Beyond the Sound Bites:
Cf. http://realclearpolitics.com/video/2011/02/10/dni_james_clapper_muslim_brotherhood_a_largely_secular_group.html
UPDATE: Jamie Smith, director of the office of public affairs for the Office of the Director of National Intelligence later said in a statement to ABC News: “To clarify Director Clapper’s point - in Egypt the Muslim Brotherhood makes efforts to work through a political system that has been, under Mubarak’s rule, one that is largely secular in its orientation – he is well aware that the Muslim Brotherhood is not a secular organization.”
"I joined the Muslim Brotherhood Group and worked with Imam al-Banna [the Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood]. I was influenced by al-Banna’s moderate thoughts and principles ...(Later) MB asked me to be a chairman, but I preferred to be a spiritual guide for the entire nation...
"Qaradawi: "Muslim Brotherhood asked me to be a chairman" –". Ikhwanweb.com. http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=3537. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
Yusuf al-Qaradawi Praises Hitler and the Holocaust
The Ch. 12 Sec. 3 Quiz Make-up is today.
Cf. http://moodle.catholicschools-phl.org
Cf. http://www.cueprompter.com/
Standard feature:
The electronic edition of the Philadelphia Inquirer is available. We have the Sunday edition, available on Mondays, in addition to the Tuesday through Friday editions on the other days.
Please follow the steps below:
URL: http://nie.philly.com
Click on the words "Access e-Inquirer" located on the gray toolbar underneath the green locker on the opening page.
Login:
Username: bshsinky@shanahan.org
Password: 10888
Cf. http://vozme.com/index.php?lang=en
Cf. http://www.xtranormal.com/
Cf. http://www.wordle.net/create
ABCya! Cf. http://www.abcya.com/word_clouds.htm
Or, http://www.glogster.com/login/
Cf. http://moodle.catholicschools-phl.org
Cf. http://www.cueprompter.com/
Section 4 Toward the Modern Consciousness
Cf. http://www.cueprompter.com/
In-class assignment, with a partner, write a Who, What, Where, Why, and When newspaper-like account of the Dreyfus Affair.
Students have suggested that this assignment can be demonstrated in a chart which is perfectly acceptable.
Key question: what is the effect of the Dreyfus affair for Herzl?
THEODOR HERZL
In-class assignment, with a partner, review the history of religions.
Summarize the geography of religion, in particular notice the clashes between Judaism and Islam in the Middle East.
The Culture of Modernity
Painting
Degas
Introduction
Social trends in the mid-1800s in France are readily apparent in the works of many of the impressionist artists. The work of Edgar Degas is a good example. In this activity you will learn about impressionism and about the contribution of Degas to a new style in painting and sculpture.
Edgar Degas
Cf. http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/degas/html/index.html
"Life, Times, Artistic Style", and "Works of Art"
Cf. http://www.cueprompter.com/
Directions
In-class assignment, with a partner, we will consider Degas
Start at the Degas: Social and Historical Context Web site.
* Read about the social and historical context of Degas's career. Take notes as you browse through the article.
* Read about Degas' "Life, Times, Artistic Style", and "Works of Art" by clicking on the links on the left.
After you have read the material, answer the following questions.
1. What term did Degas use for his style of painting, and why?
2. What was the Salon? What was Degas's response to it?
3. What were some of the characteristics of Impressionist painting that were criticized in the media?
4. How did French politics affect Degas's life?
5. Click on Works of Art and review Degas's paintings. For each of the six paintings shown, answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. (You can click on each painting for an enlarged view.) What is the setting of the painting? What impression does the painting give of life in nineteenth-century France? What social class is Degas depicting in the painting? Why do you think he is focusing on this social class? What educated guesses can we make about French society based on the content of Degas's paintings? Name one Impressionist quality that is apparent in the painting.
Student Web Activity Answers
1. Degas called himself and other Impressionists "realists" because he wanted to create works that were based in contemporary life and experience, not idealized images of mythological figures and historical subjects.
2. The Salon was the group of French artists and art teachers who presided over public exhibitions during Degas's time. Artists had to meet stringent requirements to gain admission. Degas was among those who rejected the Salon's control over the art world. He was outspoken about the need for Impressionists to establish themselves as representatives of a new artistic style. Degas organized the first Impressionist exhibition and planned many later shows of Impressionist works.
3. Impressionism was criticized for ignoring details, revealing brushstrokes, and placing unblended colors side by side.
4. Degas fought in the Franco-Prussian War. Degas's friendship with a Jew named Ludovic Halévy ended because of Degas's political stand during the Dreyfus Affair.
5. Students' answers to these questions will vary. Students may point out that while not all of Degas's paintings depicted the bourgeoisie, many did. His paintings also suggest that the bourgeoisie had become a dominant class in French society. One possible explanation for Degas's focus on bourgeois life might be that the bourgeoisie were major patrons of the arts. For example, the web site notes that Degas complained about the need to do many paintings of ballet dancers because of the high demand for these paintings.
Former Directions
* Read the information on the Web site about Degas. Take notes as you read.
* Click on “Life” and read the information.
* Go back and click on “Artistic Styles.” Read the information.
* Click on two of Degas’s paintings and review his works.
Use the information you found to answer the following questions.
Architecture
Music
Reading Check
Explaining
How did the Impressionists radically change the art of painting in the 1870s?
Preview
Ch. 14 The Height of Imperialism 1800-1914
Section 1 Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia
The New Imperialism
Reading Check
Describing
What were four primary motivations for the "new imperialism?"
Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia
Great Britain
British Empire: rise and fall, 1492-Present, 1:00
France
Thailand--The Exception
The United States
Reading Check
Identifying
What spurred Britain to control Singapore and Burma?
Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia
Indirect and Direct Rule
Colonial Economies
Reading Check
Explaining
Why did colonial powers prefer that colonists not develop their own industries?
Resistance to Colonial Rule
Reading Check
Summarizing
Explain three forms of resistance to Western domination.
Section 2 Empire Building in Africa
West Africa
Reading Check
Explaining
Why did the slave trade decline in the 1800s?
North Africa
Reading Check
Explaining
Great Britain was determined to have complete control of the Suez Canal. Why?
Central Africa
In-class assignment, with a partner, answer the Reading Check question about King Leopold II of Belgium.
Reading Check
Examining
What effect did King Leopold II of Belgium have on European colonization of the Congo River basin?
Then, we will contrast the current colonial climate in the Congo.
Newsnight: China $9bn Congo deal part 1, 7:02
In-class assignment, with a partner, explain the current presence of China in the Congo. Is China the new colonizer, something in between, or a benefactor in the Congo? Who benefits?
East Africa
Reading Check
Evaluating
What was significant about the Berlin Conference?
In-class assignment, with a partner, answer the question about the Boers.
South Africa
Reading Check
Describing
What happened to the Boers at the end of the Boer War?
In-class assignment, and with your partner, now that you have a basic understanding of the Boers, what really happened during the Boer War according to the video?
BOER WAR, 3:15
Colonial Rule in Africa
Reading Check
Comparing
How did the French system of colonial rule differ from that of Great Britain?
Rise of African Nationalism
Reading Check
Evaluating
Why were many African intellectuals frustrated by colonial policy?
Section 3 British Rule in India
The Sepoy (from sipahi, soldier in Persian, the official language of the conquering Islamic Mogul Empire, War Made New, Boot, p. 89) Mutiny
The success of the British in India is largely a result of the first Industrial Revolution. "After the Indian [Sepoy] mutiny, one British colonial minister exclaimed, `The telegraph saved India'" (War Made New, Boot, p. 157). Along with impressive advances in transportation, as a result of the laying down of railroad tracks, the British improved their communications which resulted in the quick deployment of troops and the means to understand where they were needed most critically.
In the early 1600s, the British East India Company won trading rights on the fringe of the Mughal (also spelled Mogul) empire. The conquering Mughal/Mogul Empire was a Muslim dynasty founded by Baber that ruled India until 1857. As Mughal power declined, the company’s influence grew.
The transference of India from a Muslim dominated region to a British colony is clear with the onset of the gunpowder revolution (War Made New, Boot, Ch. 3, Flintlocks and Forbearance, pp. 77-102). With the battle of Assaye, "the Maratha Confederacy was the last major power that could challenge the British for mastery of India" (War Made New, Boot, p. 78). Nonetheless, if all the assembled forces, both in manpower and in artillery--Maratha vs. British were taken into account--the British were outnumbered 10-1.
Warning: this video contains simulated violence; do not view if you object.
The Maratha and British armies meet between the river Juah and the river Kaitna. British casualties mount as the Maratha artillery turns its attention to the infantry. The future Duke of Wellington, Arthur Wellesley decides the only way to get his men off the killing fields is to march into the mouth of the artillery barrage. Wellesley orders his cannons abandoned and bayonets fixed.
Wellesley outflanked his Maratha opponents (War Made New, Boot, p. 96) while his orderly had his head blown off in the maneuver. Wellesley formed his infantry into two mile long parallel front lines while holding his cavalry in a third reserve line. The British charged straight at the Marathas and fighting was brutal but largely over by nightfall at 6 p.m. The British were victorious but too exhausted and with heavy losses could not pursue the fleeing Marathas. The overall British loss was estimated at 35% (War Made New, Boot, p. 99).
The battle had been won by Wellesley with a heavy cost and he needed to pursue the Marathas for an additional three months to finish the job. For his efforts at quadrupling the British holdings in India Wellesley was awarded knighthood War Made New, Boot, pp. 98-99).
By the mid-1800s, the British East India Company controlled three fifths of India.
Exploiting Indian Diversity
The British were able to conquer India by exploiting its diversity. Even when Mughal power was at its height, India was home to many people and cultures. As Mughal power crumbled, India became fragmented. Indians with different traditions and dozens of different languages were not able to unite against the newcomers. The British took advantage of Indian divisions by encouraging competition and disunity among rival princes. Where diplomacy or intrigue did not work, the British used their superior tactics, discipline, and weapons to overpower local rulers.
Why the Marathas Could Not Win
The British had mastered the gunpowder revolution while the Marathas had attempted it and found wanting (War Made New, Boot, p. 99). The Marathas had not updated updated their hit-and-run tactics with disciplined and sustained headlong infantry charges as the British had. The separate Indian chiefs issued contradictory orders while Wellesley commanded the entire British effort. The intellectual freedom and scientific pursuit of truth in battle was unknown to the tribal Marathas. Political liberalism was unknown and viewed as a threat to traditional, tribal structures in India; this proved to be their undoing (War Made New, Boot, pp. 101-102).
Implementing British Policies
The East India Company’s main goal in India was to make money, and leading officials often grew rich. At the same time, the company did work to improve roads, preserve peace, and reduce banditry.
Infographic
The Sepoy Rebellion
Go Online
For: Audio guided tour
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: nap-2441
By the early 1800s, British officials introduced Western education and legal procedures. Missionaries tried to convert Indians to Christianity, which they felt was superior to Indian religions. The British also pressed for social change. They worked to end slavery and the caste system and to improve the position of women within the family. One law banned sati (suh tee), a Hindu custom practiced mainly by the upper classes. It called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral fire.
Growing Discontent
In the 1850s, the East India Company made several unpopular moves. First, it required sepoys (see poyz), or Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, either in India or overseas. For high-caste Hindus, however, overseas travel was an offense against their religion (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 73). Second, the East India Company passed a law that allowed Hindu widows to remarry. Hindus viewed both moves as a Christian conspiracy to undermine their beliefs (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 75).
Then, in 1857, the Bengal Army rebelled for a variety of reasons but one particularly troublesome point was the introduction of a new gun using animal fat that offended both Muslims and Hindus. Indian officers sentenced the rebels to ten years of hard labor (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, p. 71).
The British East India Company had decided to equip the sepoys "with the new Enfield rifle in place of the smooth-bored `Brown Bess' musket" (Cf. The Lion and the Tiger, Judd, pp. 71-72).
1853 Enfield Rifle-Musket
The musketry books also recommended that “Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" (Cf. Instruction of Musketry, 1856).
This image is a work of the Smithsonian Institution, taken or made during the course of an employee's official duties. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.
Rebellion and Aftermath
Angry sepoys rose up against their British officers. The Sepoy Rebellion swept across northern and central India. Several sepoy regiments marched off to Delhi, the old Mughal capital. There, they hailed the last Mughal ruler as their leader.
In some places, the sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. But the British soon rallied and crushed the revolt. They then took terrible revenge for their earlier losses, torching villages and slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians.
The Sepoy Rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides. It also brought major changes in British policy. In 1858, Parliament ended the rule of the East India Company and put India directly under the British crown. It sent more troops to India, taxing Indians to pay the cost of these occupying forces. While it slowed the “reforms” that had angered Hindus and Muslims, it continued to develop India for Britain’s own economic benefit.
Checkpoint
What were the causes of the Sepoy Rebellion in northern and central India?
Reading Check
Describing
What were two effects of the Great Rebellion?
Colonial Rule
Benefits of British Rule
Costs of British Rule
After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India called the British Raj. A British viceroy in India governed in the name of the queen, and British officials held the top positions in the civil service and army. Indians filled most other jobs. With their cooperation, the British made India the “brightest jewel” in the crown of their empire.
British policies were designed to incorporate India into the overall British economy. At the same time, British officials felt they were helping India to modernize. In their terms, modernizing meant adopting not only Western technology but also Western culture.
Vocabulary Builder
overall—(oh vur awl) adj. total
An Unequal Partnership
Britain saw India both as a market and as a source of raw materials. To this end, the British built roads and an impressive railroad network. Improved transportation let the British sell their factory-made goods across the subcontinent and carry Indian cotton, jute, and coal to coastal ports for transport to factories in England. New methods of communication, such as the telegraph, also gave Britain better control of India. After the Suez Canal opened in 1869, British trade with India soared. But it remained an unequal partnership, favoring the British. The British flooded India with inexpensive, machine-made textiles, ruining India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry.
Britain also transformed Indian agriculture. It encouraged nomadic herders to settle into farming and pushed farmers to grow cash crops, such as cotton and jute, that could be sold on the world market. Clearing new farmlands led to massive deforestation, or cutting of trees.
Population Growth and Famine
The British introduced medical improvements and new farming methods. Better health care and increased food production led to rapid population growth. The rising numbers, however, put a strain on the food supply, especially as farmland was turned over to growing cash crops instead of food. In the late 1800s, terrible famines swept India.
On the positive side, British rule brought some degree of peace and order to the countryside. The British revised the legal system to promote justice for Indians regardless of class or caste. Railroads helped Indians move around the country, while the telegraph and postal system improved communication. Greater contact helped bridge regional differences and develop a sense of national unity.
The upper classes, especially, benefited from some British policies. They sent their sons to British schools, where they were trained for posts in the civil service and military. Indian landowners and princes, who still ruled their own territories, grew rich from exporting cash crops.
Checkpoint
How did British colonial rule affect Indian agriculture?
Reading Check
Examining
How was British rule degrading to Indians?
An Indian Nationalist Movement
During the years of British rule, a class of Western-educated Indians emerged. In the view of Macaulay and others, this elite class would bolster British power. As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, Western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. Schooled in Western ideals such as democracy and equality, they dreamed of ending imperial rule.
Indian National Congress
In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress, which became known as the Congress party. Its members believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends. They called for greater democracy, which they felt would bring more power to Indians like themselves. The Indian National Congress looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported Western-style modernization.
Muslim League
At first, Muslims and Hindus worked together for self-rule. In time, however, Muslims grew to resent Hindu domination of the Congress party. They also worried that a Hindu-run government would oppress Muslims. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals. Soon, they were talking of a separate Muslim state.
Checkpoint
How are the origins of Indian nationalism linked to British rule?
Reading Check
Summarizing
What were the two goals of Mohandas Gandhi?
Colonial Indian Culture
Reading Check
Comparing
How did the nationalist movement parallel cultural developments in India?
Section 4 Nation Building in Latin America
Nationalist Revolts
Prelude to Revolution
Reading Check
Describing
How did Napoleon's wars affect Latin America?
Revolt in Mexico
Revolts in South America
Reading Check
Evaluating
How did the French Revolution affect Mexico?
Difficulties of Nation Building
Rule of the Caudillos
A New Imperialism
Persistent Inequality
Reading Check
Describing
What were some of the difficulties faced by the new Latin American republics?
The United States in Latin America
Revolution in Mexico
Reading Check
Describing
What was the United States' role as a colonial power?
Economic Change in Latin America
Reading Check
Evaluating
What caused the growth of a middle class in Latin America?
Resources
The Official Website of the British Monarchy
Self-check Quiz on Chapter
Vocabulary eFlashcards
Academic Vocabulary
Combined
Content Vocabulary
People, Places and Events
William the Conqueror ("Sexyback" by Justin Timberlake), 3:57
Rockwell, Somebody's Watching Me, 3:37
William Wordsworth updated in hip-hop style, 2:02.
History of the British Empire, 5:08
HW: email (or hard copy) me at gmsmith@shanahan.org.
The Ch. 12 Sec. 3 Quiz Make-Up should be arranged.
Cf. http://shanawiki.wikispaces.com/Honors+World+History+II+Chapter+12+Section+3+Quiz+Prep+Page+Spring+2011
Friday HW
1. p. 413, Analyzing Political Cartoons
