Monday, February 07, 2011

Honors World History II: 8 February 2011

Prayer

Beyond the Sound Bites

Travel Map, 1954. From Cornell University's Travel Brochure and Map Collection.

Phil Mocek of Seattle was told by TSA officers and police at the Albuquerque Airport on November 15, 2009, that he did not have the right to use a video camera in a public space outside a TSA zone. He was also told that when officers asked him for ID, he must comply or the police will be called. Mocek was arrested for disorderly conduct and concealing his identity.

Mocek is a software developer and civil liberties advocate. Mocek’s case marks the first time anyone has ever challenged the TSA’s authority to question and detain travelers.




The jury returned not guilty verdicts for charges that included concealing his identity, refusing to obey a lawful order, trespassing, and disorderly conduct.

TSA checkpoint staff have no police powers, and that contrary to TSA claims, passengers have the right to fly without providing ID, and passengers are free to video record checkpoints as long as images on screening monitors aren't captured.

Photography is not a crime. You have the right to fly without ID, and to photograph, film, and record what happens.

The Ch. 12 Sec. 3 Quiz is on Wednesday.

Cf. http://moodle.catholicschools-phl.org

Cf. http://www.cueprompter.com/

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The electronic edition of the Philadelphia Inquirer is available. We have the Sunday edition, available on Mondays, in addition to the Tuesday through Friday editions on the other days.

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Cf. http://vozme.com/index.php?lang=en

Cf. http://www.xtranormal.com/

Cf. http://www.wordle.net/create

ABCya! Cf. http://www.abcya.com/word_clouds.htm

Or, http://www.glogster.com/login/

Cf. http://moodle.catholicschools-phl.org

Cf. http://www.cueprompter.com/

Ch. 13 Mass Society and Democracy 1870-1914

Section 3 The National State and Democracy

Western Europe and Political Democracy

Great Britain

Why did democracy develop in the U.K.?

Cf. http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/british_1895/democracy_post1850.htm

Cf. http://classtools.net/education-games-php/timer/

Clashes between Gladstone/Disraeli

Cf. http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/british_1830/gladstone_disraeli.htm

The Liberal Reforms

Cf. http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/british_1895/liberal_reforms.htm

Cf. http://vozme.com/index.php?lang=en

The Victorian Web

The United States and Canada (Is Canada a part of the United States?)

Economy

By 1900, the United States had become the world's richest nation.

After the Civil War, the United States grew to lead the world in industrial and agricultural production. A special combination of factors made this possible including political stability, private property rights, a free enterprise system and an inexpensive supply of land and labor—supplied mostly by immigrants. Finally, a growing network of transportation and communications technologies aided businesses in transporting resources and finished products.

For many Irish families fleeing hunger, Russian Jews escaping pogroms, or poor Italian farmers seeking economic opportunity, the answer was the same—America! A poem inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty expressed the welcome and promise of freedom that millions of immigrants dreamed of:

“Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me.

I lift my lamp beside the golden door.”

—Emma Lazarus, “The New Colossus”

Learn

Focus Question

How did the United States develop during the 1800s?

In the 1800s, the United States was a beacon of hope for many people. The American economy was growing rapidly, offering jobs to newcomers. The Constitution and Bill of Rights held out the hope of political and religious freedom. Not everyone shared in the prosperity or the ideals of democracy. Still, by the turn of the nineteenth century, important reforms were being made.
Expansion Abroad

U.S. Expansion, 1783–1898

From the earliest years of its history, the United States followed a policy of expansionism, or extending the nation’s boundaries. At first, the United States stretched only from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from France. In one stroke, the Louisiana Purchase virtually doubled the size of the nation.

By 1846, the United States had expanded to include Florida, Oregon, and the Republic of Texas. The Mexican War (1846–1848) added California and the Southwest. With growing pride and confidence, Americans claimed that their nation was destined to spread across the entire continent, from sea to sea. This idea became known as Manifest Destiny. Some expansionists even hoped to absorb Canada and Mexico. In fact, the United States did go far afield. In 1867, it bought Alaska from Russia and in 1898 annexed the Hawaiian Islands.

Canada

Reading Check

Identifying

Name the territories acquired by the United States in 1898.

International Rivalries

Reading Check

Summarizing

What countries formed the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente?

Crisis in the Balkans

Reading Check

Explaining

Why were the Serbs outraged when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina?

Section 4 Toward the Modern Consciousness

Cf. http://www.cueprompter.com/

Scientific developments of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries changed the way people saw themselves and their world. Writers, artists, and musicians rebelled against traditional literary and artistic styles and created new ones that sometimes shocked critics with their audacity. Impressionism, cubism, and abstract art emerged. The scientific discoveries of Marie Curie and Albert Einstein, and the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud defied the orderly view of reason. Charles Darwin's description of life as a biological struggle for survival led to the Social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer and others. Extreme nationalist ideologies also borrowed from Social Darwinism. Threatening anti-Semitic activity in France, Germany, and Austria-Hungary led many Jews to emigrate to escape persecution. Many Jews immigrated to Palestine, where Zionists were trying to restore Jewish life.

A New Physics

Reading Check

Explaining

How did Marie Curie's discovery change people's ideas about the atom?

Freud and Psychoanalysis

A thought provoking collection of Creative Quotations from Sigmund Freud (1856-1939); born on May 6. Austrian psychoanalyst; He was the first to develop the concept of the subconscious mind; founded psychoanalysis, 1895-1900.

In-class assignment, each student individually, summarize one of Freud's statements that you find interesting, and paraphrase it in your own words.



Psychologist Sigmund Freud demonstrates what a boy will think in his conscious and unconscious when he sees a girl...on the beach. In a fantastically fun and educational way, the psychology legend explains and defines his terms, Id, Ego, and Superego.

This is a stop-motion video of a Sigmund Freud action figure dancing to Bloodhound Gang's "The Bad Touch."





Freudian Slippers: a brand new way of thinking about footwear. Brought to you by the Unemployed Philosophers Guild: www.philosophersguild.com.



Sigmund Freud On The BBC - 1938 - Brief Audio Clip

Toward the end of his life, Freud was asked by the BBC to provide a brief statement about his decades-long career in psychoanalysis... here, in English, he offers a succinct overview... The "Freud Conflict and Culture" web site said this:

"On December 7, 1938, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) came to Freud's Maresfield Gardens home in London to record a short message. By this time his cancer of the jaw was inoperable and incurable, making speech difficult and extremely painful. A photograph of Freud was taken as he prepared to read the statement you are listening to now. After his long struggle with cancer grew intolerable, Freud asked his physician for a fatal injection of morphine. He died on September 23, 1939."

Late Clips Of Sigmund Freud (1932, 1938)

In these brief clips, psychoanalysis founder Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is first seen in Vienna in 1932 speaking with archeologist Emanuel Loewy, then in 1938 signing the Royal Society's charter book and lastly celebrating his 81st birthday... the latter clips were taken in London where Freud and his family were forced to move from Vienna following the 1938 Nazi Anschluss (he died in London a year later).

Reading Check

Summarizing

What is Freud's theory of the human unconscious?

Social Darwinism and Racism

Reading Check

Explaining

What does the theory of social Darwinism state?

Anti-Semitism and Zionism

In-class assignment, with a partner, summarize the Dreyfus Affair.

France: Dreyfus Affair, 6:01

Based on the video, what happened during the Dreyfus Affair?

Why is the Dreyfus Affair an important chapter not just in French history but in the history of the West, and of the Jews?

Is this an inspiring story of justice and truth triumphing over bigotry and lies; or, a cautionary tale about the perils of unbridled nationalism?

What part did Emile Zola play during the Dreyfus Affair?



The most serious and divisive scandal began in 1894. A high-ranking army officer, Alfred Dreyfus, was accused of spying for Germany. However, at his military trial, neither Dreyfus nor his lawyer was allowed to see the evidence against him. The injustice was rooted in anti-Semitism. The military elite detested Dreyfus, the first Jewish person to reach such a high position in the army. Although Dreyfus proclaimed his innocence, he was convicted and condemned to life imprisonment on Devil’s Island, a desolate penal colony off the coast of South America. By 1896, new evidence pointed to another officer, Ferdinand Esterhazy, as the spy. Still, the army refused to grant Dreyfus a new trial.

Deep Divisions

The Dreyfus affair, as it was called, scarred French politics and society for decades. Royalists, ultranationalists, and Church officials charged Dreyfus supporters, or “Dreyfusards,” with undermining France. Paris echoed with cries of “Long live the army!” and “Death to traitors!” Dreyfusards, mostly liberals and republicans, upheld ideals of justice and equality in the face of massive public anger. In 1898, French novelist Émile Zola joined the battle. In an article headlined J’Accuse! (I Accuse!), he charged the army and government with suppressing the truth. As a result, Zola was convicted of libel, or the knowing publication of false and damaging statements. He fled into exile.

Slowly, though, the Dreyfusards made progress and eventually the evidence against Dreyfus was shown to be forged. In 1906, a French court finally cleared Dreyfus of all charges and restored his honors. That was a victory for justice, but the political scars of the Dreyfus affair took longer to heal.

Calls for a Jewish State

The Dreyfus case reflected the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution had spread ideas about religious toleration. In Western Europe, some Jews had gained jobs in government, universities, and other areas of life. Others had achieved success in banking and business, but most struggled to survive in the ghettos of Eastern Europe or the slums of Western Europe.

By the late 1800s, however, anti-Semitism was again on the rise. Anti-Semites were often members of the lower middle class who felt insecure in their social and economic position. Steeped in the new nationalist fervor, they adopted an aggressive intolerance for outsiders and a violent hatred of Jews.

The Dreyfus case and the pogroms in Russia stirred Theodor Herzl (hurt sul), a Hungarian Jewish journalist living in France. He called for Jews to form their own separate state, where they would have rights that were otherwise denied to them in European countries. Herzl helped launch modern Zionism, a movement devoted to rebuilding a Jewish state in Palestine. Many Jews had kept this dream alive since the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. In 1897, Herzl organized the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland.

THEODOR HERZL, 4:34


Theodor Herzl
Benjamin Ze'ev (Theodor) Herzl (Hungarian: Herzl Tivadar, Hebrew: בנימין זאב הרצל (Binyamin Ze'ev Herzl)) (May 2, 1860 -- July 3, 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist who founded modern political Zionism.

Herzl was born in Budapest, Hungary, but his family moved to Vienna when Theodor was 18. There, he studied law, but he devoted himself almost exclusively to journalism and literature, working as a correspondent for the Neue Freie Presse in Paris, occasionally making special trips to London and Istanbul. Later, he became literary editor of Neue Freie Presse,and wrote several comedies and dramas for the Viennese stage.

The Leader of the Zionists

It is widely believed that Herzl was motivated by the Dreyfus Affair, a notorious anti-Semitic incident in France in which a French Jewish army captain was falsely convicted of spying for Germany. Herzl had been covering the trial of Dreyfus for an Austro-Hungarian newspaper. He also witnessed mass rallies in Paris following the Dreyfus trial where many chanted "Death To The Jews!", and in June, 1895, he wrote in his diary: "In Paris, as I have said, I achieved a freer attitude toward anti-Semitism... Above all, I recognized the emptiness and futility of trying to 'combat' anti-Semitism."

Song: Stout-Hearted Men sung by Nelson Eddy.
(from the NEW MOON. Music: Sigmund Romberg.
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II/)

Reading Check

Explaining

Why did Jews start to move to Palestine?

In-class assignment, with a partner, review the history of religions in 90 seconds.

How has the geography of religion evolved over the centuries, and where has it sparked wars?

Summarize each of the following religions: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism.


The Culture of Modernity

Literature

Painting

Degas

Introduction

Social trends in the mid-1800s in France are readily apparent in the works of many of the impressionist artists. The work of Edgar Degas is a good example. In this activity you will learn about impressionism and about the contribution of Degas to a new style in painting and sculpture.

Edgar Degas

Directions

* Read the information on the Web site about Degas. Take notes as you read.
* Click on “Life” and read the information.
* Go back and click on “Artistic Styles.” Read the information.
* Click on two of Degas’s paintings and review his works.

Use the information you found to answer the following questions.

Architecture

Music

Reading Check

Explaining

How did the Impressionists radically change the art of painting in the 1870s?

Preview

Ch. 14 The Height of Imperialism 1800-1914



Section 1 Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia

The New Imperialism

Reading Check

Describing

What were four primary motivations for the "new imperialism?"

Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia

Great Britain

France

Thailand--The Exception

The United States

Reading Check

Identifying

What spurred Britain to control Singapore and Burma?

Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia

Indirect and Direct Rule

Colonial Economies

Reading Check

Explaining

Why did colonial powers prefer that colonists not develop their own industries?

Resistance to Colonial Rule

Reading Check

Summarizing

Explain three forms of resistance to Western domination.

Section 2 Empire Building in Africa

West Africa

Reading Check

Explaining

Why did the slave trade decline in the 1800s?

North Africa

Reading Check

Explaining

Great Britain was determined to have complete control of the Suez Canal. Why?

Central Africa

Reading Check

Examining

What effect did King Leopold II of Belgium have on European colonization of the Congo River basin?

East Africa

Reading Check

Evaluating

What was significant about the Berlin Conference?

South Africa

Reading Check

Describing

What happened to the Boers at the end of the Boer War?

Colonial Rule in Africa

Reading Check

Comparing

How did the French system of colonial rule differ from that of Great Britain?

Rise of African Nationalism

Reading Check

Evaluating

Why were many African intellectuals frustrated by colonial policy?

Section 3 British Rule in India

The Sepoy (from sipahi, soldier in Persian, the official language of the conquering Islamic Mogul Empire, War Made New, Boot, p. 89) Mutiny
The success of the British in India is largely a result of the first Industrial Revolution. "After the Indian [Sepoy] mutiny, one British colonial minister exclaimed, `The telegraph saved India'" (War Made New, Boot, p. 157). Along with impressive advances in transportation, as a result of the laying down of railroad tracks, the British improved their communications which resulted in the quick deployment of troops and the means to understand where they were needed most critically.


In the early 1600s, the British East India Company won trading rights on the fringe of the Mughal (also spelled Mogul) empire. The conquering Mughal/Mogul Empire was a Muslim dynasty founded by Baber that ruled India until 1857. As Mughal power declined, the company’s influence grew.

The transference of India from a Muslim dominated region to a British colony is clear with the onset of the gunpowder revolution (War Made New, Boot, Ch. 3, Flintlocks and Forbearance, pp. 77-102). With the battle of Assaye, "the Maratha Confederacy was the last major power that could challenge the British for mastery of India" (War Made New, Boot, p. 78). Nonetheless, if all the assembled forces, both in manpower and in artillery--Maratha vs. British were taken into account--the British were outnumbered 10-1.
Major General Wellesley (mounted) commanding his troops at the Battle of Assaye (J.C. Stadler after W.Heath); this is a file from the Wikimedia Commons.

A map of the engagement at Assaye on 24th September 1803.


Empire Total War: The Battle of Assaye (soundtrack version 1) by crisfire, 9:06
Warning: this video contains simulated violence; do not view if you object.

The Maratha and British armies meet between the river Juah and the river Kaitna. British casualties mount as the Maratha artillery turns its attention to the infantry. The future Duke of Wellington, Arthur Wellesley decides the only way to get his men off the killing fields is to march into the mouth of the artillery barrage. Wellesley orders his cannons abandoned and bayonets fixed.


The British though held the advantage in leadership, a young major general named Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, and eventual victor at the Battle of Waterloo over Napoleon, commanded the troops. The British, though greatly outnumbered brought superior tactics and discipline to the fight.

Wellesley outflanked his Maratha opponents (War Made New, Boot, p. 96) while his orderly had his head blown off in the maneuver. Wellesley formed his infantry into two mile long parallel front lines while holding his cavalry in a third reserve line. The British charged straight at the Marathas and fighting was brutal but largely over by nightfall at 6 p.m. The British were victorious but too exhausted and with heavy losses could not pursue the fleeing Marathas. The overall British loss was estimated at 35% (War Made New, Boot, p. 99).

The battle had been won by Wellesley with a heavy cost and he needed to pursue the Marathas for an additional three months to finish the job. For his efforts at quadrupling the British holdings in India Wellesley was awarded knighthood War Made New, Boot, pp. 98-99).

By the mid-1800s, the British East India Company controlled three fifths of India.

Exploiting Indian Diversity

The British were able to conquer India by exploiting its diversity. Even when Mughal power was at its height, India was home to many people and cultures. As Mughal power crumbled, India became fragmented. Indians with different traditions and dozens of different languages were not able to unite against the newcomers. The British took advantage of Indian divisions by encouraging competition and disunity among rival princes. Where diplomacy or intrigue did not work, the British used their superior tactics, discipline, and weapons to overpower local rulers.

Why the Marathas Could Not Win

The British had mastered the gunpowder revolution while the Marathas had attempted it and found wanting (War Made New, Boot, p. 99). The Marathas had not updated updated their hit-and-run tactics with disciplined and sustained headlong infantry charges as the British had. The separate Indian chiefs issued contradictory orders while Wellesley commanded the entire British effort. The intellectual freedom and scientific pursuit of truth in battle was unknown to the tribal Marathas. Political liberalism was unknown and viewed as a threat to traditional, tribal structures in India; this proved to be their undoing (War Made New, Boot, pp. 101-102).

Implementing British Policies

The East India Company’s main goal in India was to make money, and leading officials often grew rich. At the same time, the company did work to improve roads, preserve peace, and reduce banditry.

Infographic

The Sepoy Rebellion

Go Online
For: Audio guided tour
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: nap-2441

By the early 1800s, British officials introduced Western education and legal procedures. Missionaries tried to convert Indians to Christianity, which they felt was superior to Indian religions. The British also pressed for social change. They worked to end slavery and the caste system and to improve the position of women within the family. One law banned sati (suh tee), a Hindu custom practiced mainly by the upper classes. It called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral fire.

Growing Discontent

In the 1850s, the East India Company made several unpopular moves. First, it required sepoys (see poyz), or Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, either in India or overseas. For high-caste Hindus, however, overseas travel was an offense against their religion (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 73). Second, the East India Company passed a law that allowed Hindu widows to remarry. Hindus viewed both moves as a Christian conspiracy to undermine their beliefs (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 75).

Then, in 1857, the Bengal Army rebelled for a variety of reasons but one particularly troublesome point was the introduction of a new gun using animal fat that offended both Muslims and Hindus. Indian officers sentenced the rebels to ten years of hard labor (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 71).
The British East India Company had decided to equip the sepoys "with the new Enfield rifle in place of the smooth-bored `Brown Bess' musket" (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, pp. 71-72).

1853 Enfield Rifle-Musket

The musketry books also recommended that “Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" (Cf. Instruction of Musketry, 1856).


This image is a work of the Smithsonian Institution, taken or made during the course of an employee's official duties. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.

"The rifle barrel of the new weapon required the cartridges to be greased so that the bullet that was placed in the base of each cartridge could be rammed home easily" (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 72). Troops were told to bite off the tips of cartridges before loading them into the rifles. The cartridges, however, were greased with animal fat—either from cows, which Hindus considered sacred, or from pigs, which were forbidden to Muslims (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 72). When the troops refused the order to “load rifles,” they were imprisoned.

Rebellion and Aftermath

Angry sepoys rose up against their British officers. The Sepoy Rebellion swept across northern and central India. Several sepoy regiments marched off to Delhi, the old Mughal capital. There, they hailed the last Mughal ruler as their leader.

In some places, the sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. But the British soon rallied and crushed the revolt. They then took terrible revenge for their earlier losses, torching villages and slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians.

The Sepoy Rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides. It also brought major changes in British policy. In 1858, Parliament ended the rule of the East India Company and put India directly under the British crown. It sent more troops to India, taxing Indians to pay the cost of these occupying forces. While it slowed the “reforms” that had angered Hindus and Muslims, it continued to develop India for Britain’s own economic benefit.

Checkpoint

What were the causes of the Sepoy Rebellion in northern and central India?

Reading Check

Describing

What were two effects of the Great Rebellion?

Colonial Rule

Benefits of British Rule

Costs of British Rule

After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India called the British Raj. A British viceroy in India governed in the name of the queen, and British officials held the top positions in the civil service and army. Indians filled most other jobs. With their cooperation, the British made India the “brightest jewel” in the crown of their empire.

British policies were designed to incorporate India into the overall British economy. At the same time, British officials felt they were helping India to modernize. In their terms, modernizing meant adopting not only Western technology but also Western culture.

Vocabulary Builder

overall—(oh vur awl) adj. total

An Unequal Partnership

Britain saw India both as a market and as a source of raw materials. To this end, the British built roads and an impressive railroad network. Improved transportation let the British sell their factory-made goods across the subcontinent and carry Indian cotton, jute, and coal to coastal ports for transport to factories in England. New methods of communication, such as the telegraph, also gave Britain better control of India. After the Suez Canal opened in 1869, British trade with India soared. But it remained an unequal partnership, favoring the British. The British flooded India with inexpensive, machine-made textiles, ruining India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry.

Britain also transformed Indian agriculture. It encouraged nomadic herders to settle into farming and pushed farmers to grow cash crops, such as cotton and jute, that could be sold on the world market. Clearing new farmlands led to massive deforestation, or cutting of trees.

Population Growth and Famine

The British introduced medical improvements and new farming methods. Better health care and increased food production led to rapid population growth. The rising numbers, however, put a strain on the food supply, especially as farmland was turned over to growing cash crops instead of food. In the late 1800s, terrible famines swept India.

On the positive side, British rule brought some degree of peace and order to the countryside. The British revised the legal system to promote justice for Indians regardless of class or caste. Railroads helped Indians move around the country, while the telegraph and postal system improved communication. Greater contact helped bridge regional differences and develop a sense of national unity.

The upper classes, especially, benefited from some British policies. They sent their sons to British schools, where they were trained for posts in the civil service and military. Indian landowners and princes, who still ruled their own territories, grew rich from exporting cash crops.

Checkpoint

How did British colonial rule affect Indian agriculture?

Reading Check

Examining

How was British rule degrading to Indians?

An Indian Nationalist Movement

During the years of British rule, a class of Western-educated Indians emerged. In the view of Macaulay and others, this elite class would bolster British power. As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, Western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. Schooled in Western ideals such as democracy and equality, they dreamed of ending imperial rule.

Indian National Congress

In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress, which became known as the Congress party. Its members believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends. They called for greater democracy, which they felt would bring more power to Indians like themselves. The Indian National Congress looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported Western-style modernization.

Muslim League

At first, Muslims and Hindus worked together for self-rule. In time, however, Muslims grew to resent Hindu domination of the Congress party. They also worried that a Hindu-run government would oppress Muslims. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals. Soon, they were talking of a separate Muslim state.

Checkpoint

How are the origins of Indian nationalism linked to British rule?

Reading Check

Summarizing

What were the two goals of Mohandas Gandhi?

Colonial Indian Culture

Reading Check

Comparing

How did the nationalist movement parallel cultural developments in India?

Section 4 Nation Building in Latin America

Nationalist Revolts

Prelude to Revolution

Reading Check

Describing

How did Napoleon's wars affect Latin America?

Revolt in Mexico

Revolts in South America

Reading Check

Evaluating

How did the French Revolution affect Mexico?

Difficulties of Nation Building

Rule of the Caudillos

A New Imperialism

Persistent Inequality

Reading Check

Describing

What were some of the difficulties faced by the new Latin American republics?

The United States in Latin America

Revolution in Mexico

Reading Check

Describing

What was the United States' role as a colonial power?

Economic Change in Latin America

Reading Check

Evaluating

What caused the growth of a middle class in Latin America?

Resources
The Official Website of the British Monarchy




Self-check Quiz on Chapter

Vocabulary eFlashcards

Academic Vocabulary

Combined

Content Vocabulary

People, Places and Events

Psychoanalysis expert Timothy L. Hulsey, VCU psychology professor and dean of the honors college engages students and faculty in the Core Course and the psychology, MLC and English departments in a general forum on the relationship between Freudian theory and mainstream American psychological science. The conversation includes the impact of early experiences on adult behavior, the nature of memory and conceptions of the self and society: University of Richmond.



"In Memory of Sigmund Freud" by W.H. Auden (poetry reading):



Sigmund Freud's Hip Hop Cover Band



FREUD 01 World of Wonders



Pink Freud



Paperback Freud, "Kate"



Paul Warner recording "Freud" in the studio from the album "Deadly Waterparks". Footage produced by Bright Elephant Films.



Kutcher is surprised to see a photo of the novel KISSING FREUD on his Nikon camera.




Greek Philosophers ("Can't Get You Out of My Head" by Kylie Minogue), 3:46



William the Conqueror ("Sexyback" by Justin Timberlake), 3:57



Rockwell, Somebody's Watching Me, 3:37



William Wordsworth updated in hip-hop style, 2:02.


Historian Thaddeus Russell explores the taboo side of America’s fight for freedom in his new book, A Renegade History of the United States, 9:24.


HW: email (or hard copy) me at gmsmith@shanahan.org.

The Ch. 12 Sec. 3 Quiz is on Wednesday.

Cf. http://shanawiki.wikispaces.com/Honors+World+History+II+Chapter+12+Section+3+Quiz+Prep+Page+Spring+2011

Tuesday HW
1. p. 409, Connecting to the Past, #1-3
Wednesday HW
1. p. 409, Reading Check, Explaining, Why did states make a commitment to provide public education?
2. p. 410, Reading Check, Explaining, How did innovations in transportation change leisure activities during the Second Industrial Revolution?
3. p. 411, #8
Thursday HW
1. p. 412, #1-2, p. 413, Reading Check, Summarizing, What is the principle of ministerial responsibility?
Friday HW
1. p. 413, Analyzing Political Cartoons

Honors Business Economics: 8 February 2011

Prayer
Beyond the Sound Bites:


Feb. 7 (Bloomberg) -- Mortimer Zuckerman, chief executive officer of Boston Properties Inc., talks about Obama's economic policies. Zuckerman, speaking with Margaret Brennan on Bloomberg Television's "InBusiness," also discusses AOL Inc.'s agreement to buy the Huffington Post for $315 million. (Source: Bloomberg)

"If we're fighting to reform the tax code and increase exports, the benefits cannot just translate into greater profits and bonuses for those at the top. They have to be shared by American workers, who need to know that opening markets will lift their standard of living as well as your bottom line," Obama told the Chamber of Commerce on Monday morning.


The Ch. 4 Test is on Thursday.

The Ch. 4 Sec. 3 Quiz is on Wednesday.

The Ch. 4 Sec. 2 Quiz Make-Up is today.

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The electronic edition of the Philadelphia Inquirer is available. We have the Sunday edition, available on Mondays, in addition to the Tuesday through Friday editions on the other days.

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What's Raining on Solar's Parade?

Solar Power: Why Economics Matters

In-class assignment: with a partner, answer the following questions.

Which influence is greatest on this "green" company?
What issue was preeminent in the 70s?
What two issues are the focus of this company?
What is the number one "pocketbook" issue?
Does the skepticism (after Climategate) change their sales pitch?
Why not?
What are their ideas about global warming like? What type of thing?
Nevertheless, what argument is convincing for some people?
What is to stop concerns about solar from happening again?
What happened to oil prices after Reagan was elected?
Is the world-wide demand for oil rising or falling? (As a result of supply and demand)

Ch. 6 Sec. 2 Review


Chapter 6 Section 3 Social Goals and Market Efficiency


Guide to Reading

Section Preview

Content Vocabulary

price ceiling

Price Floors and Price Ceilings

In-class assignment: with a partner, answer the following:

What happens when the government interferes with the market mechanism by artificially imposing a "better" price?

What may interfere with the market?
How does the video define price floor?
Who is the price floor meant to protect?
What is the seller protected from?
What kinds of businesses would warrant such help?
Rather than impose an artificial price on the market resulting in all manner of other problems is there any way to manage the market to get the equilibrium price up to Pf?
Define price ceiling.
Who is a price ceiling meant to protect?
Would you rather pay a higher price for gas if you knew you could get it, or, would you rather pay a lower price for gas but take the chance none would be available?
Are there ways to make a lower price of gas available instead of imposing a government price?



minimum wage

Minimum Wage, 2:30

In-class assignment, with a partner, answer the following:

Before Congress, who testifies in favor of minimum wage?
Do labor unions generally work for minimum wage?
Why do labor unions favor a minimum wage?
Which groups are often harmed by the minimum wage?
Are small businesses harmed?


price floor
target price
nonrecourse loan
deficiency payment

Academic Vocabulary

Reading Strategy

Issues in the News

Minimum Wage Rise Hurts Students

Distorting Market Outcomes

Price Ceilings

Figure 6.4 Price Ceilings

Price Floors

Figure 6.5 Price Floors

Reading Check

Analyzing

What are the negative and positive aspects of price ceilings and price floors?

Agricultural Price Supports

Loan Supports

Deficiency Payments

Figure 6.6 Deficiency Payments

Conservation "Land Banks"

Reforming Price Supports

Continued Agricultural Support

Reading Check

Summarizing

What has been the effect of agricultural price supports?

When Markets Talk

Reading Check

Examining

Can you think of any other examples of markets "talking"? Explain

In-class assignment, with a partner, use the graphic organizer to illustrate how price floors affect quantity demanded and supplied.


Did You Know?

Profiles in Economics

Margaret (Meg) Whitman, eBay

Debates in Economics

Should College Athletes Be Paid?

Should College Athletes Get Paid?" 3:14
In-class assignment, with a partner, summarize the perspectives from players, a coach, and an administrator, about whether college athletes should get paid or not.



Ch. 4 Prep

Cf. http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078747643/student_view0/unit2/chapter4/

Multiple Choice Quiz

Cf. http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078747643/student_view0/unit2/chapter5/self-check_quizzes.html

Crossword Puzzle

Cf. http://www.glencoe.com/olc_games/game_engine/content/gln_ss/epp_08/ch05/index.html

Flashcard

Cf. http://www.glencoe.com/qe/efcsec.php?qi=15424

Ch. 5 Prep

Chapter 5 Supply Multiple Choice Quiz

Cf. http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078747643/student_view0/unit2/chapter5/self-check_quizzes.html

Chapter 5 Puzzle

Cf. http://www.glencoe.com/olc_games/game_engine/content/gln_ss/epp_08/ch05/index.html

Chapter 5 Supply Flashcards

Cf. http://www.glencoe.com/qe/efcsec.php?qi=15424

Ch. 6 Prep

Chapter 6: Prices and Decision Making
Multiple Choice Quiz

Cf. http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078747643/student_view0/unit2/chapter6/self-check_quizzes.html

ePuzzle Concentration

Cf. http://www.glencoe.com/olc_games/game_engine/content/gln_ss/epp_05/chapter06/index.html

Academic, Glossary, People/Places/Events

Cf. http://www.glencoe.com/qe/efcsec.php?qi=15429

Chapter 7 Preview

Cf. http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078747643/student_view0/unit2/chapter7/

Ian Hunter- Shrunken Heads, 7:46


Email (or hand in hard copy) to gmsmith@shanahan.org.

The Ch. 4 Sec. 3 Quiz is on Wednesday.

Cf. http://shanawiki.wikispaces.com/Honors+Business+Economics+Chapter+4+Section+3+Quiz+Prep+Page

The Ch. 4 Test is on Thursday.

Cf. http://shanawiki.wikispaces.com/Honors+Business+Economics+Chapter+4+Test+Prep+Page+Spring+2011

Tuesday HW
1. p. 161, #7-8
Wednesday HW
1. p. 162, #1-2
Thursday HW
1. p. 164, #1-6 (just answer the correct letter)
Friday HW
1. p. 164, #7

Honors World History II: Chapter 13 Section 3 The United States and Canada

Manifest Destiny

Even while the United States were crowded along the Atlantic coast, Americans developed the idea that the nation was destined to stretch across the continent. This idea was called ‘Manifest Destiny.’ Examine the images below, read the two texts by Joseph O’Sullivan, and try to determine why many Americans supported Westward expansion.

Map of the United States with the contiguous British & Spanish Possessions by John Melish (1816)


Source: A map of the United States made by John Melish in 1816. According to the David Rumsey Collection, this is “the first large scale detailed map made in the U.S. that showed the entire country from the Atlantic to the Pacific.”(Figure below).

A map of the United States made by John Melish in 1816

Map of the United States – Ormando Gray (1872)

Source: Map of the United States made by Ormando Willis Gray, published in Philadelphia in 1872. (Figure below).


Map of the United States made by Ormando Willis Gray

Section Questions:

  1. Sourcing: When was Melish’s map made?
  2. Contextualization: What territory was part of the United States at that point?
  3. Close Reading: Compare Melish’s map to Gray’s 1872 map. What land did Melish include, even though it was not part of the United States?
  4. Why would Melish draw a map that included land that was not yet a part of the United States in 1816?

American Progress – John Gast

Source: John Gast painted American Progress 1872 to represent the spirit of Manifest Destiny. This image is of a chromolithograph made around 1873 by George A. Croffut, based on Gast’s painting.(Figure below).

This image is of a chromolithograph made around 1873 by George A. Croffut

Questions:

  1. What do you think the woman in this painting represents? How is this symbolized in the painting?

The Great Nation of Futurity – John O’Sullivan

Source: An article by John O’Sullivan called “The Great Nation of Futurity,” from The United States Democratic Review in 1839. John O’Sullivan was a writer and editor of a well-known newspaper around the time of the Mexican-American war. Most people give him the credit for coining the term “Manifest Destiny.” As you read the quotes below, try to figure out what he thinks of America.

Our national birth (and the Declaration of Independence) was the beginning of a new history, which separates us from the past and connects us only with the future….

We are the nation of progress, of individual freedom, of universal enfranchisement. Our future history will be to establish on earth the moral dignity and salvation of man -- the undeniable truth and goodness of God. America has been chosen for this mission among all the nations of the world, which are shut out from the life-giving light of truth. Her high example shall put an end to the tyranny of kings, and carry the happy news of peace and good will to millions who now endure an existence hardly better than that of beasts of the field. Who, then, can doubt that our country is destined to be the great nation of the future?


Vocabulary

Enfranchisement
the right to vote
Tyranny
cruel and oppressive government
Endure
suffer through

Questions:

  1. What does John O’Sullivan think America stands for?
  2. What, according to John O’Sullivan, is America’s mission?

Annexation – John O’Sullivan

Source: An article by John O’Sullivan, “Annexation,” from the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, 1845.

It is time now for all opposition to annexation of Texas to stop...

Texas is now ours. She is no longer to us a mere geographical space. She is no longer to us a mere country on the map....

The time has come for everyone to stop treating Texas as an alien, and to stop thwarting our policy and hampering our power, limiting our greatness and checking the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.


Vocabulary

Thwarting
opposing
Hampering
slowing down
Allotted
given
Providence
God

Questions:

  1. Close Reading: What do you think John O’Sullivan means by the following phrase: “our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions”?

Section Question:

  1. Based on all of these documents, how did Americans feel about expanding westward?

Irish Immigration

In the 1840\mathrm{s}, a disease killed most of the potato plants in Ireland, leaving the Irish without enough food to eat. To escape the so-called Irish Potato Famine, many Irish immigrated to the United States. Once there, however, they faced strong anti-Irish discrimination. The Irish had long been oppressed and looked down on by neighboring Britain, and many Americans were of British ancestry. Most Irish were Catholic, and most Americans were Protestants with a strong anti-Catholic prejudice. Most Irish were poor and entered American life at the bottom of the social ladder. Today, it seems obvious that people of Irish descent are racially ‘white,’ but this was not so clear to the people of the 1840s. Examine the following documents and try to determine whether the Irish were considered ‘white’ in the 19^{\mathrm{th}} century.

Black vs. Irish - Thomas Nast

Source: A cartoon drawn by Thomas Nast for the cover of Harper’s Weekly, December 7, 1876.(Figure below).


Questions:

  1. The man in the “white” scale is supposed to be Irish. What is the message of this cartoon?
  2. Thomas Nast, the cartoonist, drew for Harper’s Weekly. Based on this cartoon, what sort of people do you think read Harper’s Weekly?

Cartoon in a Newspaper, 1883

Source: Political cartoon published in Puck humor magazine on May 9, 1883.(Figure below).

THE IRISH DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE THAT WE ARE ALL FAMILIAR WITH.

Questions:

  1. The angry woman in the cartoon is supposed to be Irish. Describe what she looks like and how she’s acting.
  2. Based on this cartoon, what job do you think many Irish women had in the 1880s? What were some stereotypes about Irish women?

Excerpt from The Know-Nothing and American Crusader – July 29, 1854

Source: An item that ran in The Know-Nothing and American Crusader, a nativist, anti-Catholic newspaper published in Boston.

THINGS WHICH ROMAN CATHOLIC PRIESTS AND ALL TRUE ROMAN CATHOLICS HATE

Providence, July 22, 1854

  1. They HATE our Republic, and are trying to overthrow it.
  2. They HATE our Flag, and they grossly insulting it.
  3. They HATE the liberty of the Press.
  4. They HATE the liberty of speech.
  5. They HATE our Public School system.
  6. They HATE the Bible, and would blot it out of existence if they could!
  7. They HATE Protestants, and are sworn to exterminate them from our country and the earth.
  8. They HATE all rulers that do not swear allegiance to the Pope of Rome.
  9. They HATE to be ruled by Americans, and say ‘WE WILL NOT BE RULED BY THEM!'
  10. They HATE to support their own paupers and they are left to be supported by the tax paying Americans.
  11. They HATE, above all, the ‘Know-Nothings’, who are determined to rid this country from their cursed power.

—UNCLE SAM


Questions:

  1. Why did the ‘Know-Nothings’ hate the Catholics so much?
  2. According to the ‘Know-Nothings’ could the Irish ever be true Americans? Why or why not?

New York Times Advertisement, 1854

Source: An advertisement that ran in the New York Times on March 25, 1854.(Figure below).


Jensen, Richard.

Modified Transcript:

GROCERY CART AND HARNESS FOR SALE

They are in good condition.

One chestnut horse, 3 \;\mathrm{years} old, is also for sale. Excellent saddle horse; can be ridden by a lady.

Also, young man wanted, from 16 to 13 \;\mathrm{years} of age, able to work. No Irish need apply.

CLUFF & TUNIS, No. 270 Washington St., corner of Myrtle Ave., Brooklyn.


Questions:

  1. What does the advertisement mean when it says: “No Irish need apply?”
  2. Based on this advertisement, how do you think the Irish were treated when they looked for jobs? Why might this be the case?

Wages of Whiteness – David Roediger

Source: Excerpt from the book Wages of Whiteness, written by historian David R. Roediger and published in 1991.

Irish-Americans were sometimes used as substitutes for slaves in the South. Gangs of Irish immigrants worked ditching and draining plantations, building levees and sometimes clearing land because of the danger of death to valuable slave property (and, as one account put it, to mules) in such work. One Southerner explained the use of Irish labor as follows: ‘n-----s are worth too much to be risked here; if the Paddies (Irish) are knocked overboard... nobody loses anything.’

Irish youths were likely to be indentured servants from the early 1800s through the Civil War. In that position they were sometimes called ‘Irish slaves’ and more frequently ‘bound boys.’ In New York City, Irish women made up the largest group of prostitutes, or as they were sometimes called in the 1850s, ‘white slaves.’


Questions:

  1. Why were Irish used to do difficult labor in the South?
  2. Based on this document, do you think the Irish were treated like slaves?
Last modified: Sunday, February 6, 2011, 06:16 PM


Honors World History II: 7 February 2011

Prayer

This image is of a chromolithograph made around 1873 by George A. Croffut

1. What do you think the woman in this painting represents? How is this symbolized in the painting?

Beyond the Sound Bites


Vincent Thomas Lombardi (June 11, 1913 -- September 3, 1970) was an American football coach. He is a legendary football figure, best known as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers during the 1960s. The National Football League's Super Bowl trophy is named in his honor.

Lombardi played American football at St. Francis Preparatory School, and later Fordham University. He began coaching as an assistant and later head coach at St. Cecilia, a Catholic high school in Englewood, New Jersey. He would later coach at Fordham and the U.S. Military Academy. His NFL coaching debut was in 1954 as an offensive coordinator for the New York Giants, helping them win the 1956 NFL Championship Game. Lombardi was the head coach of the Green Bay Packers from 1959--67, winning five league championships during his nine years. Following a one-year retirement from coaching in 1968, he returned as head coach of the Washington Redskins for the 1969 season.

Lombardi's record in the post-season was 9--1, the only loss coming in the first of those games, the 1960 NFL Championship Game.

The Ch. 12 Sec. 3 Quiz is on Wednesday.

Cf. http://moodle.catholicschools-phl.org

Cf. http://www.cueprompter.com/

Standard feature:

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Ch. 13 Mass Society and Democracy 1870-1914

Karl Marx's idea of Alienation

There are four areas to discuss and summarize with your partner:
1. Product
2. Productive Activity
3. Ourselves (Own Identity)
4. Each other (Society)

Four Aspects of Alienation or Estrangement

a. From Products of own Labour. The first aspect of alienated labour is the separation of the worker from the products of the worker's labour.

Quote:

"All these consequences follow from the fact that the worker is related to the product of his labour as to an alien object. For it is clear on this presupposition that the more the worker expends himself in work the more powerful becomes the world of objects which he creates in face of himself, the poorer he becomes in his inner life, and the less he belongs to himself. Cf. The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 by Karl Marx, pp. 13-14)

b. From the Process of Production or from Work Itself. Quote:

"... he does not fulfill himself in his work but denies himself, has a feeling of misery rather than well-being, does not develop freely his mental and physical energies but is physically exhausted and mentally debased. (Manuscripts, p. 15)

c. From Species-Being or from Humanity and Human Potential. Individuals perform and act less and less like human beings, and more and more like machines. Quote:

Since alienated labour: (1) alienates nature from man; and (2) alienates man from himself, from his own active function, his life activity; so it alienates him from the species. (Manuscripts, p. 16).

d. From Other Persons. Humans are also alienated from other human beings. Quote:

A direct consequence of the alienation of man from the product of his labour, from his life activity and from his species-life, is that man is alienated from other men. ... man is alienated from his species-life means that each man is alienated from others, and that each of the others is likewise alienated from human life. (Manuscripts, p. 17).

Section 2 The Emergence of Mass Society




Section 3 The National State and Democracy

Western Europe and Political Democracy

Great Britain

In-class assignment, with a partner, consider the material we have covered so far, but look over especially Ch. 13, Sections 2 and 3, to answer:

Why did democracy develop in the U.K.?

Summarize the material in this way (bullet points are fine)

Economic change
Important individuals
Pressure groups
Influences from abroad
Political Competition
Society and Technology

Cf. http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/british_1895/democracy_post1850.htm

Review:

Influences from abroad
Society and Technology

In-class assignment, with your partner, write out and name all the bullet points from these two categories.

You have :57 seconds (while the Hawaii 50 theme plays)

Cf. http://classtools.net/education-games-php/timer/

Clashes between Gladstone/Disraeli

Cf. http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/british_1830/gladstone_disraeli.htm

The Liberal Reforms

Cf. http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/british_1895/liberal_reforms.htm

Cf. http://vozme.com/index.php?lang=en

A series of political reforms during the 1800s and early 1900s transformed Great Britain from a monarchy and aristocracy into a democracy. While some British politicians opposed the reforms, most sided in favor of reforming Parliament to make it more representative of the nation’s growing industrial population.

“No doubt, at that very early period, the House of Commons did represent the people of England but . . . the House of Commons, as it presently subsists, does not represent the people of England. . . . The people called loudly for reform, saying that whatever good existed in the constitution of this House—whatever confidence was placed in it by the people, was completely gone.”

—Lord John Russell, March 1, 1831

Audio

One day a wealthy Englishman named Charles Egremont boasted to strangers that Victoria, the queen of England, “reigns over the greatest nation that ever existed.”

“Which nation?” asks one of the strangers, “for she reigns over two. . . . Two nations; between whom there is no [communication] and no sympathy; who are as ignorant of each other’s habits, thoughts, and feelings, as if they were . . . inhabitants of different planets.”

What are these “two nations,” Egremont asks. “The Rich and the Poor ,” the stranger replies.

—Benjamin Disraeli, Sybil

In the 1800s, Benjamin Disraeli and other political leaders slowly worked to bridge Britain’s “two nations” and extend democratic rights. Unlike some of its neighbors in Europe, Britain generally achieved change through reform rather than revolution.

Audio

In 1815, Britain was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament and two political parties. Still, it was far from democratic. Although members of the House of Commons were elected, less than five percent of the people had the right to vote. Wealthy nobles and squires, or country landowners, dominated politics and heavily influenced voters. In addition, the House of Lords—made up of hereditary nobles and high-ranking clergy—could veto any bill passed by the House of Commons.

Reformers Press for Change

Long-standing laws kept many people from voting. Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants, for example, could not vote or serve in Parliament. In the 1820s, reformers pushed to end religious restrictions. After fierce debate, Parliament finally granted Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants equal political rights.

An even greater battle soon erupted over making Parliament more representative. During the Industrial Revolution, centers of population shifted. Some rural towns lost so many people that they had few or no voters. Yet local landowners in these rotten boroughs still sent members to Parliament. At the same time, populous new industrial cities like Manchester and Birmingham had no seats allocated in Parliament because they had not existed as population centers in earlier times.

Vocabulary Builder

allocate—(al oh kayt) vt. to distribute according to a plan

Reform Act of 1832

By 1830, Whigs and Tories were battling over a bill to reform Parliament. The Whig Party largely represented middle-class and business interests. The Tory Party spoke for nobles, land-owners, and others whose interests and income were rooted in agriculture. In the streets, supporters of reform chanted, “The Bill, the whole Bill, and nothing but the Bill!” Their shouts seemed to echo the cries of revolutionaries on the continent.

Parliament finally passed the Great Reform Act in 1832. It redistributed seats in the House of Commons, giving representation to large towns and cities and eliminating rotten boroughs. It also enlarged the electorate, the body of people allowed to vote, by granting suffrage to more men. The Act did, however, keep a property requirement for voting.

The Reform Act of 1832 did not bring full democracy, but it did give a greater political voice to middle-class men. Landowning nobles, however, remained a powerful force in the government and in the economy.

The Chartist Movement

The reform bill did not help rural or urban workers. Some of them demanded more radical change. In the 1830s, protesters known as Chartists drew up the People’s Charter. This petition demanded universal male suffrage, annual parliamentary elections, and salaries for members of Parliament. Another key demand was for a secret ballot, which would allow people to cast their votes without announcing them publicly.

Twice the Chartists presented petitions with over a million signatures to Parliament. Both petitions were ignored. In 1848, as revolutions swept Europe, the Chartists prepared a third petition and organized a march on Parliament. Fearing violence, the government moved to suppress the march. Soon after, the unsuccessful Chartist movement declined. In time, however, Parliament would pass most of the major reforms proposed by the Chartists.

From 1837 to 1901, the great symbol in British life was Queen Victoria. Her reign was the longest in British history. Although she exercised little real political power, she set the tone for what is now called the Victorian age.

The Victorian Web

Symbol of a Nation’s Values

As queen, Victoria came to embody the values of her age. These Victorian ideals included duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and above all respectability. Victoria herself embraced a strict code of morals and manners. As a young woman, she married a German prince, Albert, and they raised a large family.

A Confident Age

Under Victoria, the British middle class—and growing numbers of the working class—felt great confidence in the future. That confidence grew as Britain expanded its already huge empire. Victoria, the empress of India and ruler of some 300 million subjects around the world, became a revered symbol of British might.

Infographic

From Monarchy to Democracy in Britain

During her reign, Victoria witnessed growing agitation for social reform. The queen herself commented that the lower classes “earn their bread and riches so deservedly that they cannot and ought not to be kept back.” As the Victorian era went on, reformers continued the push toward greater social and economic justice.

In the 1860s, a new era dawned in British politics. The old political parties regrouped under new leadership. Benjamin Disraeli forged the Tories into the modern Conservative Party. The Whigs, led by William Gladstone, evolved into the Liberal Party. Between 1868 and 1880, as the majority in Parliament swung between the two parties, Gladstone and Disraeli alternated as prime minister. Both fought for important reforms.

Expanding Suffrage

Disraeli and the Conservative Party pushed through the Reform Bill of 1867. By giving the vote to many working-class men, the new law almost doubled the size of the electorate.

In the 1880s, it was the turn of Gladstone and the Liberal Party to extend suffrage. Their reforms gave the vote to farmworkers and most other men. By century’s end, almost-universal male suffrage, the secret ballot, and other Chartist ambitions had been achieved. Britain had truly transformed itself from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary democracy, a form of government in which the executive leaders (usually a prime minister and cabinet) are chosen by and responsible to the legislature (parliament), and are also members of it.
Limiting the Lords

In the early 1900s, many bills passed by the House of Commons met defeat in the House of Lords. In 1911, a Liberal government passed measures to restrict the power of the Lords, including their power to veto tax bills. The Lords resisted. Finally, the government threatened to create enough new lords to approve the law, and the Lords backed down. People hailed the change as a victory for democracy. In time, the House of Lords would become a largely ceremonial body with little power. The elected House of Commons would reign supreme.

France

Audio

The news sent shock waves through Paris. Napoleon III had surrendered to the Prussians and Prussian forces were now about to advance on Paris. Could the city survive? Georges Clemenceau (kleh mahn soh), a young French politician, rallied the people of Paris to defend their homeland:

“Citizens, must France destroy herself and disappear, or shall she resume her old place in the vanguard of nations? . . . Each of us knows his duty. We are children of the Revolution. Let us seek inspiration in the example of our forefathers in 1792, and like them we shall conquer. Vive la France! (Long Live France!)”

Learn

Focus Question

What democratic reforms were made in France during the Third Republic?

For four months, Paris resisted the German onslaught. But finally, in January 1871, the French government at Versailles was forced to accept Prussian surrender terms.

The Franco-Prussian War ended a long period of French domination of Europe that had begun under Louis XIV. Yet a Third Republic rose from the ashes of the Second Empire of Napoleon III. Economic growth, democratic reforms, and the fierce nationalism expressed by Clemenceau all played a part in shaping modern France.

Italy

Reading Check

Summarizing

What is the principle of ministerial responsibility?

Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Russia

Reading Check

Identifying

What was the role of the Duma in the Russian government?

The United States and Canada (Is Canada a part of the United States?)

Aftermath of the Civil War

Economic differences, as well as the slavery issue, drove the Northern and Southern regions of the United States apart. The division reached a crisis in 1860 when Abraham Lincoln was elected president. Lincoln opposed extending slavery into new territories. Southerners feared that he would eventually abolish slavery altogether and that the federal government would infringe on their states’ rights.

North Versus South

Soon after Lincoln’s election, most southern states seceded, or withdrew, from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. This action sparked the Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865.

The South had fewer resources, fewer people, and less industry than the North. Still, Southerners fought fiercely to defend their cause. The Confederacy finally surrendered in 1865. The struggle cost more than 600,000 lives—the largest casualty figures of any American war.

Challenges for African Americans

During the war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, by which enslaved African Americans in the South were declared free. After the war, three amendments to the Constitution banned slavery throughout the country and granted political rights to African Americans. Under the Fifteenth Amendment, African American men won the right to vote.

Still, African Americans faced many restrictions. In the South, state laws imposed segregation, or legal separation of the races, in hospitals, schools, and other public places. Other state laws imposed conditions for voter eligibility that, despite the Fifteenth Amendment, prevented African Americans from voting.

Economy

By 1900, the United States had become the world's richest nation.

Audio

After the Civil War, the United States grew to lead the world in industrial and agricultural production. A special combination of factors made this possible including political stability, private property rights, a free enterprise system and an inexpensive supply of land and labor—supplied mostly by immigrants. Finally, a growing network of transportation and communications technologies aided businesses in transporting resources and finished products.

Business and Labor

By 1900, giant monopolies controlled whole industries. Scottish-born Andrew Carnegie built the nation’s largest steel company, while John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company dominated the world’s petroleum industry. Big business enjoyed tremendous profits.

Vocabulary Builder

dominate—(dahm un nayt) vt. to rule or control by superior power or influence

But the growing prosperity was not shared by all. In factories, wages were low and conditions were often brutal. To defend their interests, American workers organized labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor. Unions sought better wages, hours, and working conditions. Struggles with management sometimes erupted into violent confrontations. Slowly, however, workers made gains.

Populists and Progressives

In the economic hard times of the late 1800s, farmers also organized themselves to defend their interests. In the 1890s, they joined city workers to support the new Populist party. The Populists never became a major party, but their platform of reforms, such as an eight-hour workday, eventually became law.

By 1900, reformers known as Progressives also pressed for change. They sought laws to ban child labor, limit working hours, regulate monopolies, and give voters more power. Another major goal of the Progressives was obtaining voting rights for women. After a long struggle, American suffragists finally won the vote in 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment went into effect.

Audio

For many Irish families fleeing hunger, Russian Jews escaping pogroms, or poor Italian farmers seeking economic opportunity, the answer was the same—America! A poem inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty expressed the welcome and promise of freedom that millions of immigrants dreamed of:

“Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me.

I lift my lamp beside the golden door.”

—Emma Lazarus, “The New Colossus”

Learn

Focus Question

How did the United States develop during the 1800s?

In the 1800s, the United States was a beacon of hope for many people. The American economy was growing rapidly, offering jobs to newcomers. The Constitution and Bill of Rights held out the hope of political and religious freedom. Not everyone shared in the prosperity or the ideals of democracy. Still, by the turn of the nineteenth century, important reforms were being made.
Expansion Abroad

U.S. Expansion, 1783–1898

From the earliest years of its history, the United States followed a policy of expansionism, or extending the nation’s boundaries. At first, the United States stretched only from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from France. In one stroke, the Louisiana Purchase virtually doubled the size of the nation.

By 1846, the United States had expanded to include Florida, Oregon, and the Republic of Texas. The Mexican War (1846–1848) added California and the Southwest. With growing pride and confidence, Americans claimed that their nation was destined to spread across the entire continent, from sea to sea. This idea became known as Manifest Destiny. Some expansionists even hoped to absorb Canada and Mexico. In fact, the United States did go far afield. In 1867, it bought Alaska from Russia and in 1898 annexed the Hawaiian Islands.

Canada

Reading Check

Identifying

Name the territories acquired by the United States in 1898.

International Rivalries

Reading Check

Summarizing

What countries formed the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente?

Crisis in the Balkans

Reading Check

Explaining

Why were the Serbs outraged when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina?

Section 4 Toward the Modern Consciousness

Media Library

Scientific developments of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries changed the way people saw themselves and their world. Writers, artists, and musicians rebelled against traditional literary and artistic styles and created new ones that sometimes shocked critics with their audacity. Impressionism, cubism, and abstract art emerged. The scientific discoveries of Marie Curie and Albert Einstein, and the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud defied the orderly view of reason. Charles Darwin's description of life as a biological struggle for survival led to the Social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer and others. Extreme nationalist ideologies also borrowed from Social Darwinism. Threatening anti-Semitic activity in France, Germany, and Austria-Hungary led many Jews to emigrate to escape persecution. Many Jews immigrated to Palestine, where Zionists were trying to restore Jewish life.

A New Physics

Reading Check

Explaining

How did Marie Curie's discovery change people's ideas about the atom?

Freud and Psychoanalysis

A thought provoking collection of Creative Quotations from Sigmund Freud (1856-1939); born on May 6. Austrian psychoanalyst; He was the first to develop the concept of the subconscious mind; founded psychoanalysis, 1895-1900.

In-class assignment, each student individually, summarize one of Freud's statements that you find interesting, and paraphrase it in your own words.



Psychologist Sigmund Freud demonstrates what a boy will think in his conscious and unconscious when he sees a girl...on the beach. In a fantastically fun and educational way, the psychology legend explains and defines his terms, Id, Ego, and Superego.

This is a stop-motion video of a Sigmund Freud action figure dancing to Bloodhound Gang's "The Bad Touch."





Freudian Slippers: a brand new way of thinking about footwear. Brought to you by the Unemployed Philosophers Guild: www.philosophersguild.com.



Sigmund Freud On The BBC - 1938 - Brief Audio Clip

Toward the end of his life, Freud was asked by the BBC to provide a brief statement about his decades-long career in psychoanalysis... here, in English, he offers a succinct overview... The "Freud Conflict and Culture" web site said this:

"On December 7, 1938, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) came to Freud's Maresfield Gardens home in London to record a short message. By this time his cancer of the jaw was inoperable and incurable, making speech difficult and extremely painful. A photograph of Freud was taken as he prepared to read the statement you are listening to now. After his long struggle with cancer grew intolerable, Freud asked his physician for a fatal injection of morphine. He died on September 23, 1939."

Late Clips Of Sigmund Freud (1932, 1938)

In these brief clips, psychoanalysis founder Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is first seen in Vienna in 1932 speaking with archeologist Emanuel Loewy, then in 1938 signing the Royal Society's charter book and lastly celebrating his 81st birthday... the latter clips were taken in London where Freud and his family were forced to move from Vienna following the 1938 Nazi Anschluss (he died in London a year later).

Reading Check

Summarizing

What is Freud's theory of the human unconscious?

Social Darwinism and Racism

Reading Check

Explaining

What does the theory of social Darwinism state?

Anti-Semitism and Zionism

Audio

The most serious and divisive scandal began in 1894. A high-ranking army officer, Alfred Dreyfus, was accused of spying for Germany. However, at his military trial, neither Dreyfus nor his lawyer was allowed to see the evidence against him. The injustice was rooted in anti-Semitism. The military elite detested Dreyfus, the first Jewish person to reach such a high position in the army. Although Dreyfus proclaimed his innocence, he was convicted and condemned to life imprisonment on Devil’s Island, a desolate penal colony off the coast of South America. By 1896, new evidence pointed to another officer, Ferdinand Esterhazy, as the spy. Still, the army refused to grant Dreyfus a new trial.

Deep Divisions

The Dreyfus affair, as it was called, scarred French politics and society for decades. Royalists, ultranationalists, and Church officials charged Dreyfus supporters, or “Dreyfusards,” with undermining France. Paris echoed with cries of “Long live the army!” and “Death to traitors!” Dreyfusards, mostly liberals and republicans, upheld ideals of justice and equality in the face of massive public anger. In 1898, French novelist Émile Zola joined the battle. In an article headlined J’Accuse! (I Accuse!), he charged the army and government with suppressing the truth. As a result, Zola was convicted of libel, or the knowing publication of false and damaging statements. He fled into exile.

Slowly, though, the Dreyfusards made progress and eventually the evidence against Dreyfus was shown to be forged. In 1906, a French court finally cleared Dreyfus of all charges and restored his honors. That was a victory for justice, but the political scars of the Dreyfus affair took longer to heal.

Calls for a Jewish State

The Dreyfus case reflected the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution had spread ideas about religious toleration. In Western Europe, some Jews had gained jobs in government, universities, and other areas of life. Others had achieved success in banking and business, but most struggled to survive in the ghettos of Eastern Europe or the slums of Western Europe.

By the late 1800s, however, anti-Semitism was again on the rise. Anti-Semites were often members of the lower middle class who felt insecure in their social and economic position. Steeped in the new nationalist fervor, they adopted an aggressive intolerance for outsiders and a violent hatred of Jews.

The Dreyfus case and the pogroms in Russia stirred Theodor Herzl (hurt sul), a Hungarian Jewish journalist living in France. He called for Jews to form their own separate state, where they would have rights that were otherwise denied to them in European countries. Herzl helped launch modern Zionism, a movement devoted to rebuilding a Jewish state in Palestine. Many Jews had kept this dream alive since the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. In 1897, Herzl organized the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland.

Reading Check

Explaining

Why did Jews start to move to Palestine?

The Culture of Modernity

Literature

Painting

Degas

Introduction

Social trends in the mid-1800s in France are readily apparent in the works of many of the impressionist artists. The work of Edgar Degas is a good example. In this activity you will learn about impressionism and about the contribution of Degas to a new style in painting and sculpture.

Edgar Degas

Directions

* Read the information on the Web site about Degas. Take notes as you read.
* Click on “Life” and read the information.
* Go back and click on “Artistic Styles.” Read the information.
* Click on two of Degas’s paintings and review his works.

Use the information you found to answer the following questions.

Architecture

Music

Reading Check

Explaining

How did the Impressionists radically change the art of painting in the 1870s?

Preview

Ch. 14 The Height of Imperialism 1800-1914



Section 1 Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia

The New Imperialism

Reading Check

Describing

What were four primary motivations for the "new imperialism?"

Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia

Great Britain

France

Thailand--The Exception

The United States

Reading Check

Identifying

What spurred Britain to control Singapore and Burma?

Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia

Indirect and Direct Rule

Colonial Economies

Reading Check

Explaining

Why did colonial powers prefer that colonists not develop their own industries?

Resistance to Colonial Rule

Reading Check

Summarizing

Explain three forms of resistance to Western domination.

Section 2 Empire Building in Africa

West Africa

Reading Check

Explaining

Why did the slave trade decline in the 1800s?

North Africa

Reading Check

Explaining

Great Britain was determined to have complete control of the Suez Canal. Why?

Central Africa

Reading Check

Examining

What effect did King Leopold II of Belgium have on European colonization of the Congo River basin?

East Africa

Reading Check

Evaluating

What was significant about the Berlin Conference?

South Africa

Reading Check

Describing

What happened to the Boers at the end of the Boer War?

Colonial Rule in Africa

Reading Check

Comparing

How did the French system of colonial rule differ from that of Great Britain?

Rise of African Nationalism

Reading Check

Evaluating

Why were many African intellectuals frustrated by colonial policy?

Section 3 British Rule in India

The Sepoy (from sipahi, soldier in Persian, the official language of the conquering Islamic Mogul Empire, War Made New, Boot, p. 89) Mutiny
The success of the British in India is largely a result of the first Industrial Revolution. "After the Indian [Sepoy] mutiny, one British colonial minister exclaimed, `The telegraph saved India'" (War Made New, Boot, p. 157). Along with impressive advances in transportation, as a result of the laying down of railroad tracks, the British improved their communications which resulted in the quick deployment of troops and the means to understand where they were needed most critically.


In the early 1600s, the British East India Company won trading rights on the fringe of the Mughal (also spelled Mogul) empire. The conquering Mughal/Mogul Empire was a Muslim dynasty founded by Baber that ruled India until 1857. As Mughal power declined, the company’s influence grew.

The transference of India from a Muslim dominated region to a British colony is clear with the onset of the gunpowder revolution (War Made New, Boot, Ch. 3, Flintlocks and Forbearance, pp. 77-102). With the battle of Assaye, "the Maratha Confederacy was the last major power that could challenge the British for mastery of India" (War Made New, Boot, p. 78). Nonetheless, if all the assembled forces, both in manpower and in artillery--Maratha vs. British were taken into account--the British were outnumbered 10-1.
Major General Wellesley (mounted) commanding his troops at the Battle of Assaye (J.C. Stadler after W.Heath); this is a file from the Wikimedia Commons.

A map of the engagement at Assaye on 24th September 1803.


Empire Total War: The Battle of Assaye (soundtrack version 1) by crisfire, 9:06
Warning: this video contains simulated violence; do not view if you object.

The Maratha and British armies meet between the river Juah and the river Kaitna. British casualties mount as the Maratha artillery turns its attention to the infantry. The future Duke of Wellington, Arthur Wellesley decides the only way to get his men off the killing fields is to march into the mouth of the artillery barrage. Wellesley orders his cannons abandoned and bayonets fixed.


The British though held the advantage in leadership, a young major general named Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, and eventual victor at the Battle of Waterloo over Napoleon, commanded the troops. The British, though greatly outnumbered brought superior tactics and discipline to the fight.

Wellesley outflanked his Maratha opponents (War Made New, Boot, p. 96) while his orderly had his head blown off in the maneuver. Wellesley formed his infantry into two mile long parallel front lines while holding his cavalry in a third reserve line. The British charged straight at the Marathas and fighting was brutal but largely over by nightfall at 6 p.m. The British were victorious but too exhausted and with heavy losses could not pursue the fleeing Marathas. The overall British loss was estimated at 35% (War Made New, Boot, p. 99).

The battle had been won by Wellesley with a heavy cost and he needed to pursue the Marathas for an additional three months to finish the job. For his efforts at quadrupling the British holdings in India Wellesley was awarded knighthood War Made New, Boot, pp. 98-99).

By the mid-1800s, the British East India Company controlled three fifths of India.

Exploiting Indian Diversity

The British were able to conquer India by exploiting its diversity. Even when Mughal power was at its height, India was home to many people and cultures. As Mughal power crumbled, India became fragmented. Indians with different traditions and dozens of different languages were not able to unite against the newcomers. The British took advantage of Indian divisions by encouraging competition and disunity among rival princes. Where diplomacy or intrigue did not work, the British used their superior tactics, discipline, and weapons to overpower local rulers.

Why the Marathas Could Not Win

The British had mastered the gunpowder revolution while the Marathas had attempted it and found wanting (War Made New, Boot, p. 99). The Marathas had not updated updated their hit-and-run tactics with disciplined and sustained headlong infantry charges as the British had. The separate Indian chiefs issued contradictory orders while Wellesley commanded the entire British effort. The intellectual freedom and scientific pursuit of truth in battle was unknown to the tribal Marathas. Political liberalism was unknown and viewed as a threat to traditional, tribal structures in India; this proved to be their undoing (War Made New, Boot, pp. 101-102).

Implementing British Policies

The East India Company’s main goal in India was to make money, and leading officials often grew rich. At the same time, the company did work to improve roads, preserve peace, and reduce banditry.

Infographic

The Sepoy Rebellion

Go Online
For: Audio guided tour
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: nap-2441

By the early 1800s, British officials introduced Western education and legal procedures. Missionaries tried to convert Indians to Christianity, which they felt was superior to Indian religions. The British also pressed for social change. They worked to end slavery and the caste system and to improve the position of women within the family. One law banned sati (suh tee), a Hindu custom practiced mainly by the upper classes. It called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral fire.

Growing Discontent

In the 1850s, the East India Company made several unpopular moves. First, it required sepoys (see poyz), or Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, either in India or overseas. For high-caste Hindus, however, overseas travel was an offense against their religion (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 73). Second, the East India Company passed a law that allowed Hindu widows to remarry. Hindus viewed both moves as a Christian conspiracy to undermine their beliefs (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 75).

Then, in 1857, the Bengal Army rebelled for a variety of reasons but one particularly troublesome point was the introduction of a new gun using animal fat that offended both Muslims and Hindus. Indian officers sentenced the rebels to ten years of hard labor (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 71).
The British East India Company had decided to equip the sepoys "with the new Enfield rifle in place of the smooth-bored `Brown Bess' musket" (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, pp. 71-72).

1853 Enfield Rifle-Musket

The musketry books also recommended that “Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" (Cf. Instruction of Musketry, 1856).


This image is a work of the Smithsonian Institution, taken or made during the course of an employee's official duties. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.

"The rifle barrel of the new weapon required the cartridges to be greased so that the bullet that was placed in the base of each cartridge could be rammed home easily" (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 72). Troops were told to bite off the tips of cartridges before loading them into the rifles. The cartridges, however, were greased with animal fat—either from cows, which Hindus considered sacred, or from pigs, which were forbidden to Muslims (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 72). When the troops refused the order to “load rifles,” they were imprisoned.

Rebellion and Aftermath

Angry sepoys rose up against their British officers. The Sepoy Rebellion swept across northern and central India. Several sepoy regiments marched off to Delhi, the old Mughal capital. There, they hailed the last Mughal ruler as their leader.

In some places, the sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. But the British soon rallied and crushed the revolt. They then took terrible revenge for their earlier losses, torching villages and slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians.

The Sepoy Rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides. It also brought major changes in British policy. In 1858, Parliament ended the rule of the East India Company and put India directly under the British crown. It sent more troops to India, taxing Indians to pay the cost of these occupying forces. While it slowed the “reforms” that had angered Hindus and Muslims, it continued to develop India for Britain’s own economic benefit.

Checkpoint

What were the causes of the Sepoy Rebellion in northern and central India?

Reading Check

Describing

What were two effects of the Great Rebellion?

Colonial Rule

Benefits of British Rule

Costs of British Rule

After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India called the British Raj. A British viceroy in India governed in the name of the queen, and British officials held the top positions in the civil service and army. Indians filled most other jobs. With their cooperation, the British made India the “brightest jewel” in the crown of their empire.

British policies were designed to incorporate India into the overall British economy. At the same time, British officials felt they were helping India to modernize. In their terms, modernizing meant adopting not only Western technology but also Western culture.

Vocabulary Builder

overall—(oh vur awl) adj. total

An Unequal Partnership

Britain saw India both as a market and as a source of raw materials. To this end, the British built roads and an impressive railroad network. Improved transportation let the British sell their factory-made goods across the subcontinent and carry Indian cotton, jute, and coal to coastal ports for transport to factories in England. New methods of communication, such as the telegraph, also gave Britain better control of India. After the Suez Canal opened in 1869, British trade with India soared. But it remained an unequal partnership, favoring the British. The British flooded India with inexpensive, machine-made textiles, ruining India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry.

Britain also transformed Indian agriculture. It encouraged nomadic herders to settle into farming and pushed farmers to grow cash crops, such as cotton and jute, that could be sold on the world market. Clearing new farmlands led to massive deforestation, or cutting of trees.

Population Growth and Famine

The British introduced medical improvements and new farming methods. Better health care and increased food production led to rapid population growth. The rising numbers, however, put a strain on the food supply, especially as farmland was turned over to growing cash crops instead of food. In the late 1800s, terrible famines swept India.

On the positive side, British rule brought some degree of peace and order to the countryside. The British revised the legal system to promote justice for Indians regardless of class or caste. Railroads helped Indians move around the country, while the telegraph and postal system improved communication. Greater contact helped bridge regional differences and develop a sense of national unity.

The upper classes, especially, benefited from some British policies. They sent their sons to British schools, where they were trained for posts in the civil service and military. Indian landowners and princes, who still ruled their own territories, grew rich from exporting cash crops.

Checkpoint

How did British colonial rule affect Indian agriculture?

Reading Check

Examining

How was British rule degrading to Indians?

An Indian Nationalist Movement

During the years of British rule, a class of Western-educated Indians emerged. In the view of Macaulay and others, this elite class would bolster British power. As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, Western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. Schooled in Western ideals such as democracy and equality, they dreamed of ending imperial rule.

Indian National Congress

In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress, which became known as the Congress party. Its members believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends. They called for greater democracy, which they felt would bring more power to Indians like themselves. The Indian National Congress looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported Western-style modernization.

Muslim League

At first, Muslims and Hindus worked together for self-rule. In time, however, Muslims grew to resent Hindu domination of the Congress party. They also worried that a Hindu-run government would oppress Muslims. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals. Soon, they were talking of a separate Muslim state.

Checkpoint

How are the origins of Indian nationalism linked to British rule?

Reading Check

Summarizing

What were the two goals of Mohandas Gandhi?

Colonial Indian Culture

Reading Check

Comparing

How did the nationalist movement parallel cultural developments in India?

Section 4 Nation Building in Latin America

Nationalist Revolts

Prelude to Revolution

Reading Check

Describing

How did Napoleon's wars affect Latin America?

Revolt in Mexico

Revolts in South America

Reading Check

Evaluating

How did the French Revolution affect Mexico?

Difficulties of Nation Building

Rule of the Caudillos

A New Imperialism

Persistent Inequality

Reading Check

Describing

What were some of the difficulties faced by the new Latin American republics?

The United States in Latin America

Revolution in Mexico

Reading Check

Describing

What was the United States' role as a colonial power?

Economic Change in Latin America

Reading Check

Evaluating

What caused the growth of a middle class in Latin America?

Resources
The Official Website of the British Monarchy




Self-check Quiz on Chapter

Vocabulary eFlashcards

Academic Vocabulary

Combined

Content Vocabulary

People, Places and Events

Psychoanalysis expert Timothy L. Hulsey, VCU psychology professor and dean of the honors college engages students and faculty in the Core Course and the psychology, MLC and English departments in a general forum on the relationship between Freudian theory and mainstream American psychological science. The conversation includes the impact of early experiences on adult behavior, the nature of memory and conceptions of the self and society: University of Richmond.



"In Memory of Sigmund Freud" by W.H. Auden (poetry reading):



Sigmund Freud's Hip Hop Cover Band



FREUD 01 World of Wonders



Pink Freud



Paperback Freud, "Kate"



Paul Warner recording "Freud" in the studio from the album "Deadly Waterparks". Footage produced by Bright Elephant Films.



Kutcher is surprised to see a photo of the novel KISSING FREUD on his Nikon camera.




Greek Philosophers ("Can't Get You Out of My Head" by Kylie Minogue), 3:46



William the Conqueror ("Sexyback" by Justin Timberlake), 3:57



Rockwell, Somebody's Watching Me, 3:37



William Wordsworth updated in hip-hop style, 2:02.


HW: email (or hard copy) me at gmsmith@shanahan.org.

Monday HW
1. p. 405, #1-2; p. 407, Picturing History.
Tuesday HW
1. p. 409, Connecting to the Past, #1-3
Wednesday HW
1. p. 409, Reading Check, Explaining, Why did states make a commitment to provide public education?
2. p. 410, Reading Check, Explaining, How did innovations in transportation change leisure activities during the Second Industrial Revolution?
3. p. 411, #8
Thursday HW
1. p. 412, #1-2, p. 413, Reading Check, Summarizing, What is the principle of ministerial responsibility?
Friday HW
1. p. 413, Analyzing Political Cartoons