The kids were reprimanded by the Vice Principal for wearing patriotic garb on Cinco de Mayo, a minor holiday hardly celebrated in Mexico.
"The district does not concur with the Live Oak High School administration's interpretation of either board or district policy related to these actions," said Dr. Jay Totter of the district stated.
Immigration policy can be restrictive, one country requires people to:
Have the means to sustain themselves economically;
Not be burdens on society;
Be of economic and social benefit to society;
Be of good character and have no criminal records; and
Contribute to the general well being of the nation.
Authorities have a record of each foreign visitor;
Foreign visitors do not violate their visa status;
Foreign visitors are banned from interfering in the country’s internal politics;
Foreign visitors who enter under false pretenses are imprisoned or deported;
Foreign visitors violating the terms of their entry are imprisoned or deported;
Those who aid in illegal immigration will be sent to prison.
Welcomes only foreigners who will be useful to society:
Foreigners are admitted into the country “according to their possibilities of contributing to national progress.” (Article 32)
Immigration officials must ‘ensure’ that ‘immigrants will be useful elements for the country and that they have the necessary funds for their sustenance’ and for their dependents. (Article 34)
Foreigners may be barred from the country if their presence upsets ‘the equilibrium of the national demographics,’ when foreigners are deemed detrimental to ‘economic or national interests,’ when they do not behave like good citizens in their own country, when they have broken [national] laws, and when ‘they are not found to be physically or mentally healthy.’ (Article 37)
The Secretary of Governance may ‘suspend or prohibit the admission of foreigners when he determines it to be in the national interest.’ (Article 38)
Authorities must keep track of every single person in the country:
Federal, local and municipal police must cooperate with federal immigration authorities upon request, i.e., to assist in the arrests of illegal immigrants. (Article 73)
A National Population Registry keeps track of ‘every single individual who comprises the population of the country,’ and verifies each individual’s identity. (Articles 85 and 86)
A national Catalog of Foreigners tracks foreign tourists and immigrants (Article 87), and assigns each individual with a unique tracking number (Article 91).
Foreigners with fake papers, or who enter the country under false pretenses, may be imprisoned:
Foreigners with fake immigration papers may be fined or imprisoned. (Article 116)
Foreigners who sign government documents ‘with a signature that is false or different from that which he normally uses’ are subject to fine and imprisonment. (Article 116)
Foreigners who fail to obey the rules will be fined, deported, and/or imprisoned as felons:
Foreigners who fail to obey a deportation order are to be punished. (Article 117)
Foreigners who are deported from the country and attempt to re-enter the country without authorization can be imprisoned for up to 10 years. (Article 118)
Foreigners who violate the terms of their visa may be sentenced to up to six years in prison (Articles 119, 120 and 121). Foreigners who misrepresent the terms of their visa while in the country – such as working with out a permit – can also be imprisoned.
Under the law, illegal immigration is a felony. The General Law on Population says,
A penalty of up to two years in prison and a fine of three hundred to five thousand pesos will be imposed on the foreigner who enters the country illegally. (Article 123)
Foreigners with legal immigration problems may be deported from the country instead of being imprisoned. (Article 125)
Foreigners who ‘attempt against national sovereignty or security’ will be deported. (Article 126)
Those who help illegal aliens enter the country are themselves considered criminals under the law.
A person who marries a foreigner with the sole objective of helping the foreigner live in the country is subject to up to five years in prison. (Article 127)
Shipping and airline companies that bring undocumented foreigners into the country will be fined. (Article 132)”
These are the provisions not from the Arizona law but are current Mexican law.
Excerpts courtesy of J. Michael Waller, V.P. Information Operations at the Center for Security Policy.
The recent controversy about the Southern border began after Arizona passed a recent immigration bill. Despite the controversy that erupted, Section II of the new law, partially authored by Kris Kobach, constitutional law professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, stated that a law enforcement officer:
“may not consider race, color, or national origin” in making any stops or determining any aliens’ immigration status. The law can only apply after "lawful contact" in the performance of police duties. The Arizona bill mirrors existing federal statute. Every non-citizen in the United States has been required to carry citizen documentation since Congress passed the Alien Registration Act in 1940.
Chapter 18: Nationalism Around the World, 1919–1939
Section 3 Revolutionary Chaos in China
The Appeal of Marxism
Nationalists and Communists
Comparing Viewpoints
Who Should Lead the New China?
One Strong Leader
—Jiang Jieshi, 1933
Peasant Masses
—Mao Zedong, 1927
Mao Zedong and the Communists
The Communists in Hiding
The Long March
During the march, the Communists enforced strict discipline. Soldiers were told to treat peasants politely, pay for goods they wanted, and avoid damaging crops. Such behavior made Mao’s forces welcome among peasants, many of whom had suffered greatly at the hands of the Guomindang.
Primary Source
One of the most dramatic events in the conflict between the Guomindang and the Communists was the epic retreat known as the Long March. During the Long March, Mao and about 100,000 of his followers fled the Guomindang. In the next year, they trekked more than 6,000 miles, facing daily attacks as they crossed rugged mountains and mighty rivers. Only about 8,000 marchers survived the ordeal. For decades, the Long March stood as a symbol of communist heroism and inspired new recruits to follow Mao. He claimed the great retreat as a victory. As he observed:
Primary Source
“The Long March is also a seeding-machine. It has sown many seeds in eleven provinces, which will sprout, grow leaves, blossom into flowers, bear fruit, and yield a crop.”
—Mao Zedong, “On the Tactics of Fighting Japanese Imperialism”
Reading Check
Explaining
Why did it seem that communism was no longer a threat to China after the Long March?
The New China of Chiang Kai-shek
Having gained control of China, Chiang Kai-shek's party remained surrounded by "surrendered" warlords who remained relatively autonomous within their own regions. On October 10, 1928, Chiang was named director of the State Council, the equivalent to President of the country, in addition to his other titles. As with his predecessor Sun Yat-sen, the Western media dubbed him "Generalissimo". According to Sun Yat-sen's plans, the Kuomintang was to rebuild China in three steps: military rule, political tutelage, and constitutional rule. The ultimate goal of the Kuomintang revolution was democracy, which was not yet feasible in China's fragmented state. Since the Kuomintang had completed the first step of revolution through seizure of power in 1928, Chiang's rule thus began a period of what his party considered to be "political tutelage" in Sun Yat-sen's name. During this so-called Republican Era, many features of a modern, functional Chinese state emerged and developed.
The decade 1928 to 1937 saw some aspects of foreign imperialism, concessions and privileges in China moderated through diplomacy. The government acted to modernize the legal and penal systems, attempted to stabilize prices, amortize debts, reform the banking and currency systems, build railroads and highways, improve public health facilities, legislate against traffic in narcotics, and augment industrial and agricultural production - though not all were successful or completed. Strides were made towards furthering education standards and, in an effort to unify Chinese society, the so-called New Life Movement was launched to enforce Confucian moral values and personal discipline. Standard Mandarin, then known as Guoyu, was promoted as an standard tongue, and the establishment of communications facilities (including radio) were used to encourage a sense of Chinese Nationalism that was not always possible due to the nation's fractured status.
Any successes that the Nationalists did make, however, were met with constant political and military upheavals. While much of the urban areas were now under the control of the KMT, the countryside remained under the influence of weakened yet undefeated warlords and Communists. Chiang often resolved issues of warlord obstinacy through military action, with one northern rebellion – against the warlords Yen Hsi-shan and Feng Yuxiang – occurring in 1930 during the Central Plains War. The war almost bankrupted the government and caused almost 250,000 casualties on both sides. In 1931 Hu Han-min, Chiang's old supporter, publicly voiced a popular concern that Chiang Kai-shek's position as both premier and president flew in the face of the democratic ideals of the Nationalist government. Chiang had Hu put under house arrest, but he was released after national condemnation, and went on to escape and establish a rival government in Guangzhou. The split resulted in military campaigns between Hu's Canton Government and its supporters, and Chiang's Nationalist Government. Chiang only won due to a shift in allegiance by the warlord Chang Hsueh-liang, who had previously supported Hu Han-min.
Throughout his rule, complete eradication of the Communist Party of China remained Chiang's dream. Having regrouped in Jiangxi and established a Chinese Soviet Republic, Chiang led his armies against them. With help from foreign military advisers, Chiang's Fifth Campaign finally surrounded the Red Army in 1934. The Communists, tipped-off that a Nationalist offensive was on the cards, retreated as part of the Long March, which saw Mao Zedong rise from a mere military official to the practical leader of the Chinese Communist Party.
Reading Check
Identifying
What was the intended final stage of Chiang Kai-shek's reform program?
Section 4 Nationalism in Latin America
American investors directly controlled many Latin American industries beginning in the 1920s. Latin American nationalists claimed that U.S. investments propped up the regions' dictators. The Great Depression weakened regional economies and led to the creation of government-run industries, since Latin Americans could not afford many imported goods. Economic crisis and instability prompted military leaders to overthrow the elected governments—which were dominated by small elites—and to establish authoritarian regimes. Dictators sometimes gained an urban following by promising better factory conditions. Industrialization became a core government project. Fascist symbols and nationalist slogans were used amid harsh political repression. In Mexico, a single-party state dominated society. The popular Depression-era leader Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized foreign-owned oil companies and redistributed land to Mexican peasants. Artists helped build national identity in many Latin American countries.
The Latin American Economy
In the early 1900s, Latin America’s economy was booming because of exports. Latin Americans sold their plentiful natural resources and cash crops to industrialized countries. In return, they bought products made in those countries. Meanwhile, foreign investors controlled many of Latin America’s natural resources.
Stable governments helped to keep the region’s economy on a good footing. Some Latin American nations, such as Argentina and Uruguay, had democratic constitutions. However, military dictators or small groups of wealthy landowners held the real power. The tiny ruling class kept the economic benefits of the booming economy for themselves. The growing middle class and the lower classes—workers and peasants—had no say in their own government. These inequalities troubled many Latin American countries, but in Mexico the situation led to an explosive revolution.
Democracy and Market Economy in Latin America (3 of 3), 5:05
The Future of Democracy and Market Economy in Latin America. An interview to Hernando De Soto, President, Institute for Liberty and Democracy, Lima, Peru.
Role of the United States
Impact of the Great Depression
During the 1920s and 1930s, world events affected Latin American economies. After World War I, trade with Europe fell off. The Great Depression that struck the United States in 1929 spread around the world in the 1930s. Prices for Latin American exports plunged as demand dried up. At the same time, the cost of imported consumer goods rose. Latin America’s economies, dependent on export trade, declined rapidly.
A tide of economic nationalism, or emphasis on home control of the economy, swept Latin American countries. They were determined to develop their own industries so they would not have to buy so many products from other countries. Local entrepreneurs set up factories to produce goods. Governments raised tariffs, or taxes on imports, to protect the new industries. Governments also invested directly in new businesses. Following Mexico’s lead, some nations took over foreign-owned assets. The drive to create domestic industries was not wholly successful. Unequal distribution of wealth held back economic development.
Vocabulary Builder
assets—(as ets) n. things of value
The Great Depression also triggered political changes in Latin America. The economic crisis caused people to lose faith in the ruling oligarchies and the ideas of liberal government.
Liberalism, a belief in the individual and in limited government, was a European theory actually only really successful as applied in the United States.
People began to feel that it did not work in Latin America. However, ideas about what form a new type of government should take varied.
Reading Check
Comparing
How did the United States's method investing in Latin American differ from that of Britain?
The Move to Authoritarianism
Argentina
Brazil
Good Neighbor Policy, 3:58
FDR's support for dictator Getulio Vargas, Brazil, Carmen Miranda
In the Second World War, the U.S. is virtually isolated from its former trading partners in Asia and Europe. The war is raging in the world, and moreover, the U.S. needed to match the firepower of the Germans. Looking for Raw Material, the alternative was to approach its neighbors, including Brazil.
The Americans propagated the "good neighbor policy" in the Americas. And in time of War 2 was followed as part of this policy of friendship, three Pan American Conference, a council of continental defense held in Panama in 1939, Havana, Cuba in 1940 and Rio de Janeiro - Brazil in 1942. All countries that hosted these meetings during the war Geographical have high strategic value. The Panama Canal provides access to the Pacific Ocean and the island of Cuba positioned ahead of the U.S. coasts and in addition, the Brazil that is five hours of flight bombing of Dakar, Africa.
At this time the film industry came into its heyday and how part of this project was cultural partnership through film, the filmmaker Walt Disney and Orson Welles, came steadily for Brazil and the Brazilian Minister of Foreign Relations, Aranha played magnificently its diplomatic role. Celebrities such as Joe Carioca appeared as part of this project, the ELF symbol of the snake smoke created by the Brazilians in Italy, won a version designed by Disney. Products such as Coca-Cola, were brought by the Americans to Brazil.
In 1942, as a result of cultural reciprocity between American nations, a Brazilian muse came to prominence in Hollywood, Carmen Miranda, who was carrying in his luggage Brazilian culture to the home of Uncle Sam.
During and after World War I, investments by the United States in the nations of Latin America soared. British influence declined. The United States continued to play the role of international policeman, intervening to restore order when it felt its interests were threatened.
Vocabulary Builder
intervening—(in tur veen ing) vi. coming between two arguing factions
During the Mexican Revolution, the United States stepped in to support the leaders who favored American interests. In 1914, the United States attacked the port of Veracruz to punish Mexico for imprisoning several American sailors. In 1916, the U.S. army invaded Mexico after Pancho Villa killed more than a dozen Americans in New Mexico. This interference stirred up anti-American feelings, which increased throughout Latin America during the 1920s. For example, in Nicaragua, Augusto César Sandino led a guerrilla movement against United States forces occupying his country.
In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt took a new approach to Latin America and pledged to follow “the policy of the good neighbor.” Under the Good Neighbor Policy, the United States pledged to lessen its interference in the affairs of Latin American nations. The United States withdrew troops stationed in Haiti and Nicaragua. It lifted the Platt Amendment, which had limited Cuban independence. Roosevelt also supported Mexico’s nationalization of its oil companies. The Good Neighbor policy strengthened Latin American nationalism and improved relations between Latin America and the United States.
Mexico
This Mexican peasants’ song from the early 1900s reflected many Mexicans’ desire for change under the rule of the dictator Porfirio Díaz:
“Our homes and humble dwellings
always full of sadness
living like animals
in the midst of riches.
On the other hand, the haciendados,
owners of lives and lands,
appear disinterested
and don’t listen to our complaints.”
By 1910, the dictator Porfirio Díaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years, winning reelection as president again and again. On the surface, Mexico enjoyed peace and economic growth. Díaz welcomed foreign investors who developed mines, built railroads, and drilled for oil. However, underneath the surface, discontent rippled through Mexico. The country’s prosperity benefited only a small group. Most Mexicans were mestizos or Indian peasants who lived in desperate poverty. Most of these peasants worked on haciendas, or large plantations, controlled by the landowning elite. Some peasants earned meager wages in factories and mines in Mexico’s cities. Meanwhile, the growing urban middle class wanted democracy and the elite resented the power of foreign companies. All of these groups opposed the Diáz dictatorship.
The unrest boiled over in 1910 when Francisco Madero, a liberal reformer from an elite family, demanded free elections. Faced with rebellion in several parts of the country, Díaz resigned in 1911. Soon a bloody, complex struggle engulfed Mexico.
In 1917, voters elected Venustiano Carranza president of Mexico. That year, Carranza reluctantly approved a new constitution that included land and labor reform. With amendments, it is still in force today.
The Constitution of 1917 addressed three major issues: land, religion, and labor. The constitution strengthened government control over the economy. It permitted the breakup of large estates, placed restrictions on foreigners owning land, and allowed nationalization, or government takeover, of natural resources. Church land was made “the property of the nation.” The constitution set a minimum wage and protected workers’ right to strike.
Although the constitution gave suffrage only to men, it did give women some rights. Women doing the same job as men were entitled to the same pay. In response to women activists, Carranza also passed laws allowing married women to draw up contracts, take part in legal suits, and have equal authority with men in spending family funds.
Fighting continued on a smaller scale throughout the 1920s, including Carranza’s overthrow in 1920. In 1929, the government organized what later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRI managed to accommodate many groups in Mexican society, including business and military leaders, peasants, and workers. The PRI did this by adopting some of the goals of these groups, while keeping real power in its own hands. It suppressed opposition and dissent. Using all of these tactics, the PRI brought stability to Mexico and over time carried out many desired reforms. The PRI dominated Mexican politics from the 1930s until the free election of 2000.
At first, the Constitution of 1917 was just a set of goals to be achieved in the future. But in the 1920s and 1930s, as the government finally restored order, it began to carry out reforms.
In the 1920s, the government helped some Indian communities regain lands that had been taken from them. In the 1930s, under President Lázaro Cárdenas, millions of acres of land were redistributed to peasants under a communal land program. The government supported labor unions and launched a massive effort to combat illiteracy. Schools and libraries were set up. Dedicated teachers, often young women, worked for low pay. While they taught basic skills, they spread ideas of nationalism that began to bridge the gulf between the regions and the central government. As the revolutionary era ended, Mexico became the first Latin American nation to pursue real social and economic reforms for the majority of its people.
The government also took a strong role in directing the economy. In 1938, labor disputes broke out between Mexican workers and the management of some foreign-owned petroleum companies. In response, President Cárdenas decreed that the Mexican government would nationalize Mexico’s oil resources. American and British oil companies resisted Cárdenas’s decision, but eventually accepted compensation for their losses. Mexicans felt that they had at last gained economic independence from foreign influence.
Reading Check
Examining
Culture in Latin America
By the 1920s, Latin American writers, artists, and thinkers began to reject European influences in culture as well. Instead, they took pride in their own culture, with its blend of Western and native traditions.
In Mexico, cultural nationalism, or pride in one’s own culture, was reflected in the revival of mural painting, a major art form of the Aztecs and Maya. In the 1920s and 1930s, Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco (oh rohs koh), David Alfaro Siqueiros (see keh rohs), and other muralists created magnificent works. On the walls of public buildings, they portrayed the struggles of the Mexican people for liberty. The murals have been a great source of national pride ever since.
Diego Rivera, 4:50
Reading Check
Examining
How did Diego Rivera use his artistic talent as a political tool?
Los Lobos 'One Time, One Night' 1992
Songwriter: Bob Dylan
A wise man was telling stories to me
About the places he had been to
And the things that he had seen
A quiet voice is singing something to me
An age old song about the home of the brave
In this land here of the free
One time one night in America
A lady dressed in white with the man she loved
Standing along the side of their pickup truck
A shot rang out in the night
Just when everything seemed right
Another headline written down in America
The guy that lived next door in #305
Took the kids to the park and disappeared
About half past nine
Who will ever know
How much she loved them so
That dark night alone in America
A quiet voice is singing something to me
An age old song about the home of the brave
In this land here of the free
One time one night in America
Four small boys playing ball in a parking lot
A preacher, a teacher, and the other became a cop
A car skidded into the rain
Making the last little one a saint
One more light goes out in America
A young girl tosses a coin in the wishing well
She hopes for a heaven while for her
There's just this hell
She gave away her life
To become somebody's wife
Another wish unanswered in America
People having so much faith
Die too soon while all the rest come late
We write a song that no one sings
On a cold black stone
Where a lasting peace will finally bring
The sunlight plays upon my windowpane
I wake up to a world that's still the same
My father said to be strong
And that a good man could never do wrong
In a dream I had last night in America
A wise man was telling storie to me
About the places he had been to
And the things that he had seen
A quiet voice is singing something to me
An age old song about the home of the brave
In this land here of the free
One time one night in America
Lyrics reproduced for educational purposes only; copyright remains in the hands of the legitimate owner.
Ritchie Valens - La Bamba
Wall Of Voodoo - Mexican Radio, 1982 Capitol Records, LLC. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is a violation of applicable laws. Manufactured by IRS Catalog,
Prayer
Current Events (none today because of the Test):
American college grads can't buy a job
Official unemployment rates in the United States hover around 10 percent, even though many experts believe the real numbers are much higher. But for young adults in America, the situation is even worse. 54 percent of Americans under the age of 25 are unemployed according to the labor department. It's taking many college graduates over a year to land a steady job, and many are in hundreds of thousands of dollars of debt.
Re-scheduled:
The Chapter 21 Multiple Choice MAKE-UP Test, composed of 50 questions, will be Monday.
The Chapter 22 Multiple Choice Test, composed of 50 questions, is today. Be sure to put your name on both the Scantron and the Test. You may write on the Test. If you finish early you may take out non-Economic material.
After these Tests, more Test sample questions will be posted. I will post sample Test Questions from the remaining Chapters as well.
Finally, a short (20 Question, multiple choice), Diagnostic Test will be administered on Wednesday to determine which macroeconomic topics you need to review most.
I will hand out a packet from the most recent AP Economics Workshop Handbook 2008-2009 which includes sample questions and student answers which will help you review.
In the meantime, re-arrange yourselves into your three small groups and you can review sample Chapter multiple choice questions to answer. Decide within the groups how you want to sub-divide the questions and we can then review the suggested answers.
Review of Chs. 15 - 20 Multiple Choice Sample Questions
Email HW to gmsmith@shanahan.org
1. As review for HW, typical questions that you may encounter on the actual AP Economics Macro Test are included daily:
Review Questions (Princeton):
48. Julia would spend $30 per week even if she made no income. Her weekly income is $1,000 and her marginal propensity to consume is 0.5. How much does Julia save per week?
a) $500
b) $35
c) $530
d) $80
e) $470
49. Classical economists generally believe that
I. wages fluctuate quickly
II. Say's Law does not hold
III. input and output prices will stay in line with each other
IV. the government should not worry about maintaining aggregate demand at an adequate level
a) II and IV only
b) I, III, and IV only
c) I and IV only
d) II and III only
e) I, II, and III only
50. no #50
51. The real interest rate is
a) what one sees when looking at bank literature
b) the nominal interest rate divided by the inflation rate
c) the nominal interest rate plus the anticipated inflation rate
d) the nominal interest rate plus the compound interest rate
e) the nominal interest rate minus anticipated inflation
The investigation of the NYC attempted car bombing continues. Was Faisal Shahzad connected to the Taliban? Is Pakistan cooperating with the US? CBS News' Farhan Bokari has the latest from Islamabad.
Chapter 18: Nationalism Around the World, 1919–1939
Section 3 Revolutionary Chaos in China
Student protests erupted in Beijing on May 4, 1919, and later spread to cities across China. The protests set off a cultural and intellectual ferment known as the May Fourth Movement. Its goal was to strengthen China. Reformers sought to improve China’s position by rejecting Confucian traditions and learning from the West. As in Meiji Japan, they hoped to use their new knowledge to end foreign domination.
Vocabulary Builder
intellectual—(in teh lek choo ul) adj. involving the ability to reason or think clearly
Women played a key role in the May Fourth Movement. They joined marches and campaigned to end a number of traditional practices, including footbinding. Their work helped open doors for women in education and the economy.
The Appeal of Marxism
Some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin. The Soviet Union was more than willing to train Chinese students and military officers to become the vanguard, or elite leaders, of a communist revolution. By the 1920s, a small group of Chinese Communists had formed their own political party.
Nationalists and Communists
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum - Travel - Jim Rogers World Adventure, 2:10
The Mausoleum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen is situated at the foot of the second peak of Mount Zijin (Purple Mountain) in Nanjing, China. Construction of the tomb started in January of 1926 and was finished in spring of 1929. The architect was Lu Yanzhi, who died shortly after it was finished.
In 1921, Sun Yixian and his Guomindang (gwoh meen dawng) or Nationalist party, established a government in south China. Sun planned to raise an army, defeat the warlords, and spread his government’s rule over all of China. When Western democracies refused to help, Sun accepted aid from the Soviet Union and joined forces with the small group of Chinese Communists. However, he still believed that China’s future should be based on his Three Principles of the People.
After Sun’s death in 1925, an energetic young army officer, Jiang Jieshi (jahng jeh shur), took over the Guomindang. Jiang Jieshi (also called Chiang Kai-Shek) was determined to smash the power of the warlords and reunite China, but he had little interest in either democracy or communism.
Chiang Kai Shek, :50
The death of Sun Yat Sen in March 1925 brought Chiang Kai Shek to prominence in China, and by 1928, after a series of bloody internal conflicts, Chiang Kai Shek became the effective dictator of China. Chiang's position was never completely secure. Throughout the war he was forced to divert large amounts of American aid to bolstering his power base and fighting the communists. The end of the War brought a resumption of the internal conflicts in China, and by 1950 Chiang and his supporters had been driven from the Chinese mainland onto the island of Formosa.
Jiang Jieshi headed the Guomindang (Nationalist) government in China from the late 1920s until 1949.
In 1926, Jiang Jieshi began the Northern Expedition in cooperation with the Chinese Communists. In the Northern Expedition, Jiang led the combined forces into northern China, crushing or winning over local warlords as he advanced and capturing Beijing. Jiang would go on to take control of a new government led by the Guomindang—but without the Communists.
In mid-campaign, Jiang seized the chance to strike at the Chinese Communist Party, which he saw as a threat to his power. The Communists were winning converts among the proletariat in cities like Shanghai. Early in 1927, on orders from Jiang, Guomindang troops slaughtered Communist Party members and the workers who supported them. In Shanghai and elsewhere, thousands of people were killed. This massacre marked the beginning of a bitter civil war between the Communists and the Guomindang that lasted for 22 years.
Comparing Viewpoints
Who Should Lead the New China?
The excerpts below present the views of China’s two most influential leaders on who should direct the future of China.
Critical Thinking
Who does each person think should lead China?
One Strong Leader
The most important point of fascism is absolute trust in a sagely able leader. Aside from complete trust in one person, there is no other leader or ism. Therefore, with the organization, although there are cadre, council members, and executives, there is no conflict among them, there is only the trust in the one leader. The leader has final decision in all matters.
—Jiang Jieshi, 1933
Peasant Masses
The broad peasant masses have risen to fulfill their historic mission . . . the democratic forces in the rural areas have risen to overthrow the rural feudal power. . . . To overthrow this feudal power is the real objective of the national revolution. What Dr. Sun Yat-sen [Yixian] wanted to do . . . but failed to accomplish, the peasants have accomplished in a few months.
—Mao Zedong, 1927
Mao Zedong and the Communists
Among the Communists who escaped Jiang’s attack was a young revolutionary of peasant origins, Mao Zedong (mow dzuh doong) (also called Mao Tse-tung). Unlike earlier Chinese Communists, Mao believed that the Communists should seek support not among the small urban working class but among the large peasant masses.
Although the Communists were pursued at every turn by Guomindang forces, Mao was optimistic about eventual success. In southeastern China, Mao and the Communists redistributed land to peasants and promised other reforms.
Mao Zedong led the Chinese Communists through some of their darkest times, including the Long March.
Checkpoint
Reading Check
Explaining
How did Chiang Kai-shek change the Communist-Nationalist alliance?
The Communists in Hiding
Reading Check
Identifying
Which group did Mao believe would start the Communist Revolution in China?
The Long March
Jiang Jieshi, however, was determined to destroy the “Red bandits,” as he called the Communists. He led the Guomindang in a series of “extermination campaigns” against them. The Guomindang harassed Mao’s retreating army throughout the Long March from 1934 to 1935. Mao’s forces used guerrilla, or irregular hit-and-run, tactics to fight back. At the end of the Long March, the Communists set up a new base in a remote region of northern China. There, Mao rebuilt his forces and plotted new strategies for fighting the Guomindang.
Feet Unbound trailer, 2:18
http://www.feetunbound.com/ Trailer of Feet Unbound, the movie by Long March Films. Music performed by the T'ang Quartet.
In October 1934, facing complete annihilation by the Guomindang led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, the Communist Red Army abandoned their bases across south and central China. The search for new Red Army bases began one of the largest mobilisation of ground troops in military history and modern history's most dramatic retreat, the Long March of 1934 -1937.
The three armies each journeyed across 11 provinces to regroup in Yan'an in Shaanxi Province. Their fortunes turned, and eventually, the Communist Peoples' Republic of China was founded in 1949.
Of over 200,000 troops that marched, barely 30,000 survived. About 2,000 were women.
Zhang Guotao's Fourth Front Army was outnumbered and outflanked at the Yellow River by the army of the Muslim Warlord of Qinghai Province, Ma Bufang.
Only three divisions made it across to become the The Western Route Army which included the 1,300-strong Women's Independent Regiment. The women had started out from Cangxi in Sichuan Province as as teenagers. By Gansu, they had already covered more than 10,000 km on foot.
Ambushed at Liyuankou Pass, most of these women were slaughtered by Ma Bufang's horseback troops. A handful escaped but the majority were killed, captured, raped, tortured or forcefully taken as wives by their captors. The surviving women Long March veterans are all in their 80's and 90's today.
The Western Route Army was progressively decimated to complete annihilation along the Gansu Corridor, part of the ancient Silk Route. This tragedy became the worst ever military failure of the Chinese Red Army. The survivors of the Western Route Army numbered only 430 out of a total of 21,800 soldiers who initially crossed the Yellow River. They were found wandering in the Gobi Desert near Xingxingxia in Xinjiang Province. None of those survivors were female.
Tragically, the story of the ill-fated Western Route Army is never considered part of The Long March. The sacrifice of over 20,000 brave troops here has been eclipsed by the betrayal of their leader, Zhang Guotao, who defected to the Nationalist Guomindang after his fall from grace.
The heroism of the soldiers who fought in the Western Route Army is largely unknown outside of China. Even less is known about the female soldiers who fought alongside their male comrades in their search for a better life.
During the march, the Communists enforced strict discipline. Soldiers were told to treat peasants politely, pay for goods they wanted, and avoid damaging crops. Such behavior made Mao’s forces welcome among peasants, many of whom had suffered greatly at the hands of the Guomindang.
Primary Source
One of the most dramatic events in the conflict between the Guomindang and the Communists was the epic retreat known as the Long March. During the Long March, Mao and about 100,000 of his followers fled the Guomindang. In the next year, they trekked more than 6,000 miles, facing daily attacks as they crossed rugged mountains and mighty rivers. Only about 8,000 marchers survived the ordeal. For decades, the Long March stood as a symbol of communist heroism and inspired new recruits to follow Mao. He claimed the great retreat as a victory. As he observed:
Primary Source
“The Long March is also a seeding-machine. It has sown many seeds in eleven provinces, which will sprout, grow leaves, blossom into flowers, bear fruit, and yield a crop.”
—Mao Zedong, “On the Tactics of Fighting Japanese Imperialism”
Reading Check
Explaining
Why did it seem that communism was no longer a threat to China after the Long March?
The New China of Chiang Kai-shek
Reading Check
Identifying
What was the intended final stage of Chiang Kai-shek's reform program?
Official unemployment rates in the United States hover around 10 percent, even though many experts believe the real numbers are much higher. But for young adults in America, the situation is even worse. 54 percent of Americans under the age of 25 are unemployed according to the labor department. It's taking many college graduates over a year to land a steady job, and many are in hundreds of thousands of dollars of debt.
Re-scheduled:
The Chapter 21 Multiple Choice MAKE-UP Test, composed of 50 questions, is today. Be sure to put your name on both the Scantron and the Test. You may write on the Test.
The Chapter 22 Multiple Choice Test, composed of 50 questions, is on Friday: per the 4th Quarter procedure, there are no Test Prep pages.
After these Tests, however, more Test sample questions, will be posted.
Now that the lecture presentations are complete we can review for the Test. Be sure to review Chapters 23-26 (we will have Tests on this material as well if we have time, TBA). I will hand out a packet from the most recent AP Economics Workshop Handbook 2008-2009 which includes sample questions and student answers which will help you review.
In the meantime, re-arrange yourselves into your three small groups and you can review sample Chapter multiple choice questions to answer. Decide within the groups how you want to sub-divide the questions and we can then review the suggested answers.
As we have time we can attempt diagnostic, full-length tests, and detailed answer explanations as well.
Review of Chs. 15 - 20 Multiple Choice Sample Questions
Email HW to gmsmith@shanahan.org
1. Be sure to review Chapters 22-26 (we will have Tests on this material as well if we have time, TBA). Some students have asked to be tested as close as possible after covering the material.
2. As review for HW, typical questions that you may encounter on the actual AP Economics Macro Test are included daily:
Review Questions (Princeton):
45. The practice of buying at a low price and selling at a high price for a certain profit is called
a) arbitrage
b) skimming
c) price fixing
d) price discrimination
e) predatory pricing
46. Which of the following is the most likely to be a deterrent to growth in the economy?
a) Spending on education and training
b) Increases in capital
c) Increases in the interest rate
d) Expenditures on research and development
e) Increased capacity utilization
47. According to Thomas Malthus and his followers,
a) technological snafus will be the parasite of the twenty-first century
b) technology will replace human labor inputs
c) population will grow geometrically and food production will grow more slowly
d) increases in efficiency will out pace population growth and lead to unsold output
e) by the year 2050, there will be virtually no worthwhile new inventions to be made
Current Events:
US, Iran in nuclear punch-up at UN conference
Iran and the US have traded barbs during a nuclear non-proliferation conference at the United Nations. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad accused Washington of double standards, while US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton blamed Tehran for using evasive tactics to divert international attention from its nuclear programme. RT's Marina Portnaya was following day one of the heated talks.
The U.S. "among the most hated . . . in human history," Ahmadinejad
The U.S. stockpile consists of 5,113 active and inactive warheads, down from a high of 31,255 in 1967, in the years after the Cuban missile crisis.
Chapter 18: Nationalism Around the World, 1919–1939
Gandhi's March to the Sea
Section 1 Nationalism in the Middle East
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
Impact of World War I
Massacre of the Armenians
Emergence of the Turkish Republic
Biography
Atatürk (1881–1938) The Modernization of Turkey
Atatürk’s Reforms in Turkey
Westernization Transforms Turkey The Beginnings of Modern Iran Arab Nationalism The Middle East, 1920s, Cf. http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=nap&wcsuffix=2721
Col. William A. Eddy reported on when President Franklin D. Roosevelt (right) met with King Abdul Aziz (Ibn Saud), of Saudi Arabia, on board USS Quincy (CA-71) in the Great Bitter Lake, Egypt, on 14 February 1945.
Award of the Saudi Order of Merit, 3 June 2009 The Problem of Palestine
Section 2 Preview
Section 2 Nationalism in Africa and Asia
After World War I, Germany lost its African colonies to Britain and France. Violent suppression and the slow pace of reform in the colonies led many Africans to agitate for independence. Two African Americans, W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey, were influential in building African cultural awareness and Pan-African unity. Mohandas Gandhi built a large movement for Indian independence through nonviolence. Indian Muslims felt sidelined by the largest independence organization, the Indian National Congress, and called for a separate Muslim state. Rapid industrialization in Japan led to support for territorial expansion to improve Japan's access to raw materials and markets. After a period of pacifism prompted in part by pressure from the United States, Japan conquered Manchuria, and the military took control of the government. The Communist International helped build Communist parties in China and Southeast Asia.
Movements toward Independence in Africa
African Protests
New Leaders The Movement for Indian Independence
Protest and Reform
A Push for Independence
New Leaders and New Problems The Rise of a Militarist Japan
A Zaibatsu Economy
Japan and the West
The Rise of Militarism
Japan expanded its territory in Asia between 1918 and 1934. From their conquered lands, the Japanese acquired natural resources to fuel their industries.
1. Locate:
(a) Japan (b) Korea (c) Manchuria (d) Taiwan
2. Region
Where were Japan’s main manufacturing areas located?
3. Draw Conclusions
What natural resource does Korea lack but Manchuria have?
In the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning support from the people for foreign conquests and a tough stand against the Western powers. Members of extreme nationalist societies assassinated a number of politicians and business leaders who opposed expansion. Military leaders plotted to overthrow the government and, in 1936, briefly occupied the center of Tokyo.
Civilian government survived, but the unrest forced the government to accept military domination in 1937. To please the ultranationalists, the government cracked down on socialists and suppressed most democratic freedoms. It revived ancient warrior values and built a cult around Emperor Hirohito, whom many believed was descended from the sun goddess. To spread its nationalist message, the government used schools to teach students absolute obedience to the emperor and service to the state.
The Rise of Totalitarian Dictators, 2:46
Reading Check
Examining
How did the Japanese government change from the 1920s to the 1930s?
Nationalism and Revolution in Asia
The Spread of Communism
Some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin. The Soviet Union was more than willing to train Chinese students and military officers to become the vanguard, or elite leaders, of a communist revolution. By the 1920s, a small group of Chinese Communists had formed their own political party.
Raise The Red Lantern (setting is 1920s China) film review, 3:28
Raise the Red Lantern (simplified Chinese: 大红灯笼高高挂; traditional Chinese: 大紅燈籠高高掛; pinyin: Dà Hóng Dēnglóng Gāogāo Guà) is an award-winning 1991 Chinese-Hong Kong-Taiwanese co-produced film, directed by Zhang Yimou and starring Gong Li. It is an adaption by Ni Zhen of the 1990 novel Wives and Concubines by Su Tong. The film was later adapted into an acclaimed ballet of the same title by the National Ballet of China, also directed by Zhang.
Set in the 1920s, the film tells the story of a young woman who becomes one of the concubines of a wealthy man during the Warlord Era. It is noted for its opulent visuals and sumptuous use of colours. The film was shot in Qiao's Compound in the ancient city of Pingyao, in Shanxi Province. Although the screenplay was approved by Chinese censors, the final version of the film was banned in China for a period. Some film critics have interpreted the film as a veiled allegory against Chinese communist authoritarianism. The film's popularity has also been attributed to helping Chinese tourism after the government response to the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989.
Communist Parties in Asia
Reading Check
Evaluating
What was the relationship between communism and imperialism?
Preview
Section 3 Revolutionary Chaos in China
As central authority collapsed in China, rival Nationalist and Communist Party forces briefly joined ranks. The two groups split after a Nationalist massacre of Communists. The Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-shek, founded a new Chinese republic in 1928. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, went into hiding in the cities. Mao's plans, however, were for a revolution led by peasants. In 1933 Mao's forces used guerrilla tactics to break through Nationalist lines closing in on them. They then began the Long March to the last surviving Communist base. Chiang had plans for land reform and a Western-style constitutional government. To make Western ideas palatable, he blended them with Confucian themes. Although he did achieve some meaningful reforms, Chiang's support came mainly from the rural gentry and the urban middle class; his reforms did little to redistribute wealth.
Note Taking
Reading Skill: Recognize Multiple Causes
Use a chart like the one below to record the causes of upheaval in the Chinese Republic.
Sun Yixian, “father” of modern China, painted a grim picture of China after the end of the Qing dynasty.
“But the Chinese people have only family and clan solidarity; they do not have national spirit. Therefore, even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in one China, in reality they are just a heap of loose sand. Today we are the poorest and weakest nation in the world and occupy the lowest position in international affairs. Other men are the carving knife and serving dish, we are the fish and the meat.”
As Sun emphasized, China needed to change, but how and in what direction?
As the new Chinese republic took shape, nationalists like Sun Yixian (sun yee zhahng) set the goal of “catching up and surpassing the powers, east and west.” But that goal would remain a distant dream as China suffered the turmoil of civil war and foreign invasion.
As you have read, China’s Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911. The president of China’s new republic, Sun Yixian (also called Sun Yat-sen) hoped to rebuild China on the Three Principles of the People—nationalism, democracy, and economic security for everyone. But he made little progress. China quickly fell into chaos in the face of the “twin evils” of warlord uprisings and foreign imperialism.
In 1912, Sun Yixian stepped down as president in favor of Yuan Shikai (yoo ahn shih ky), a powerful general. Sun hoped that Yuan would create a strong central government, but instead, the ambitious general tried to set up a new dynasty. The military, however, did not support Yuan, and opposition divided the nation. When Yuan died in 1916, China plunged into still greater disorder.
In the provinces, local warlords seized power. As rival armies battled for control, the economy collapsed and millions of peasants suffered terrible hardships. Famine and attacks by bandits added to their misery.
During this period of upheaval, foreign powers increased their influence over Chinese affairs. Foreign merchants, missionaries, and soldiers dominated the ports China had opened to trade.
During World War I, Japanese officials presented Yuan Shikai with the Twenty-One Demands, a list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese protectorate. With China too weak to resist, Yuan gave in to some of the demands. Then, in 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, the Allies gave Japan control over some former German possessions in China. That news infuriated Chinese Nationalists.
Note Taking
Reading Skill: Sequence Use a chart like the one below to sequence the fighting that went on among the Guomindang, the warlords, the Chinese Communists, and the Japanese from 1921 through 1937.
In response, student protests erupted in Beijing on May 4, 1919, and later spread to cities across China. The protests set off a cultural and intellectual ferment known as the May Fourth Movement. Its goal was to strengthen China. Reformers sought to improve China’s position by rejecting Confucian traditions and learning from the West. As in Meiji Japan, they hoped to use their new knowledge to end foreign domination.
Vocabulary Builder
intellectual—(in teh lek choo ul) adj. involving the ability to reason or think clearly
Women played a key role in the May Fourth Movement. They joined marches and campaigned to end a number of traditional practices, including footbinding. Their work helped open doors for women in education and the economy.
The Appeal of Marxism
Some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin. The Soviet Union was more than willing to train Chinese students and military officers to become the vanguard, or elite leaders, of a communist revolution. By the 1920s, a small group of Chinese Communists had formed their own political party.
Nationalists and Communists
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum - Travel - Jim Rogers World Adventure, 2:10
The Mausoleum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen is situated at the foot of the second peak of Mount Zijin (Purple Mountain) in Nanjing, China. Construction of the tomb started in January of 1926 and was finished in spring of 1929. The architect was Lu Yanzhi, who died shortly after it was finished.
In 1921, Sun Yixian and his Guomindang (gwoh meen dawng) or Nationalist party, established a government in south China. Sun planned to raise an army, defeat the warlords, and spread his government’s rule over all of China. When Western democracies refused to help, Sun accepted aid from the Soviet Union and joined forces with the small group of Chinese Communists. However, he still believed that China’s future should be based on his Three Principles of the People.
After Sun’s death in 1925, an energetic young army officer, Jiang Jieshi (jahng jeh shur), took over the Guomindang. Jiang Jieshi (also called Chiang Kai-Shek) was determined to smash the power of the warlords and reunite China, but he had little interest in either democracy or communism.
Jiang Jieshi, Leader of the GuomindangJiang Jieshi headed the Guomindang (Nationalist) government in China from the late 1920s until 1949.
In 1926, Jiang Jieshi began the Northern Expedition in cooperation with the Chinese Communists. In the Northern Expedition, Jiang led the combined forces into northern China, crushing or winning over local warlords as he advanced and capturing Beijing. Jiang would go on to take control of a new government led by the Guomindang—but without the Communists.
In mid-campaign, Jiang seized the chance to strike at the Chinese Communist Party, which he saw as a threat to his power. The Communists were winning converts among the small proletariat in cities like Shanghai. Early in 1927, on orders from Jiang, Guomindang troops slaughtered Communist Party members and the workers who supported them. In Shanghai and elsewhere, thousands of people were killed. This massacre marked the beginning of a bitter civil war between the Communists and the Guomindang that lasted for 22 years.
Comparing Viewpoints
Who Should Lead the New China?
The excerpts below present the views of China’s two most influential leaders on who should direct the future of China.
Critical Thinking Who does each person think should lead China?
One Strong Leader
The most important point of fascism is absolute trust in a sagely able leader. Aside from complete trust in one person, there is no other leader or ism. Therefore, with the organization, although there are cadre, council members, and executives, there is no conflict among them, there is only the trust in the one leader. The leader has final decision in all matters.
—Jiang Jieshi, 1933
Peasant Masses
The broad peasant masses have risen to fulfill their historic mission . . . the democratic forces in the rural areas have risen to overthrow the rural feudal power. . . . To overthrow this feudal power is the real objective of the national revolution. What Dr. Sun Yat-sen [Yixian] wanted to do . . . but failed to accomplish, the peasants have accomplished in a few months.
—Mao Zedong, 1927
Mao Zedong and the Communists
Among the Communists who escaped Jiang’s attack was a young revolutionary of peasant origins, Mao Zedong (mow dzuh doong) (also called Mao Tse-tung). Unlike earlier Chinese Communists, Mao believed that the Communists should seek support not among the small urban working class but among the large peasant masses.
Although the Communists were pursued at every turn by Guomindang forces, Mao was optimistic about eventual success. In southeastern China, Mao and the Communists redistributed land to peasants and promised other reforms.
Mao Zedong, Leader of the CommunistsMao Zedong led the Chinese Communists through some of their darkest times, including the Long March.
Checkpoint
Reading Check
Explaining
How did Chiang Kai-shek change the Communist-Nationalist alliance?
The Communists in Hiding
Reading Check
Identifying
Which group did Mao believe would start the Communist Revolution in China?
The Long March
Jiang Jieshi, however, was determined to destroy the “Red bandits,” as he called the Communists. He led the Guomindang in a series of “extermination campaigns” against them. The Guomindang harassed Mao’s retreating army throughout the Long March from 1934 to 1935. Mao’s forces used guerrilla, or irregular hit-and-run, tactics to fight back. At the end of the Long March, the Communists set up a new base in a remote region of northern China. There, Mao rebuilt his forces and plotted new strategies for fighting the Guomindang.
During the march, the Communists enforced strict discipline. Soldiers were told to treat peasants politely, pay for goods they wanted, and avoid damaging crops. Such behavior made Mao’s forces welcome among peasants, many of whom had suffered greatly at the hands of the Guomindang.
Primary Source
One of the most dramatic events in the conflict between the Guomindang and the Communists was the epic retreat known as the Long March. During the Long March, Mao and about 100,000 of his followers fled the Guomindang. In the next year, they trekked more than 6,000 miles, facing daily attacks as they crossed rugged mountains and mighty rivers. Only about 8,000 marchers survived the ordeal. For decades, the Long March stood as a symbol of communist heroism and inspired new recruits to follow Mao. He claimed the great retreat as a victory. As he observed:
Primary Source
“The Long March is also a seeding-machine. It has sown many seeds in eleven provinces, which will sprout, grow leaves, blossom into flowers, bear fruit, and yield a crop.”
—Mao Zedong, “On the Tactics of Fighting Japanese Imperialism”
Reading Check
Explaining
Why did it seem that communism was no longer a threat to China after the Long March?
The New China of Chiang Kai-shek
Reading Check
Identifying
What was the intended final stage of Chiang Kai-shek's reform program?
The Chapter 21 Multiple Choice MAKE-UP Test, composed of 50 questions, is tomorrow.
The Chapter 22 Multiple Choice Test, composed of 50 questions, is on Friday: per the 4th Quarter procedure, there are no Test Prep pages.
After these Tests, however, more Test sample questions, will be posted.
Now that the lecture presentations are complete we can review for the Test. Be sure to review Chapters 23-26 (we will have Tests on this material as well if we have time, TBA). I will hand out a packet from the most recent AP Economics Workshop Handbook 2008-2009 which includes sample questions and student answers which will help you review.
In the meantime, re-arrange yourselves into your three small groups and you can review sample Chapter multiple choice questions to answer. Decide within the groups how you want to sub-divide the questions and we can then review the suggested answers.
As we have time we can attempt diagnostic, full-length tests, and detailed answer explanations as well.
Review of Chs. 15 - 20 Multiple Choice Sample Questions
Ch. 26
Ideas for Capturing Your Classroom Audience
PPP and the Big Mac
As described in the text, the Big Mac Index published by The Economist has always
been meant to be a humorous and intuitive way to explain purchasing power parity.
However, as simple as it is, the Big Mac Index has been pretty good at predicting the future course of some currencies. Visit the Web site for the Big Mac Index at
http://www.economist.com/markets/Bigmac/Index.cfm and answer the following:
Collect data to answer the following:
1) Pick three currencies that were listed as overvalued at the time and three
that were listed as undervalued. Have those currencies subsequently moved
in the indicated directions?
2) Describe the limitations of the Big Mac Index.
Tips from a Colleague
The most challenging part of this chapter is the material on the current and capital accounts. Students are likely to understand that if we import more than we export we have a trade deficit, but the logic of why this results in a capital account surplus is likely to elude them. You might consider a simple intuitive illustration of swapping goods. Offer to trade an inexpensive stick pen for a student’s hat or other item which has an obviously higher value. Explain that such a direct swap of goods would be similar to imports and exports. When the student suggests that the goods being traded are not equal in value, offer different amounts of money (hypothetically) to make up the difference. Explain that the willingness of someone to take U.S. money to make up the difference is analogous to the increased holdings of U.S. assets by foreigners that make up the capital account.
Email HW to gmsmith@shanahan.org
1. Be sure to review Chapters 22-26 (we will have Tests on this material as well if we have time, TBA). Some students have asked to be tested as close as possible after covering the material.
2. As described in the text, the Big Mac Index published by The Economist has always
been meant to be a humorous and intuitive way to explain purchasing power parity.
However, as simple as it is, the Big Mac Index has been pretty good at predicting the future course of some currencies. Visit the Web site for the Big Mac Index at
http://www.economist.com/markets/Bigmac/Index.cfm and answer the following:
Collect data to answer the following:
1) Pick three currencies that were listed as overvalued at the time and three
that were listed as undervalued. Have those currencies subsequently moved
in the indicated directions?
2) Describe the limitations of the Big Mac Index.
3. As review for HW, typical questions that you may encounter on the actual AP Economics Macro Test are included daily:
Review Questions (Princeton):
42. The money supply will increase as a result of which of the following?
a) A decrease in the required reserve ratio
b) An increase in the discount rate
c) The selling of bonds by the Federal Reserve
d) An increase in the fraction of deposits that must be held by banks
e) Open market operations involving the sale of government securities
43. Marginal propensity to consume is
a) the change in consumption divided by the change in prices
b) the cost of consuming one more item
c) the change in consumption divided by the change in income
d) the percentage change in consumption divided by the percentage change in prices
e) the concept that it is more satisfying to consume than save
44. A professional singer who loses his voice may have a hard time finding employment because he or she has no marketable skills. This is an example of which of the following?
a) Frictional unemployment
b) Structural unemployment
c) Cyclical unemployment
d) Seasonal unemployment
e) discouraged workers
Western diplomats have walked out of a speech by the Iranian president at a UN anti-racism conference after he described Israel as a "racist government". Israel was described by former President Jimmy Carter as an apartheid state.
Ahmadinejad, said Jewish migrants from Europe and the United States had been sent to the Middle East after World War II "in order to establish a racist government in the occupied Palestine".
He continued "And in fact, in compensation for the dire consequences of racism in Europe, they helped bring to power the most cruel and repressive racist regime in Palestine."
Paltalk News - Ahmadinejad UN Protest
As Iranian Pres. Mahmood Ahmadinejad prepared to address a UN conference on nuclear non-proliferation, members of Green (young pro-Liberty groups within Iran) Movement protested outside.
Bitta Mustofi of the group Where Is My Vote? wants to hold the international community accountable for not addressing the human rights violations in Iran, while focusing only on the threat of nuclear weapons development.
She argues that additional sanctions or military action would only hurt the average Iranian, not the regime.
Chapter 18: Nationalism Around the World, 1919–1939
Gandhi's March to the Sea
Section 1 Nationalism in the Middle East
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
Impact of World War I
Massacre of the Armenians
Emergence of the Turkish Republic
Biography
Atatürk (1881–1938) The Modernization of Turkey
Atatürk’s Reforms in Turkey
Westernization Transforms Turkey The Beginnings of Modern Iran Arab Nationalism The Middle East, 1920s, Cf. http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=nap&wcsuffix=2721
Col. William A. Eddy reported on when President Franklin D. Roosevelt (right) met with King Abdul Aziz (Ibn Saud), of Saudi Arabia, on board USS Quincy (CA-71) in the Great Bitter Lake, Egypt, on 14 February 1945.
Award of the Saudi Order of Merit, 3 June 2009 The Problem of Palestine
Since Roman times, Jews had dreamed of returning to the land of Judea, or Israel. In 1897, Theodor Herzl (hurt sul) responded to growing anti-Semitism, or prejudice against Jewish people,in Europe by founding the modern Zionist movement. His goal was to rebuild a Jewish state in Palestine. Among other things, violent pogroms against Jews in Russia prompted thousands of them to migrate to Palestine. They joined the small Jewish community that had lived there since biblical times.
During World War I, the Allies made two conflicting sets of promises. First, they promised Arabs their own kingdoms in former Ottoman lands, including Palestine. Then, in 1917, the British attempted to win the support of European Jews by issuing the Balfour Declaration. In it, the British advocated the idea of setting up “a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine. The declaration noted, however, that “nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.” Those communities were Arab. The stage was thus set for conflict between Arab and Jewish nationalists.
Vocabulary Builder
advocated—(ad vuh kayt id) v. supported or favored
From 1919 to 1940, tens of thousands of Jews immigrated to Palestine due to the Zionist movement and the effects of anti-Semitism in Europe. Despite great hardships, Jewish settlers set up factories, built new towns, and established farming communities. At the same time, the Arab population almost doubled. Many were immigrants from nearby lands. As a result, Palestine's population included a changing mix of newcomers. The Jewish population, which was less than 60,000 in 1919, grew to about 400,000 in 1936, while the Muslim population increased from about 568,000 in 1919 to about 1 million in 1940.
At first, some Arabs welcomed the money and modern technical skills that the newcomers brought with them. But as more Jews moved to Palestine, tensions between the two groups developed. Jewish organizations tried to purchase as much land as they could, while Arabs sought to slow down or stop Jewish immigration. Religious differences between Jews and Arabs heightened tensions. Arabs attacked Jewish settlements, hoping to discourage settlers. The Jewish settlers established their own military defense force. For the rest of the century, Arab and Jews fought over the land that Arabs called Palestine and Jews called Israel.
Reading Check
Explaining
Why did the Balfour Declaration produce problems in Palestine?
Section 2 Nationalism in Africa and Asia
After World War I, Germany lost its African colonies to Britain and France. Violent suppression and the slow pace of reform in the colonies led many Africans to agitate for independence. Two African Americans, W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey, were influential in building African cultural awareness and Pan-African unity. Mohandas Gandhi built a large movement for Indian independence through nonviolence. Indian Muslims felt sidelined by the largest independence organization, the Indian National Congress, and called for a separate Muslim state. Rapid industrialization in Japan led to support for territorial expansion to improve Japan's access to raw materials and markets. After a period of pacifism prompted in part by pressure from the United States, Japan conquered Manchuria, and the military took control of the government. The Communist International helped build Communist parties in China and Southeast Asia.
Movements toward Independence in Africa
African nationalism brought little political change, except to Egypt. Egyptians had suffered during World War I. After the war, protests, strikes, and riots forced Britain to grant Egypt independence in 1922. However, Britain still controlled Egypt’s monarchy.
Displeased with this state of affairs, during the 1930s many young Egyptians joined an organization called the Muslim Brotherhood. This group fostered a broad Islamic nationalism that rejected Western culture and denounced corruption in the Egyptian government.
Muslim Brotherhood in the United States
The Muslim Brotherhood has been active in the US since the 1960s. Its stated goals have included creating havens for Muslims in the US. According to the Washington Post, some Muslim activists "express anti-U.S. views or support resistance against Israelis."
The Holy Land Foundation trial has led to the release as evidence of several documents on the Muslim Brotherhood. One of these documents, dated in 1991, explains that the goal of the Muslim Brotherhood in the U.S. is “settlement”, defined by the author as a form of jihad aimed at destroying Western civilization from within and allowing for the victory of Islam over other religions. In another one of these documents, "Ikhwan in America", the author alleges that the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood in the US include going to camps to do weapons training (referred to as Special work by the Muslim Brotherhood), as well as engaging in counter-espionage against US government agencies such as the FBI and CIA (referred to as Securing the Group). In November 2008 the Holy Land Foundation was found guilty of illegally funding Palestinian terrorist group Hamas, which is designated by the United States as a terrorist group. Tariq Ramadan, the grandson of the Muslim Brotherhood founder, speaks in the U.S.
African Protests
New Leaders
African American scholar and activist W.E.B. DuBois (doo boys) organized the first Pan-African Congress in 1919. It met in Paris, where the Allies were holding their peace conference. Delegates from African colonies, the West Indies, and the United States called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans. Although the Western powers ignored their demands, the Pan-African Congress established cooperation among African and African American leaders.
In the 1920s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism began to nourish the nationalist spirit and strengthen resistance. Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent worldwide. Among its most inspiring leaders was Jamaica-born Marcus Garvey. He preached a forceful, appealing message of “Africa for Africans” and demanded an end to colonial rule. Garvey’s ideas influenced a new generation of African leaders.
Jomo Kenyatta was a leader in Kenya’s struggle for independence from British rule. During the 1920s and 1930s, a new generation of leaders, proud of their unique heritage, struggled to stop imperialism and restore Africa for Africans.
Reading Check
Analyzing
Why did many Africans become more politically active after World War I?
The Movement for Indian Independence
Protest and Reform
Gandhi’s philosophy reflected Western as well as Indian influences. He admired Christian teachings about love. He believed in the American philosopher Henry David Thoreau’s ideas about civil disobedience, the refusal to obey unjust laws. Gandhi was also influenced by Western ideas of democracy and nationalism. He urged equal rights for all Indians, women as well as men. He fought hard to end the harsh treatment of untouchables, who were members of the lowest caste, or class.
A Push for Independence
Since 1885, the Indian National Congress party, called the Congress party, had pressed for self-rule within the British empire. After Amritsar, it began to call for full independence. But party members were mostly middle-class, Western-educated elite who had little in common with the masses of Indian peasants. In the 1920s, a new leader named Mohandas Gandhi emerged and united Indians across class lines.
New Leaders and New Problems
In 1939, a new world war exploded. Britain outraged Indian leaders by postponing independence and bringing Indians into the war without consulting them. Angry nationalists launched a campaign of noncooperation and were jailed. Millions of Indians, however, did help Britain during World War II.
When the war ended in 1945, India’s independence could no longer be delayed. As it neared, Muslim fears of the Hindu majority increased. Conflict between Hindus and Muslims would trouble the new nation in the years to come.
Reading Check
Identifying
What three non-British conflicts affected the Indian independence movements in the 1930s?
The Rise of a Militarist Japan
A Zaibatsu Economy
Japan and the West
The Rise of Militarism
In 1931, a group of Japanese army officers provoked an incident that provided an excuse to seize Manchuria. They set explosives and blew up tracks on a Japanese-owned railroad line. Then, they claimed that the Chinese had committed the act. Claiming self-defense, the army attacked Chinese forces. Without consulting their own government, the Japanese military forces conquered all of Manchuria and set up a puppet state there that they called Manzhouguo (man choo kwoo). They brought in Puyi, the last Chinese emperor, to head the puppet state. When politicians in Tokyo objected to the army’s highhanded actions, public opinion sided with the military.
When the League of Nations condemned Japanese aggression against China, Japan simply withdrew itself from the League. Soon, the Japanese government nullified the agreements limiting naval armament that it had signed with the Western democracies in the 1920s. The League’s member states failed to take military action against Japanese aggression.
Japan expanded its territory in Asia between 1918 and 1934. From their conquered lands, the Japanese acquired natural resources to fuel their industries.
1. Locate:
(a) Japan (b) Korea (c) Manchuria (d) Taiwan
2. Region
Where were Japan’s main manufacturing areas located?
3. Draw Conclusions
What natural resource does Korea lack but Manchuria have?
In the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning support from the people for foreign conquests and a tough stand against the Western powers. Members of extreme nationalist societies assassinated a number of politicians and business leaders who opposed expansion. Military leaders plotted to overthrow the government and, in 1936, briefly occupied the center of Tokyo.
Civilian government survived, but the unrest forced the government to accept military domination in 1937. To please the ultranationalists, the government cracked down on socialists and suppressed most democratic freedoms. It revived ancient warrior values and built a cult around Emperor Hirohito, whom many believed was descended from the sun goddess. To spread its nationalist message, the government used schools to teach students absolute obedience to the emperor and service to the state.
Reading Check
Examining
How did the Japanese government change from the 1920s to the 1930s?
Nationalism and Revolution in Asia
The Spread of Communism
Some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin. The Soviet Union was more than willing to train Chinese students and military officers to become the vanguard, or elite leaders, of a communist revolution. By the 1920s, a small group of Chinese Communists had formed their own political party.
Communist Parties in Asia
Reading Check
Evaluating
What was the relationship between communism and imperialism?
Preview
Section 3 Revolutionary Chaos in China
Nationalists and Communists
Reading Check
Explaining
How did Chiang Kai-shek change the Communist-Nationalist alliance?
The Communists in Hiding
Reading Check
Identifying
Which group did Mao believe would start the Communist Revolution in China?
The Long March
Reading Check
Explaining
Why did it seem that communism was no longer a threat to China after the Long March?
The New China of Chiang Kai-shek
Reading Check
Identifying
What was the intended final stage of Chiang Kai-shek's reform program?
Maher Zain - Palestine Will Be Free | ماهر زين - فلسطين سوف تتحرر
Awakening Records, Palestine will be Free, performed by Maher Zain.
