_1"><input id="points__157621020_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157621020_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157621021_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">In which river's valley did the Chinese people first settle around 7000 BCE?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Yellow River</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Yellow River</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157621021_1"><input id="points__157621021_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157621021_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157621022_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did the Zhou claim they were able to overthrow the Shang dynasty?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Shang had lost the Mandate of Heaven by not ruling virtuously</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">The Shang had lost the Mandate of Heaven by not ruling virtuously</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157621022_1"><input id="points__157621022_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157621022_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157621023_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">What about its design made Justinian's San Vitale church in Ravenna unique?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Its octagonal shape</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Its octagonal shape</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157621023_1"><input id="points__157621023_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157621023_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157621024_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why is Masada one of the most symbolic sites in all of Israel?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It represents the sacrifice of Jews rather than submit to Roman defeat</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It represents the sacrifice of Jews rather than submit to Roman defeat</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157621024_1"><input id="points__157621024_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157621024_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157621025_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did the San Vitale artists depict their subjects in reverse perspective and in shallow space?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To reject earthly illusion for the sacred space of the image</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To reject earthly illusion for the sacred space of the image</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157621025_1"><input id="points__157621025_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157621025_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_157621026_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Incorrect" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-incorrect_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">According to our class text, why did the developing Church ban the Gnostic texts?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Incorrect" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/x.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">They were too similar to Indian philosophy and deemed pagan</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">They were at odds with what would become normative belief</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__157621026_1"><input id="points__157621026_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_157621026_1" size="3" type="text" value="0" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did the Byzantine emperor Leo III inaugurate a program of iconoclasm?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He argued that God in the Ten Commandments had prohibited images</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He argued that God in the Ten Commandments had prohibited images</div></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<div class=" " id="_158814145_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did Ashoka decry violence in 261 BCE and turn to Buddhism?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He was appalled by the carnage he had caused as warrior and leader</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He was appalled by the carnage he had caused as warrior and leader</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158814145_1"><input id="points__158814145_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158814145_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158814146_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did Qin Shihuangdi order the building of the Great Wall of China?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To discourage invasion from nomadic invaders from the north</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To discourage invasion from nomadic invaders from the north</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158814146_1"><input id="points__158814146_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158814146_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158814147_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why have archaeologists been unable to find many ancient Chinese edifices?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Most were built of wood, which did not survive time's ravages</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Most were built of wood, which did not survive time's ravages</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158814147_1"><input id="points__158814147_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158814147_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158814148_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">In which river's valley did the Chinese people first settle around 7000 BCE?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Yellow River</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Yellow River</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158814148_1"><input id="points__158814148_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158814148_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158814149_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why do Daoists advocate living in total simplicity?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To understand qi</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To understand qi</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158814149_1"><input id="points__158814149_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158814149_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158814150_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did the San Vitale artists depict their subjects in reverse perspective and in shallow space?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To reject earthly illusion for the sacred space of the image</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To reject earthly illusion for the sacred space of the image</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158814150_1"><input id="points__158814150_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158814150_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158814151_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why had Judaism split into three distinct sects by the early first century CE?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Difference in philosophy and key religious beliefs</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Difference in philosophy and key religious beliefs</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158814151_1"><input id="points__158814151_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158814151_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158814152_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Incorrect" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-incorrect_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why in 325 CE did Constantine move his capital from Rome to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Incorrect" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/x.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Rome was too landlocked for his building programs</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To provide an imperial presence in the East</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158814152_1"><input id="points__158814152_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158814152_1" size="3" type="text" value="0" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_158814153_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">According to our class text, why did the developing Church ban the Gnostic texts?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">They were at odds with what would become normative belief</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">They were at odds with what would become normative belief</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__158814153_1"><input id="points__158814153_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_158814153_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did the emperor Justinian begin construction of the Hagia Sophia in 532 CE?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To divert attention from domestic turmoil stirred up by warring gangs</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To divert attention from domestic turmoil stirred up by warring gangs</div></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<div class=" " id="_170046174_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle1">Question 1: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent1"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did Confucianism become extremely popular among Chinese leaders and the artists they patronized?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Its emphasis on respect for age, authority, and morality</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Its emphasis on respect for age, authority, and morality</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__170046174_1"><input id="points__170046174_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_170046174_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_170046175_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle2">Question 2: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent2"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did Ashoka decry violence in 261 BCE and turn to Buddhism?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He was appalled by the carnage he had caused as warrior and leader</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He was appalled by the carnage he had caused as warrior and leader</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__170046175_1"><input id="points__170046175_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_170046175_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_170046176_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle3">Question 3: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent3"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">To what does the Yi Jing (Book of Changes) provide a guide?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Interpreting the workings of the universe</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Interpreting the workings of the universe</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__170046176_1"><input id="points__170046176_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_170046176_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_170046177_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle4">Question 4: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent4"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">What lies at the core of Confucianism?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Traditional Chinese values of self-discipline and proper relations among people</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Traditional Chinese values of self-discipline and proper relations among people</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__170046177_1"><input id="points__170046177_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_170046177_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_170046178_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle5">Question 5: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent5"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">In which river's valley did the Chinese people first settle around 7000 BCE?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Yellow River</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Yellow River</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__170046178_1"><input id="points__170046178_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_170046178_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_170046179_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle6">Question 6: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent6"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why are the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke known as the synoptic gospels?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">They tell the same stories, in the same sequence, differing only in details</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">They tell the same stories, in the same sequence, differing only in details</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__170046179_1"><input id="points__170046179_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_170046179_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_170046180_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle7">Question 7: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent7"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why did Jesus of Nazareth identify himself as the Messiah?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He never made this claim; his followers did</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">He never made this claim; his followers did</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__170046180_1"><input id="points__170046180_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_170046180_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_170046181_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle8">Question 8: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent8"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why was the Nicene Creed so important?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It unified the church behind a prescribed doctrine.</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It unified the church behind a prescribed doctrine.</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__170046181_1"><input id="points__170046181_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_170046181_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><div class=" " id="_170046182_1" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle9">Question 9: Multiple Choice </h3><div class=" stepcontent " id="stepcontent9"><ol><li> <div class="noLabelField"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">Why is Augustine of Hippo's Confessions particularly noteworthy as a literary work?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It is the first Western autobiography</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">It is the first Western autobiography</div></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="fieldErrorText"></span> </div></li>
</ol></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"></span><br />
<div class="taskbuttondiv"><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"><label for="points__170046182_1"><input id="points__170046182_1" maxlength="10" name="score-override-_170046182_1" size="3" type="text" value="4" /> out of 4 points </label> </span></div><span class="stepTitleRight liveArea"> </span> </div><h3 class="steptitle" id="steptitle10">Question 10: Multiple Choice </h3><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="bLight" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> <td align="RIGHT" class="bLight" colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" valign="middle"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/grade-correct_u.gif" /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">According to our class text, why did the developing Church ban the Gnostic texts?</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><table class="answer-table"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="row"><span class="label">Given Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="Correct" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">They were at odds with what would become normative belief</div></div></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <th class="minWidthLabel" scope="row"><span class="label">Correct Answer:</span></th> <td><div class="clearfix"><div class="answer-label"><img alt="" src="https://blackboard.strayer.edu/images/ci/icons/check.gif" /> </div><div class="u_floatThis-left"><div class="vtbegenerated inlineVtbegenerated">They were at odds with what would become normative belief</div></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
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Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Mali's Mansa Moussa cause the value of gold in Egypt to fall in 1334? Given Answer: Correct He distributed so much gold to the poor Correct Answer: He distributed so much gold to the poor out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why perhaps were conquered Africans eager to convert to Islam? Given Answer: Correct To avoid enslavement Correct Answer: To avoid enslavement out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why does a mosque feature a qibla? Given Answer: Correct To indicate Mecca's direction Correct Answer: To indicate Mecca's direction out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why in the Qur'an are Muslim women advised to dress modestly? Given Answer: Correct To avoid harassment Correct Answer: To avoid harassment out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why in 610 CE did the Archangel Gabriel first visit Mohammad? Given Answer: Correct To deliver messages from the one and only God Correct Answer: To deliver messages from the one and only God out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Charlemagne admire the monastery of St. Gall? Given Answer: Correct Its functional, orderly arrangement Correct Answer: Its functional, orderly arrangement out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct What in the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy made it a popular pilgrimage destination? Given Answer: Correct The relics of a martyred child who refused to worship pagan gods Correct Answer: The relics of a martyred child who refused to worship pagan gods out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct What advantages did feudalism offer the nobles? Given Answer: Correct Military support and goods or produce Correct Answer: Military support and goods or produce out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct What literary work describes a scene similar to the Sutton Hoo discovery? Given Answer: Correct Beowulf Correct Answer: Beowulf out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What medieval cult is connected to the courtly love literature? Given Answer: Correct The Cult of the Virgin Correct Answer: The Cult of the Virgin <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why does a mosque feature a qibla? Given Answer: Correct To indicate Mecca's direction Correct Answer: To indicate Mecca's direction out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct What structure inspired the design of most mosques? Given Answer: Correct Muhammad's house in Medina Correct Answer: Muhammad's house in Medina out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Spanish Jews welcome the Muslim invasion? Given Answer: Correct The Visigoth rulers had persecuted them Correct Answer: The Visigoth rulers had persecuted them out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct Why do Muslims believe that the Qur'an cannot be translated? Given Answer: Correct It is the direct word of God Correct Answer: It is the direct word of God out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct How are the surahs in the Qur'an arranged? Given Answer: Correct Longest to shortest Correct Answer: Longest to shortest out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why is Beowulf considered an English poem even through its events take place in Scandinavia? Given Answer: Correct It is written in Old English Correct Answer: It is written in Old English out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct In the Song of Roland, why are the Saracens able to ambush Roland's army? Given Answer: Correct Roland is betrayed by Ganelon Correct Answer: Roland is betrayed by Ganelon out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why does Beowulf travel from Denmark to Sweden? Given Answer: Correct To kill the monster Grendel Correct Answer: To kill the monster Grendel out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct What advantages did feudalism offer the nobles? Given Answer: Correct Military support and goods or produce Correct Answer: Military support and goods or produce out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct What literary work describes a scene similar to the Sutton Hoo discovery? Given Answer: Correct Beowulf Correct Answer: Beowulf <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why was the Silk Road so important in China's development? Given Answer: Correct It spurred the cultural interchange between East and West, India and China Correct Answer: It spurred the cultural interchange between East and West, India and China out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why is the writing inscribed on the ancient oracle bones easily understood today? Given Answer: Correct The Chinese written language has remained remarkably constant Correct Answer: The Chinese written language has remained remarkably constant out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct To what does the Yi Jing (Book of Changes) provide a guide? Given Answer: Correct Interpreting the workings of the universe Correct Answer: Interpreting the workings of the universe out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct According to Chinese legend, what inspired Fu Xi's invention of a pictographic writing system? Given Answer: Correct Constellations and bird and animal footprints Correct Answer: Constellations and bird and animal footprints out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Ashoka decry violence in 261 BCE and turn to Buddhism? Given Answer: Correct He was appalled by the carnage he had caused as warrior and leader Correct Answer: He was appalled by the carnage he had caused as warrior and leader out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the Byzantine emperor Leo III inaugurate a program of iconoclasm? Given Answer: Correct He argued that God in the Ten Commandments had prohibited images Correct Answer: He argued that God in the Ten Commandments had prohibited images out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Why, by the fifth and sixth centuries, was Ravenna the most prosperous city in the West? Given Answer: Correct Its natural defenses against Germanic invasion Correct Answer: Its natural defenses against Germanic invasion out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Incorrect Which of the following did Boethius consider the highest form of music? Given Answer: Incorrect Musica humana Correct Answer: Musica mundana out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why did early Christians develop symbols to identify themselves to each other? Given Answer: Correct They feared persecution for their faith Correct Answer: They feared persecution for their faith out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct Why had Judaism split into three distinct sects by the early first century CE? Given Answer: Correct Difference in philosophy and key religious beliefs Correct Answer: Difference in philosophy and key religious beliefs <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why was Cai Lun's invention of cellulose-based paper so significant? Given Answer: Correct It enabled China to develop widespread literacy Correct Answer: It enabled China to develop widespread literacy out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Incorrect Why did Prince Siddhartha Gautama leave the palace to live in the wilderness for 6 years? Given Answer: Incorrect He was actively seeking the Four Noble Truths Correct Answer: He was troubled by the suffering of all human beings out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Confucianism become extremely popular among Chinese leaders and the artists they patronized? Given Answer: Correct Its emphasis on respect for age, authority, and morality Correct Answer: Its emphasis on respect for age, authority, and morality out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct In which river's valley did the Chinese people first settle around 7000 BCE? Given Answer: Correct Yellow River Correct Answer: Yellow River out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Ashoka decry violence in 261 BCE and turn to Buddhism? Given Answer: Correct He was appalled by the carnage he had caused as warrior and leader Correct Answer: He was appalled by the carnage he had caused as warrior and leader out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Jesus of Nazareth identify himself as the Messiah? Given Answer: Correct He never made this claim; his followers did Correct Answer: He never made this claim; his followers did out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct What was the occupation of the two men Justinian appointed to design the Hagia Sophia? Given Answer: Correct Mathematicians Correct Answer: Mathematicians out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct On what Roman style did Constantine base St. Peter's in Rome? Given Answer: Correct Basilica Correct Answer: Basilica out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why, by the fifth and sixth centuries, was Ravenna the most prosperous city in the West? Given Answer: Correct Its natural defenses against Germanic invasion Correct Answer: Its natural defenses against Germanic invasion out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct Which of the following did Boethius consider the highest form of music? Given Answer: Correct Musica mundana Correct Answer: Musica mundana <br />
Question 1: Multiple Choice Correct Why, around 483 BCE, were eight of the earliest stupas built? Given Answer: Correct To contain Buddha's remains, which were divided into eight parts Correct Answer: To contain Buddha's remains, which were divided into eight parts out of 4 points Question 2: Multiple Choice Correct Why did Qin Shihuangdi order the building of the Great Wall of China? Given Answer: Correct To discourage invasion from nomadic invaders from the north Correct Answer: To discourage invasion from nomadic invaders from the north out of 4 points Question 3: Multiple Choice Correct To what does the Yi Jing (Book of Changes) provide a guide? Given Answer: Correct Interpreting the workings of the universe Correct Answer: Interpreting the workings of the universe out of 4 points Question 4: Multiple Choice Correct What does the yin-yang symbolize? Given Answer: Correct The perpetual interplay and mutual relation among all things Correct Answer: The perpetual interplay and mutual relation among all things out of 4 points Question 5: Multiple Choice Correct According to Chinese legend, what inspired Fu Xi's invention of a pictographic writing system? Given Answer: Correct Constellations and bird and animal footprints Correct Answer: Constellations and bird and animal footprints out of 4 points Question 6: Multiple Choice Correct Why, by the fifth and sixth centuries, was Ravenna the most prosperous city in the West? Given Answer: Correct Its natural defenses against Germanic invasion Correct Answer: Its natural defenses against Germanic invasion out of 4 points Question 7: Multiple Choice Correct Which sect is associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls? Given Answer: Correct Essenes Correct Answer: Essenes out of 4 points Question 8: Multiple Choice Correct Why is Masada one of the most symbolic sites in all of Israel? Given Answer: Correct It represents the sacrifice of Jews rather than submit to Roman defeat Correct Answer: It represents the sacrifice of Jews rather than submit to Roman defeat out of 4 points Question 9: Multiple Choice Correct Why is Augustine of Hippo's Confessions particularly noteworthy as a literary work? Given Answer: Correct It is the first Western autobiography Correct Answer: It is the first Western autobiography out of 4 points Question 10: Multiple Choice Correct Why did the San Vitale artists depict their subjects in reverse perspective and in shallow space? Given Answer: Correct To reject earthly illusion for the sacred space of the image Correct Answer: To reject earthly illusion for the sacred space of the image Provocateurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13676707150996018733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16280040.post-5248137853666426832018-07-26T12:29:00.000-04:002018-07-26T12:29:04.582-04:00Time Line of Classical Antiquity<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</span></h2>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It refers to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeframe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Timeframe">time frame</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>. Ancient history includes the recorded <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_history" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek history">Greek history</a> beginning in about 776 BC (First <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiad" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a>). This coincides roughly with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC and the beginning of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rome" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of Rome">history of Rome</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"></sup></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">776 BC: First recorded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_century_BC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="8th century BC">753</a> BC: Founding of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> (traditional date)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">745 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> becomes the new king of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. With time he conquers neighboring countries and turns Assyria into an empire.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">728 BC: Rise of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">722 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> begins in China; <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynasty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zhou Dynasty">Zhou Dynasty</a>'s power is diminishing; the era of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">700 BC: the construction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marib_Dam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marib Dam">Marib Dam</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Felix" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_century_BC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="7th century BC">660</a> BC: purported date of the accession of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jimmu">Jimmu</a>, the mythical first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">653 BC: Rise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">612 BC: An alliance between the Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians succeeds in destroying <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> and causing subsequent fall of the Assyrian empire.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">600 BC: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="South India">South India</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">600 BC: Sixteen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a> ("<i>Great Realms</i>" or "<i>Great Kingdoms</i>") emerge in India.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">600 BC: Evidence of writing system appear in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> used by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec civilization</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">c. 600 BC: Rise of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_civilisation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sao civilisation">Sao civilisation</a> near Lake Chad</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_century_BC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="6th century BC">563</a> BC: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a> (Buddha), founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is born as a prince of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shakya">Shakya tribe</a>, which ruled parts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magadha">Magadha</a>, one of the Maha Janapadas.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">551 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, is born.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">550 BC: Foundation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">549 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavira" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> is born.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">546 BC: Cyrus the Great overthrows <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> King of Lydia.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">544 BC: Rise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magadha">Magadha</a> as the dominant power under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbisara" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">539 BC: The Fall of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a> and liberation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jews">Jews</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">529 BC: Death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">525 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambyses_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persia">Persia</a> conquers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">c. 512 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (Darius the Great) of Persia, subjugates eastern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> submits voluntarily, and annexes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Libya">Libya</a>, Persian Empire at largest extent.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">509 BC: Expulsion of the last <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Rome" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Kings of Rome">King of Rome</a>, founding of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (traditional date).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">508 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> instituted at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Athens">Athens</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">c. 500 BC: completion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>'s <i>Elements</i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">500 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pāṇini">Panini</a> standardizes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> in the text <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtadhyayi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ashtadhyayi">Ashtadhyayi</a>. Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical Sanskrit</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">500 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingala" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pingala">Pingala</a> uses <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_(number)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="0 (number)">zero</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Binary numeral system">binary numeral system</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_century_BC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="5th century BC">499</a> BC: King Aristagoras of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> incites all of Hellenic Asia Minor to rebel against the Persian Empire, beginning the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">490 BC: Greek city-states defeat Persian invasion at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">483 BC: Death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">480 BC: Persian invasion of Greece by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes</a>; Battles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermopylae" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">479 BC: Death of Confucius</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">475 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> begins in China as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> king became a mere figurehead; China is annexed by regional warlords</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">470/469 BC: Birth of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">465 BC: Murder of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">458 BC: <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oresteia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Oresteia">The Oresteia</a></i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, the only surviving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trilogy">trilogy</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Ancient_Greece" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theatre of Ancient Greece">ancient Greek plays</a>, is performed.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">449 BC: The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> end.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">447 BC: Building of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> at Athens started</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">432 BC: Construction of the Parthenon is completed</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">431 BC: Beginning of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesian_war" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peloponnesian war">Peloponnesian war</a> between the Greek city-states</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">429 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>'s play <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a></i> is first performed</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">427 BC: Birth of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">424 BC: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nanda dynasty">Nanda dynasty</a> comes to power.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">404 BC: End of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">400 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a> culture flourishes around city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Alb%C3%A1n" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monte Albán">Monte Albán</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">c. 400 BC: Rise of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garamantes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a> as an irrigation-based desert state in the Fezzan region of Libya</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_century_BC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="4th century BC">399</a> BC: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Socrates" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Death of Socrates">Death of Socrates</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">384 BC: Birth of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">331 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> defeats <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III_of_Persia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Darius III of Persia">Darius III of Persia</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a>, completing his conquest of Persia.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">326 BC: Alexander the Great defeats Indian king <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Porus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="King Porus">Porus</a> in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes_River" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Battle of the Hydaspes River">Battle of the Hydaspes River</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">323 BC: Death of Alexander the Great at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">321 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> overthrows the Nanda Dynasty of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magadha">Magadha</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">305 BC: Chandragupta Maurya seizes the satrapies of Paropanisadai (Kabul), Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Qanadahar) and Gedrosia (Baluchistan)from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a>, the Macedonian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrap" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, in return for 500 elephants.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">300 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_literature" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், Canka ilakkiyam) period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Tamilakam)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">300 BC: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> in South India</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">300 BC: Construction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Cholula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Pyramid of Cholula">Great Pyramid of Cholula</a>, the world's largest pyramid by volume (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> built 2560 BC Egypt stands 146.5 meters, making it 91.5 meters taller), begins in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholula,_Puebla" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cholula, Puebla">Cholula, Puebla</a>, Mexico.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_century_BC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="3rd century BC">273</a> BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> becomes the emperor of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">261 BC: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_war" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kalinga war">Kalinga war</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">257 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="An Dương Vương">Thục Dynasty</a> takes over Việt Nam (then Kingdom of Âu Lạc)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">255 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> sends a Buddhist missionary lead by his son who was Mahinda Thero (Buddhist monk) to Sri Lanka (then Lanka) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)">Mahinda (Buddhist monk)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">250 BC: Rise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> (Ashkâniân), the second native dynasty of ancient Persia</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">232 BC: Death of Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>; Decline of the Mauryan Empire</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">230 BC: Emergence of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satavahana">Satavahanas</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="South India">South India</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">221 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> unifies China, end of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>; marking the beginning of Imperial rule in China which lasts until 1912. Construction of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Wall">Great Wall</a> by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Dynasty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qin Dynasty">Qin Dynasty</a> begins.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">207 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyue" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nanyue">Kingdom of Nan Yueh</a> extends from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> to North Việt Nam .</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">206 BC: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> established in China, after the death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>; China in this period officially becomes a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> state and opens trading connections with the West, i.e. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">202 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> defeats <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Battle of Zama">Battle of Zama</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">200 BC: El Mirador, largest early <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> city, flourishes.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">200 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paper">Paper</a> is invented in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="China">China</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">c. 200 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chera_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a> in South India.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_century_BC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2nd century BC">185</a> BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunga_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> founded.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">149-146 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Punic_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a> between Rome and Carthage. War ends with the complete destruction of Carthage, allowing Rome to conquer modern day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Libya">Libya</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">146 BC: Roman conquest of Greece,<i> see <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Greece" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Greece">Roman Greece</a></i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">121 BC: Roman armies enter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> for the first time.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">111 BC: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_(History_of_Vietnam)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)">First Chinese domination</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vietnam">Việt Nam</a> in the form of the Nanyue Kingdom.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">c. 100 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> rises in prominence.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_century_BC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1st century BC">80</a> BC: The city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Florence">Florence</a> is founded.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">49 BC: Roman Civil War between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey the Great</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">44 BC: Julius Caesar murdered by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Brutus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marcus Brutus">Marcus Brutus</a> and others; End of Roman Republic; beginning of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">40 BC: Roman conquest of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">27 BC: Formation of Roman Empire: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Octavius">Octavius</a> is given titles of Princeps and Augustus by Roman Senate - beginning of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a>. Formation of influential <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> to provide security to Emperor</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">18 BC: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms</a> period begins in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Korea">Korea</a>. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod's Temple">temple of Jerusalem</a> is reconstructed.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">6 BC: Earliest theorized date for birth of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>. Roman succession: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius Caesar</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius Caesar</a> groomed for the throne.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">4 BC: Widely accepted date (Ussher) for birth of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ">Christ</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_century" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1st century">9</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a>, the Imperial <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Army" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Army">Roman Army</a>'s bloodiest defeat.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">14: Death of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caesar Augustus">Augustus</a> (Octavian), ascension of his adopted son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> to the throne.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">26-34: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus_Christ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crucifixion of Jesus Christ">Crucifixion of Jesus Christ</a>, exact date unknown.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">37: Death of Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, ascension of his nephew <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> to the throne.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">40: Rome conquers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">41: Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> is assassinated by the Roman senate. His uncle <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> succeeds him.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">43: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> enters <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> for the first time.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">54: Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> dies and is succeeded by his grand nephew <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nero">Nero</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">68: Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nero">Nero</a> commits suicide, prompting the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_four_emperors" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Year of the four emperors">Year of the four emperors</a> in Rome.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">70: Destruction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> by the armies of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Titus">Titus</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">79: Destruction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> by the volcano <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesuvius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">98: After a two-year rule, Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerva" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> dies of natural causes, his adopted son Trajan succeeds him.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">100-940: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> in the Horn of Africa</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_century" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2nd century">106</a>-117: Roman Empire at largest extent under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trajan">Emperor Trajan</a> after having conquered modern-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">117: Trajan dies of natural causes. His adopted son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> succeeds him. Hadrian pulls out of Iraq and Armenia.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">126: Hadrian completes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in Rome.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">138: Hadrian dies of natural causes. His adopted son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> succeeds him.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">161: Death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>. His rule was the only one in which Rome did not fight in a war.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">192: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom of Champa">Kingdom of Champa</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Nguyen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tay Nguyen">Central Việt Nam</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">200s: The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> Empire established in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_century" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="3rd century">220</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period begins in China after the fall of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">226: Fall of the Parthian Empire and Rise of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">238: Defeat of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_III" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> (238–244), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a> (244–249), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> (253–260), by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> of Persia, (Valerian was captured by the Persians).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">280: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_J%C3%ACn" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emperor Wu of Jìn">Emperor Wu</a> established <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jin Dynasty (265–420)">Jin Dynasty</a> providing a temporary unity of China after the devastating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">285: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> becomes emperor of Rome and splits the Roman Empire into <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a> Empires.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">285: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> begins a large-scale persecution of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christians">Christians</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">292: The capital of the Roman empire is officially moved from Rome to Mediolanum (modern day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Milan">Milan</a>).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_century" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="4th century">301</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_on_Maximum_Prices" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edict on Maximum Prices">Diocletian's edict on prices</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">313: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> declared that the Roman Empire would tolerate all forms of religious worship.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">325: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> organizes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">330: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> is officially named and becomes the capital of the eastern Roman Empire.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">335: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudragupta" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> becomes the emperor of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gupta empire">Gupta empire</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">337: Emperor <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> dies, leaving his sons <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constans I">Constans I</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a> as the emperors of the Roman empire.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">350: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> is left sole emperor with the death of his two brothers.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">354: Birth of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">361: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> dies, his cousin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> succeeds him.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">378: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a>, Roman army is defeated by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_tribes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">380: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> declares the Arian faith of Christianity heretical.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">395: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> outlaws all religions other than Catholic Christianity.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_century" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="5th century">406</a>: Romans are expelled from Britain.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">407-409: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and other Germanic tribes cross into Roman-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> for the first time.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">410: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sacks Rome</a> for the first time since 390 BC.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">415: Germanic tribes enter Spain.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">429: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> enter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> from Spain for the first time</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">439: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> have conquered the land stretching from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> by this time.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">455: Vandals sack Rome, capture Sicily and Sardinia.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">c. 455: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandagupta" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a> repels an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Hephthalite" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indo-Hephthalite">Indo-Hephthalite</a> attack on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="India">India</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">476: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a>, last <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Emperor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western Roman Emperor">Western Roman Emperor</a> is forced to abdicate by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, a chieftain of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_tribes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heruli" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>; Odoacer returns the imperial regalia to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Roman Emperor">Eastern Roman Emperor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in return for the title of <i>dux</i> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Italy">Italy</a>; most frequently cited date for the end of ancient history.</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="End_of_ancient_history_in_Europe">End of ancient history in Europe</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> is known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antiquity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c. AD 284) to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> are a period in the history of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a> following the fall of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 to 1000. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western culture">Western</a> scholars usually date the end of ancient history with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of Rome</a> in AD 476, the death of the emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in AD 565, or the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coming of Islam">coming of Islam</a> in AD 632 as the end of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Classical Antiquity">ancient European history</a>.</div>
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