G. Mick Smith, PhD, Senior Educational Technology Executive: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith/
Wednesday, March 09, 2016
Monday, March 07, 2016
HUM 111 Week 10
EXPLORE ACTIVITIES
Shakespeare
Counter-Reform and Mannerism
Humanism in Tudor England: Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More 638
In this episode, I introduce the Christian. or Northern, Renaissance Humanist movement of the 16th century. I discuss its characteristics and examine the ideas of its two biggest thinkers, Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More.
Hans Holbein and Portrait Painting 641
Hans Holbein the Younger (c. 1498 — between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style. He is best known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century. He also produced religious art, satire and Reformation propaganda, and made a significant contribution to the history of book design. He is called "the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, Hans Holbein the Elder, an accomplished painter of the Late Gothic school.
Born in Augsburg, Holbein worked mainly in Basel as a young artist. At first he painted murals and religious works and designed for stained glass windows and printed books. He also painted the occasional portrait, making his international mark with portraits of the humanist Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. When the Reformation reached Basel, Holbein worked for reformist clients while continuing to serve traditional religious patrons. His Late Gothic style was enriched by artistic trends in Italy, France, and the Netherlands, as well as by Renaissance Humanism. The result was a combined aesthetic uniquely his own.
Holbein travelled to England in 1526 in search of work, with a recommendation from Erasmus. He was welcomed into the humanist circle of Thomas More, where he quickly built a high reputation. After returning to Basel for four years, he resumed his career in England in 1532. This time he worked for the twin founts of patronage, Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell. By 1535, he was King's Painter to King Henry VIII. In this role, he produced not only portraits and festive decorations but designs for jewellery, plate, and other precious objects. His portraits of the royal family and nobles are a vivid record of a brilliant court in the momentous years when Henry was asserting his supremacy over the English church.
Holbein's art was prized from early in his career. The French poet and reformer Nicholas Bourbon dubbed him "the Apelles of our time". Holbein has also been described as a great "one-off" of art history, since he founded no school. After his death, some of his work was lost, but much was collected, and by the 19th century, Holbein was recognised among the great portrait masters. Recent exhibitions have also highlighted his versatility. He turned his fluid line to designs ranging from intricate jewellery to monumental frescoes. Holbein's art has sometimes been called realist, since he drew and painted with a rare precision. His portraits were renowned in their time for their likeness; and it is through Holbein's eyes that many famous figures of his day, such as Erasmus and More, are now "seen". Holbein was never content, however, with outward appearance. He embedded layers of symbolism, allusion, and paradox in his art, to the lasting fascination of scholars. In the view of art historian Ellis Waterhouse, his portraiture "remains unsurpassed for sureness and economy of statement, penetration into character, and a combined richness and purity of style".
Henry’s Marriages and His Defiance of Rome 642
For more information and images about this video please visit http://talesofcuriosity.com/v/HenrysW... is abridged text from our site:
England, Apr 21 1509, Henry VIII became King. He was determined to create a Tudor dynasty.
1. Catherine Of Aragon - 1st Wife
Born: Dec 16 1485
Married: June 11 1509
Divorced/Annulled: 1533
Died: Jan 7 1536
Catherine was born in Madrid, Spain, daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon & Queen Isabella I of Castile. She married Henry's older brother Arthur, Nov 14 1501, but Apr 2 1502 he died of "sweating sickness". Henry VII did not want to return Catherine Of Aragon's dowry, so arranged for her to marry Henry. He was 5 years younger than her. Henry VII, then left it on hold, keeping the dowry.
After Henry VIII was crowned, he married Catherine. Although she bore Henry 6 children, only 1 survived. She would become Queen Mary, known as "Bloody Mary". Henry believed the reason for the lack of a male heir was a cursed marriage as Catherine of Aragon was his brother, Prince Arthur's widow.
After 24 years of marriage, he declared it illegal. Catherine was banished from court dying 2 years later.
2. Anne Boleyn - 2nd Wife
Born: c1500
Married: Jan 1533
Divorced/Annulled: 1536
Executed: May 19 1536
When Henry VIII noticed Anne, her sister was his mistress. Anne was stylish & an accomplished musician. Henry attempted to seduce her, but she rejected him. His solution was to annull his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, & wed Anne. Pope Clement refused to grant this, so Henry broke the church in England away from Rome. He granted his own annulment & married Anne. She gave birth to a girl who would reign as Queen Elizabeth I, followed by 3 miscarriages.
Anne Boleyn had a bad temper, argued with Henry & made enemies at court. Henry became impatient with her behaviour & lack of a male heir. He also wanted to marry Jane Seymour. Henry said he had been seduced into marriage by sorcery. Anne was sent to the Tower of London, accused of adultery & plotting the king's death. Found guilty she was beheaded on Tower Green.
3. Jane Seymour - 3rd Wife
Born: c1509
Married: 30 May 1536
Died: 24 Oct 1537
A day after Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry VIII became engaged to Jane Seymour, who had served in Anne Boleyn's household. They married 10 days later. Jane was very different to Anne Boleyn. She was fair & her household was strictly run.
Oct 12 1537, Jane gave birth to a boy. Henry was overjoyed. He had a male heir! The boy would become King Edward VI, but die aged just 15. Jane died 12 days later from an infection. Henry mourned her death & did not remarry for 3 years. Jane Seymour was Henry VIII's favourite wife. He is buried next to her.
4. Anne of Cleves - 4th Wife
Born: 1515
Married: Jan 6 1540
Divorced: July 1540
Died: July 16 1557
After Henry VIII decided to marry again, Anne of Cleves & her sister Amelia were considered. Hans Holbein the Younger, was sent to Germany to paint them & told to make the paintings realistic. Marriage was agreed, however Anne was not as described, looking old for her age. Henry called her a "Flanders Mare". The feeling was mutual. But the marriage went ahead to preserve England's relations with Germany. After just six months it was annulled.
In gratitude to her consenting to the annulment, Henry gave Anne land & property. They became good friends.
5. Catherine Howard - 5th Wife
Born: c1521
Married: July 28 1540
Executed: February 13 1542
Catherine Howard was a lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves. Henry married her a few weeks after his divorce. She was frivolous, a dangerous trait to have being married to Henry VIII. He showered Catherine with expensive gifts. However, he was 30 years older & she found him unattractive beginning an affair with Thomas Culpeper, a favourite of Henry VIII.
Soon news reached Henry. After being shown a love letter, Catherine was charged with treason, adultery & for not informing Henry VIII of affairs she had before the marriage. She was executed aged either 20 or 21.
6. Catherine Parr - 6th Wife
Born: 1512
Married: July 12 1543
Widowed: Jan 28 1547
Died: Sept 5 1548
Catherine, probably the most influential of Henry VIII's wives, worked in the household of his daughter Mary. She was a widow in a relationship with Thomas Seymour (1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley). After Henry VIII proposed, she was obliged to marry him.
Catherine had good relations with all of Henry VIII's children, helping to reconcile him with daughters, Mary & Elizabeth.
July-Sept 1544 Catherine was made regent effectively ruling the country. This was whilst Henry was on his last military campaign. It has been speculated Catherine's character & religious beliefs were a big influence on her stepdaughter Elizabeth I.
Henry VIII was sick & Catherine was more nurse than wife. Henry VIII died Jan 28 1547 & was buried in Windsor next to his third wife, Jane Seymour. Catherine Parr then married Thomas Seymour, but soon died from childbirth complications.
Horrible Histories - the execution of Anne Boleyn, 2:01
The third part of the trial scene from the 1966 movie "A Man for All Seasons". Thomas More is on trial because he would not take the Oath of Supremacy recognizing Henry VIII as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, and failure to do so was treated as treason. Roman Catholics such as More had to take the Oath or were tried and usually executed.
"NEVERTHELESS!! It is not for the supremacy that you have sought my blood, but because I would not bend to the marriage!"
Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth: The Continuing Religious Conflict 643
CLIP DESCRIPTION:
Elizabeth's (Cate Blanchett) faith is questioned along with her loyalty to England.
FILM DESCRIPTION:
This British-made historical drama depicts the rise of young Elizabeth Tudor to Queen of England, a reign of intrigue and betrayals. In 1554, Queen Mary I (Kathy Burke) tries to restore Catholicism as England's single faith. With no heir to the crown, she maneuvers to keep her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth (Cate Blanchett) from succeeding her, but her efforts fail. With Mary dead, Elizabeth is proclaimed Queen of England in November 1558. Elizabeth relishes the return from exile of her childhood sweetheart, Lord Robert Dudley (Joseph Fiennes). Chief adviser Sir William Cecil (Richard Attenborough) urges the young Queen to forget personal matters and instead address the country's pressing problems. England is bankrupt, has no army, and is under serious threat from abroad. Elizabeth even has enemies within her own court, the most dangerous being the Duke of Norfolk (Christopher Eccleston). Hoping for an heir, Cecil suggests marriage candidates -- King Philip II of Spain or the French Duc d'Anjou (Vincent Cassel) -- to secure the realm. Elizabeth agrees to meet their ambassadors, but her true feelings are revealed when she meets Dudley for a secret tryst. French "warrior queen" Mary of Guise (Fanny Ardent) amasses troops at the Scottish border. Elizabeth bows to the pro-War lobby led by Norfolk, despite protests from her Master of Spies, the enigmatic Sir Francis Walsingham (Geoffrey Rush), but the decision to fight leads to a humiliating defeat. As dark clouds of court conspiracies gather, and the possibility of assassination looms, Elizabeth strikes out at her enemies and puts her trust in Walsingham. Shown at 1998 film fests (Venice, Toronto), this is the first English-language film of Indian director Shekhar Kapur, who shot on locations at Northumberland, Derbyshire, North Yorkshire, and at Shepperton Studios.
CREDITS:
TM & © Universal (1998)
Cast: Jamie Foreman, Edward Hardwicke, Cate Blanchett
Director: Shekhar Kapur
Producers: Eric Fellner, Liza Chasin, Debra Hayward, Mary Richards, Alison Owen, Tim Bevan
Screenwriter: Michael Hirst
Elizabethan England 646
Horrible Histories Terrible Tudors money currency, Elizabeth I's clothing laws, 3:49
Elizabeth I and the Arts: Painting and Poetic Forms 647
Music in the Elizabethan Age 650
Elizabeth I's court was a great place to be a musician, and opportunities to make music were all around, whether for use in religious services, or for pleasurable moments during entertainment and relaxation. William Byrd was the queen's particular musical favourite, but this did not exclude others such as Morley or Allison from getting a hearing. This album concentrates on the secular rather than the sacred, and, from music in praise of the Queen, and of England, to dance tunes and songs, it presents a selection of many of the types of music which a courtier in late sixteenth century London would have heard and known. (from album description).
The Elizabethan Stage 651
Elizabethan Theatre, 7:52
https://youtu.be/z_cTCdkCAcc
Christopher Marlowe: The Legend of Faustus 653
Doctor Faustus, restless for knowledge, forsakes scholarship for magic and makes a pact with the Devil: if the veil spirit Mephistopheles will serve him for 24 years, Faustus will yield his soul to the Devil after death.
It isn't long before Faustus has doubts about the bargain, but Mephistopheles has plenty of entertainment at hand to distract Faustus from the terrifying reality of his position and the prospect of its agonizing conclusion.
In Doctor Faustus, the greatest tragedy in English before Shakespeare, Marlowe puts some of the finest poetry ever written for the stage and a good deal of anarchic comedy at the service of a mythic tale illustrating mankind's insatiable desire for knowledge and power.
Featuring Paul Hilton as Faustus and Arthur Darvill as Mephistopheles: 'elegant and intelligent verse speakers' The Times.
Robert Leroy Johnson (May 8, 1911 – August 16, 1938) was an American blues singer-songwriter and musician. His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, and songwriting talent that has influenced later generations of musicians. Johnson's shadowy and poorly documented life and death at age 27 have given rise to much legend, including the Faustian myth that he sold his soul to the devil at a crossroads to achieve success. As an itinerant performer who played mostly on street corners, in juke joints, and at Saturday night dances, Johnson had little commercial success or public recognition in his lifetime.
It was only after the reissue of his recordings in 1961, on the LP King of the Delta Blues Singers, that his work reached a wider audience. Johnson is now recognized as a master of the blues, particularly of the Mississippi Delta blues style. He is credited by many rock musicians as an important influence; Eric Clapton has called Johnson "the most important blues singer that ever lived."[1][2] Johnson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early Influence in their first induction ceremony in 1986.[3] In 2010, David Fricke ranked Johnson fifth in Rolling Stone′s list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.[4]
William Shakespeare: “The play’s the thing!” 653
The English in Virginia 656
The Roanoke Colonies 656
Jamestown 658
READINGS
19.1 from Desiderius Erasmus, The Adages of Erasmus (1500–33) 638
19.2 from Thomas More, Utopia, Book 2 (1516) 661
19.2a from Thomas More, Utopia, Book 2 (1516) 640
19.3 from William Shakespeare, Richard II, Act 2, Scene 1 (1594) 646
19.4 Elizabeth I, “On Monsieur’s Departure” (1582) 648
19.5 Thomas Wyatt, “List to Hunt” (first published 1557) 649
19.6 William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130 (1609) 649
19.7 William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18 (1609) 649
19.8 Edmund Spenser, Sonnet 75, from the Amoretti (1595) 650
19.9 from William Byrd, Psalms, Sonnets, & Songs (1588) 651
19.10 from Christopher Marlowe, The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, Scene 14 (1604) 653
19.11a from William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 2, Scene 2 (1623) 654
19.11b from William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 1 (1623) 655
19.12 from Thomas Hariot, A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1590) 657
FEATURES
CONTEXT
The Tudor Genealogy 641
The Sonnet 648
CLOSER LOOK Holbein’s The Ambassadors 644
CONTINUITY & CHANGE The New Universe 659
20 The Early Counter- Reformation and Mannerism RESTRAINT AND INVENTION 663
The Counter-Reformation 665
The Council of Trent 665
Catholic Reform of the Arts: Palestrina and the Music of the Early Counter-Reformation 665
Michelangelo and the Rise of Mannerism 667
Mannerism in Art: A Matter of Decorum 669
Court Painting: Beyond the Church’s Reach 670
Mannerist Religious Painting 671
The Rise of Women Artists in Northern Italy 674
Mannerist Sculpture: Focus on Individual Genius 676
Inquisition and Innovation 678
Art under the Italian Inquisition: Veronese 678
The Spanish Inquisition 679
The Counter-Reformation and Mannerism United: El Greco in Spain 680
Cervantes and the Picaresque Tradition 680
READINGS
20.1 from Pietro Aretino, Letter to Michelangelo (1545) 669
20.2 from Benvenuto Cellini, Life (1728) 678
20.3 from The Trial of Veronese (1573) 678
20.4 from John of the Cross, The Dark Night of the Soul, “The Dark Night” 683
This highly metaphorical poem narrates the journey of the soul from its bodily home to its union with God. The journey is called "The Dark Night" because darkness represents the hardships and difficulties the soul meets in detachment from the world and reaching the light of the union with the Creator.
The Spanish mystic, poet and monk, John of the Cross (1542-1591) wrote some of the most beautiful poetry ever penned in the Spanish language and then authored entire books as commentaries on each stanza.
A chapter on this teaching may be found in "The Journey of the Anointed One," available on Amazon here:
http://www.amazon.com/dp/0983769710/r...
John of the Cross said the following about the dark night: "Even though this blessed night darkens the spirit, it does so only to impart light in all things. And even though it humbles us and reveals our miseries, it does so only to exalt us. And even though it impoverishes us and empties us of all our possessions and natural affections, it does so only that we may reach forward divinely to the enjoyment of everything in heaven and on earth, all the while preserving a general freedom of spirit in them all."
St. John of the Cross offers an extensive commentary on the multi-dimensional meaning of his poem in a classic treatise:
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/john_cross/d...
Practical application of these teachings may be found here:
http://innerworkforspiritualawakening...
https://youtu.be/21Rwj9sPBTc
20.5 from Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, Part 1, Chapter 8 (1605) 684
FEATURES
CLOSER LOOK Bronzino’s Allegory with Venus and Cupid 672
CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Frenzy of Inspiration 682
REFERENCES
Robert Leroy Johnson (May 8, 1911 – August 16, 1938) was an American blues
singer-songwriter and musician. His landmark recordings in 1936 and
1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, and songwriting
talent that has influenced later generations of musicians. Johnson's
shadowy and poorly documented life and death at age 27 have given rise to much legend, including the Faustian myth that he sold his soul to the devil at a crossroads to achieve success. As an itinerant performer who played mostly on street corners, in juke joints, and at Saturday night dances, Johnson had little commercial success or public recognition in his lifetime.
It was only after the reissue of his recordings in 1961, on the LP King of the Delta Blues Singers, that his work reached a wider audience. Johnson is now recognized as a master of the blues, particularly of the Mississippi Delta blues style. He is credited by many rock musicians as an important influence; Eric Clapton has called Johnson "the most important blues singer that ever lived."[1][2] Johnson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early Influence in their first induction ceremony in 1986.[3] In 2010, David Fricke ranked Johnson fifth in Rolling Stone′s list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.[4]
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet - The Play's the Thing, 29:05
https://youtu.be/uEWo9pN0TFU
Beyond the Sound Bites
Niall Ferguson holds in own in a BBC debate, 8:11
Niall Ferguson, author of Civilization, will help us examine the role of the West in the revolution in the Arab world - and explain what history can tell us about why certain cultures appear to dominate the world at certain times.
https://youtu.be/wJcHbaNNIM4
Shakespeare
- Chapter 19 (pp. 650-656), selections 19.11a and 19.11b. Soliloquy defined on p. 653; review Week 10 Music Folder
Counter-Reform and Mannerism
- Chapter 20 (pp. 665-681), Mannerist art; (see also p. 591 in Chapter 17); review Week 10 Music folder
- Tintoretto's Last Supper at http://www.wga.hu/html_m/t/tintoret/5_1580s/3lastsup.html (click on the image to enlarge); also at Fig. 20.9 on p. 674
- Tintoretto’s Last Supper, video, at http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/jacopo-tintorettos-last-supper.html
- Chapter 14 (p. 491), Leonardo’s Last Supper (Fig. 14.25)
- Leonardo’s Last Supper at http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/LeonardoLastSupper.htm
- Chapter 20 (pp. 678-680 with Fig. 20.16), "Last Supper" painting and Inquisition trial of the artist Veronese
- Trial of Veronese at http://members.efn.org/~acd/Veronese.html
MUSIC FOLDER
In this week's readings (chaps. 19 and 20), there are four musical compositions mentioned. These (or decent equivalents) can be found on YouTube or elsewhere on the internet. Watch and give these a listen. Here below are some background descriptions of each work--and the links to the YouTubes or online presentations (and sometimes other helps). --------------------------
Fyre and Lightning (by Thomas Morley) (Chap. 19, p. 650)
http://classical-music-online.net/en/production/11501 (The short lyrics are on p. 650.) Read carefully pp. 650-1 in chap. 19 before listening to this. Then, listen for the two voices copying each other in rapid succession. Morley wrote this secular madrigal around 1595 AD.
Verily, verily, I say unto you (by Thomas Tallis) (chap. 19, pp. 650-651)
http://vimeo.com/22477250 (Based on English translation of John 6:53-56; See lyrics at http://www.free-scores.com/download-sheet-music.php?pdf=12214; This next links shows lyrics and sheet music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaQ_DRvHqr8)
Read pp. 650-1 in chap. 19, and then give this a listen. This was composed by Thomas Tallis in the mid to late 1500s AD. This is an example of a verse anthem written for the Anglican Communion Service.
------------------------------- Missa Papae Marcelli, Credo (Palestrina) (chap. 20, pp. 665-667)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuDAOrd4mr8 (for Latin text and translation, go to http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W747_66266 . Once there, click on the tab “Latin” and then by the tab “English” next to the listing of each movement—for movements 1 through 5b).
Read pp. 665-7 in chap. 20 carefully, then give this a listen. Missa Papae Marcelli means "Mass for Pope Marcellus" and was composed by Palestrina in 1567. The YouTube selection above shows a setting in Rome’s St. Peters Basilicas. Palestrina composed many works for Catholic masses; this polyphonic mass example fits very well the Counter-Reformation mandates of the Council of Trent. The Credo (=creed) is one section of the mass, and the words are based on the ancient Nicene Creed, a profession of faith.
Super Flumina Babylonis (Palestrina) (chap. 20, pp. 665-667) (based on a Psalm; see the Latin text with English translation of the Psalm at http://www.latinvulgate.com/verse.aspx?t=0&b=21&c=136)
Read pp. 665-667 in chap. 20 carefully, then give this a listen. Super Flumina Babylonis means "By the Rivers of Babylon", derived from Psalm 137 (=Psalm 136 in some versions of the Bible). This polyphonic motet was (and is) sung during Catholic worship. Palestrina composed it in 1581.
https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600943-dt-content-rid-103631370_4/institution/HUM/111/1154/Week8/WYLTKM-HenryVIII.html
https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600944-dt-content-rid-103631369_4/institution/HUM/111/1154/Week8/WYLTKM-ElizabethI.html
https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-18600945-dt-content-rid-103631372_4/institution/HUM/111/1154/Week9/WYLTKM-CounterReformation.html
19 England in the Tudor Age “THIS OTHER EDEN” 635
The Reign of Henry VIII 638
King Henry VIII (1491-1547) - Pt 3/3, 7:46
Episode 6 of the Channel Five series Kings & Queens, which looks at the life and reign of Henry VIII of England
The series looks at key monarchs in the history of England and gives some simplified facts about their reigns. This is a good series for those who have little prior knowledge of English history.
The series looks at key monarchs in the history of England and gives some simplified facts about their reigns. This is a good series for those who have little prior knowledge of English history.
https://youtu.be/s0t7jytTphM
Embedding disabled by request
Humanism in Tudor England: Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More 638
What Was Christian Humanism? AP Euro Bit by Bit #13, 7:52
In this episode, I introduce the Christian. or Northern, Renaissance Humanist movement of the 16th century. I discuss its characteristics and examine the ideas of its two biggest thinkers, Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More.
https://youtu.be/aVe3tgX0RNk
Hans Holbein and Portrait Painting 641
Hans Holbein's Art - The Younger, 3:14
Hans Holbein the Younger (c. 1498 — between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style. He is best known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century. He also produced religious art, satire and Reformation propaganda, and made a significant contribution to the history of book design. He is called "the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, Hans Holbein the Elder, an accomplished painter of the Late Gothic school.
Born in Augsburg, Holbein worked mainly in Basel as a young artist. At first he painted murals and religious works and designed for stained glass windows and printed books. He also painted the occasional portrait, making his international mark with portraits of the humanist Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. When the Reformation reached Basel, Holbein worked for reformist clients while continuing to serve traditional religious patrons. His Late Gothic style was enriched by artistic trends in Italy, France, and the Netherlands, as well as by Renaissance Humanism. The result was a combined aesthetic uniquely his own.
Holbein travelled to England in 1526 in search of work, with a recommendation from Erasmus. He was welcomed into the humanist circle of Thomas More, where he quickly built a high reputation. After returning to Basel for four years, he resumed his career in England in 1532. This time he worked for the twin founts of patronage, Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell. By 1535, he was King's Painter to King Henry VIII. In this role, he produced not only portraits and festive decorations but designs for jewellery, plate, and other precious objects. His portraits of the royal family and nobles are a vivid record of a brilliant court in the momentous years when Henry was asserting his supremacy over the English church.
Holbein's art was prized from early in his career. The French poet and reformer Nicholas Bourbon dubbed him "the Apelles of our time". Holbein has also been described as a great "one-off" of art history, since he founded no school. After his death, some of his work was lost, but much was collected, and by the 19th century, Holbein was recognised among the great portrait masters. Recent exhibitions have also highlighted his versatility. He turned his fluid line to designs ranging from intricate jewellery to monumental frescoes. Holbein's art has sometimes been called realist, since he drew and painted with a rare precision. His portraits were renowned in their time for their likeness; and it is through Holbein's eyes that many famous figures of his day, such as Erasmus and More, are now "seen". Holbein was never content, however, with outward appearance. He embedded layers of symbolism, allusion, and paradox in his art, to the lasting fascination of scholars. In the view of art historian Ellis Waterhouse, his portraiture "remains unsurpassed for sureness and economy of statement, penetration into character, and a combined richness and purity of style".
https://youtu.be/TYhy6BQUPBc
Henry’s Marriages and His Defiance of Rome 642
The Six Wives Of Henry VIII, 5:32
For more information and images about this video please visit http://talesofcuriosity.com/v/HenrysW... is abridged text from our site:
England, Apr 21 1509, Henry VIII became King. He was determined to create a Tudor dynasty.
1. Catherine Of Aragon - 1st Wife
Born: Dec 16 1485
Married: June 11 1509
Divorced/Annulled: 1533
Died: Jan 7 1536
Catherine was born in Madrid, Spain, daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon & Queen Isabella I of Castile. She married Henry's older brother Arthur, Nov 14 1501, but Apr 2 1502 he died of "sweating sickness". Henry VII did not want to return Catherine Of Aragon's dowry, so arranged for her to marry Henry. He was 5 years younger than her. Henry VII, then left it on hold, keeping the dowry.
After Henry VIII was crowned, he married Catherine. Although she bore Henry 6 children, only 1 survived. She would become Queen Mary, known as "Bloody Mary". Henry believed the reason for the lack of a male heir was a cursed marriage as Catherine of Aragon was his brother, Prince Arthur's widow.
After 24 years of marriage, he declared it illegal. Catherine was banished from court dying 2 years later.
2. Anne Boleyn - 2nd Wife
Born: c1500
Married: Jan 1533
Divorced/Annulled: 1536
Executed: May 19 1536
When Henry VIII noticed Anne, her sister was his mistress. Anne was stylish & an accomplished musician. Henry attempted to seduce her, but she rejected him. His solution was to annull his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, & wed Anne. Pope Clement refused to grant this, so Henry broke the church in England away from Rome. He granted his own annulment & married Anne. She gave birth to a girl who would reign as Queen Elizabeth I, followed by 3 miscarriages.
Anne Boleyn had a bad temper, argued with Henry & made enemies at court. Henry became impatient with her behaviour & lack of a male heir. He also wanted to marry Jane Seymour. Henry said he had been seduced into marriage by sorcery. Anne was sent to the Tower of London, accused of adultery & plotting the king's death. Found guilty she was beheaded on Tower Green.
3. Jane Seymour - 3rd Wife
Born: c1509
Married: 30 May 1536
Died: 24 Oct 1537
A day after Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry VIII became engaged to Jane Seymour, who had served in Anne Boleyn's household. They married 10 days later. Jane was very different to Anne Boleyn. She was fair & her household was strictly run.
Oct 12 1537, Jane gave birth to a boy. Henry was overjoyed. He had a male heir! The boy would become King Edward VI, but die aged just 15. Jane died 12 days later from an infection. Henry mourned her death & did not remarry for 3 years. Jane Seymour was Henry VIII's favourite wife. He is buried next to her.
4. Anne of Cleves - 4th Wife
Born: 1515
Married: Jan 6 1540
Divorced: July 1540
Died: July 16 1557
After Henry VIII decided to marry again, Anne of Cleves & her sister Amelia were considered. Hans Holbein the Younger, was sent to Germany to paint them & told to make the paintings realistic. Marriage was agreed, however Anne was not as described, looking old for her age. Henry called her a "Flanders Mare". The feeling was mutual. But the marriage went ahead to preserve England's relations with Germany. After just six months it was annulled.
In gratitude to her consenting to the annulment, Henry gave Anne land & property. They became good friends.
5. Catherine Howard - 5th Wife
Born: c1521
Married: July 28 1540
Executed: February 13 1542
Catherine Howard was a lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves. Henry married her a few weeks after his divorce. She was frivolous, a dangerous trait to have being married to Henry VIII. He showered Catherine with expensive gifts. However, he was 30 years older & she found him unattractive beginning an affair with Thomas Culpeper, a favourite of Henry VIII.
Soon news reached Henry. After being shown a love letter, Catherine was charged with treason, adultery & for not informing Henry VIII of affairs she had before the marriage. She was executed aged either 20 or 21.
6. Catherine Parr - 6th Wife
Born: 1512
Married: July 12 1543
Widowed: Jan 28 1547
Died: Sept 5 1548
Catherine, probably the most influential of Henry VIII's wives, worked in the household of his daughter Mary. She was a widow in a relationship with Thomas Seymour (1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley). After Henry VIII proposed, she was obliged to marry him.
Catherine had good relations with all of Henry VIII's children, helping to reconcile him with daughters, Mary & Elizabeth.
July-Sept 1544 Catherine was made regent effectively ruling the country. This was whilst Henry was on his last military campaign. It has been speculated Catherine's character & religious beliefs were a big influence on her stepdaughter Elizabeth I.
Henry VIII was sick & Catherine was more nurse than wife. Henry VIII died Jan 28 1547 & was buried in Windsor next to his third wife, Jane Seymour. Catherine Parr then married Thomas Seymour, but soon died from childbirth complications.
https://youtu.be/Gqs0HBcdc74
Horrible Histories - the execution of Anne Boleyn, 2:01
https://youtu.be/HGMIitqKk6s
A Man for All Seasons - Trial (3 of 3), 3:48
The third part of the trial scene from the 1966 movie "A Man for All Seasons". Thomas More is on trial because he would not take the Oath of Supremacy recognizing Henry VIII as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, and failure to do so was treated as treason. Roman Catholics such as More had to take the Oath or were tried and usually executed.
"NEVERTHELESS!! It is not for the supremacy that you have sought my blood, but because I would not bend to the marriage!"
https://youtu.be/DX0_FGu8v9A
A Man For All Seasons - Paul Scofield, 1:13
https://youtu.be/5DpkNX2GxRw
Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth: The Continuing Religious Conflict 643
Elizabeth (2/11) Movie CLIP - The Small Question of Religion (1998) HD, 2:41
CLIP DESCRIPTION:
Elizabeth's (Cate Blanchett) faith is questioned along with her loyalty to England.
FILM DESCRIPTION:
This British-made historical drama depicts the rise of young Elizabeth Tudor to Queen of England, a reign of intrigue and betrayals. In 1554, Queen Mary I (Kathy Burke) tries to restore Catholicism as England's single faith. With no heir to the crown, she maneuvers to keep her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth (Cate Blanchett) from succeeding her, but her efforts fail. With Mary dead, Elizabeth is proclaimed Queen of England in November 1558. Elizabeth relishes the return from exile of her childhood sweetheart, Lord Robert Dudley (Joseph Fiennes). Chief adviser Sir William Cecil (Richard Attenborough) urges the young Queen to forget personal matters and instead address the country's pressing problems. England is bankrupt, has no army, and is under serious threat from abroad. Elizabeth even has enemies within her own court, the most dangerous being the Duke of Norfolk (Christopher Eccleston). Hoping for an heir, Cecil suggests marriage candidates -- King Philip II of Spain or the French Duc d'Anjou (Vincent Cassel) -- to secure the realm. Elizabeth agrees to meet their ambassadors, but her true feelings are revealed when she meets Dudley for a secret tryst. French "warrior queen" Mary of Guise (Fanny Ardent) amasses troops at the Scottish border. Elizabeth bows to the pro-War lobby led by Norfolk, despite protests from her Master of Spies, the enigmatic Sir Francis Walsingham (Geoffrey Rush), but the decision to fight leads to a humiliating defeat. As dark clouds of court conspiracies gather, and the possibility of assassination looms, Elizabeth strikes out at her enemies and puts her trust in Walsingham. Shown at 1998 film fests (Venice, Toronto), this is the first English-language film of Indian director Shekhar Kapur, who shot on locations at Northumberland, Derbyshire, North Yorkshire, and at Shepperton Studios.
CREDITS:
TM & © Universal (1998)
Cast: Jamie Foreman, Edward Hardwicke, Cate Blanchett
Director: Shekhar Kapur
Producers: Eric Fellner, Liza Chasin, Debra Hayward, Mary Richards, Alison Owen, Tim Bevan
Screenwriter: Michael Hirst
https://youtu.be/iIUzHUOdLhM
Elizabethan England 646
Elizabethan Era, 7:13
https://youtu.be/aJ1BZMcUBxo
Horrible Histories Terrible Tudors money currency, Elizabeth I's clothing laws, 3:49
https://youtu.be/JDqnbYVtO9E
Elizabeth I and the Arts: Painting and Poetic Forms 647
Music in the Elizabethan Age 650
Great Music from the court of Elizabeth 1 by the Elizabethan Consort.wmv, 4:17
Elizabeth I's court was a great place to be a musician, and opportunities to make music were all around, whether for use in religious services, or for pleasurable moments during entertainment and relaxation. William Byrd was the queen's particular musical favourite, but this did not exclude others such as Morley or Allison from getting a hearing. This album concentrates on the secular rather than the sacred, and, from music in praise of the Queen, and of England, to dance tunes and songs, it presents a selection of many of the types of music which a courtier in late sixteenth century London would have heard and known. (from album description).
https://youtu.be/q_RcMug23po
The Elizabethan Stage 651
Elizabethan Theatre, 7:52
https://youtu.be/z_cTCdkCAcc
Christopher Marlowe: The Legend of Faustus 653
Doctor Faustus - Marlowe - Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, 2:35
Doctor Faustus, restless for knowledge, forsakes scholarship for magic and makes a pact with the Devil: if the veil spirit Mephistopheles will serve him for 24 years, Faustus will yield his soul to the Devil after death.
It isn't long before Faustus has doubts about the bargain, but Mephistopheles has plenty of entertainment at hand to distract Faustus from the terrifying reality of his position and the prospect of its agonizing conclusion.
In Doctor Faustus, the greatest tragedy in English before Shakespeare, Marlowe puts some of the finest poetry ever written for the stage and a good deal of anarchic comedy at the service of a mythic tale illustrating mankind's insatiable desire for knowledge and power.
Featuring Paul Hilton as Faustus and Arthur Darvill as Mephistopheles: 'elegant and intelligent verse speakers' The Times.
https://youtu.be/ILwZmZdk28Y
Robert Leroy Johnson (May 8, 1911 – August 16, 1938) was an American blues singer-songwriter and musician. His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, and songwriting talent that has influenced later generations of musicians. Johnson's shadowy and poorly documented life and death at age 27 have given rise to much legend, including the Faustian myth that he sold his soul to the devil at a crossroads to achieve success. As an itinerant performer who played mostly on street corners, in juke joints, and at Saturday night dances, Johnson had little commercial success or public recognition in his lifetime.
It was only after the reissue of his recordings in 1961, on the LP King of the Delta Blues Singers, that his work reached a wider audience. Johnson is now recognized as a master of the blues, particularly of the Mississippi Delta blues style. He is credited by many rock musicians as an important influence; Eric Clapton has called Johnson "the most important blues singer that ever lived."[1][2] Johnson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early Influence in their first induction ceremony in 1986.[3] In 2010, David Fricke ranked Johnson fifth in Rolling Stone′s list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.[4]
Robert Johnson- Crossroad, 2:48
https://youtu.be/Yd60nI4sa9A
William Shakespeare: “The play’s the thing!” 653
Top 5 Facts about Shakespeare, 5:50
https://youtu.be/JZnqU0ypQ-I
The English in Virginia 656
The Roanoke Colonies 656
Jamestown 658
The Colony of Virginia Founded in 1607, 5:47
https://youtu.be/BGi2ukFCzrs
READINGS
19.1 from Desiderius Erasmus, The Adages of Erasmus (1500–33) 638
19.2 from Thomas More, Utopia, Book 2 (1516) 661
19.2a from Thomas More, Utopia, Book 2 (1516) 640
19.3 from William Shakespeare, Richard II, Act 2, Scene 1 (1594) 646
19.4 Elizabeth I, “On Monsieur’s Departure” (1582) 648
19.5 Thomas Wyatt, “List to Hunt” (first published 1557) 649
19.6 William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130 (1609) 649
19.7 William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18 (1609) 649
19.8 Edmund Spenser, Sonnet 75, from the Amoretti (1595) 650
19.9 from William Byrd, Psalms, Sonnets, & Songs (1588) 651
19.10 from Christopher Marlowe, The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, Scene 14 (1604) 653
19.11a from William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 2, Scene 2 (1623) 654
19.11b from William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 1 (1623) 655
19.12 from Thomas Hariot, A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1590) 657
FEATURES
CONTEXT
The Tudor Genealogy 641
The Sonnet 648
CLOSER LOOK Holbein’s The Ambassadors 644
CONTINUITY & CHANGE The New Universe 659
20 The Early Counter- Reformation and Mannerism RESTRAINT AND INVENTION 663
The Counter-Reformation 665
Catholic Counter Reformation Video, 7:29
https://youtu.be/_GB8Pduuu34
The Council of Trent 665
Catholic Reform of the Arts: Palestrina and the Music of the Early Counter-Reformation 665
Michelangelo and the Rise of Mannerism 667
Mannerism in Art: A Matter of Decorum 669
Court Painting: Beyond the Church’s Reach 670
Mannerist Religious Painting 671
The Rise of Women Artists in Northern Italy 674
Mannerist Sculpture: Focus on Individual Genius 676
Inquisition and Innovation 678
Art under the Italian Inquisition: Veronese 678
The Spanish Inquisition 679
The Counter-Reformation and Mannerism United: El Greco in Spain 680
Cervantes and the Picaresque Tradition 680
READINGS
20.1 from Pietro Aretino, Letter to Michelangelo (1545) 669
20.2 from Benvenuto Cellini, Life (1728) 678
20.3 from The Trial of Veronese (1573) 678
20.4 from John of the Cross, The Dark Night of the Soul, “The Dark Night” 683
Dark Night of the Soul: The Mystical Poem of Saint John of the Cross, 2:21
This highly metaphorical poem narrates the journey of the soul from its bodily home to its union with God. The journey is called "The Dark Night" because darkness represents the hardships and difficulties the soul meets in detachment from the world and reaching the light of the union with the Creator.
The Spanish mystic, poet and monk, John of the Cross (1542-1591) wrote some of the most beautiful poetry ever penned in the Spanish language and then authored entire books as commentaries on each stanza.
A chapter on this teaching may be found in "The Journey of the Anointed One," available on Amazon here:
http://www.amazon.com/dp/0983769710/r...
John of the Cross said the following about the dark night: "Even though this blessed night darkens the spirit, it does so only to impart light in all things. And even though it humbles us and reveals our miseries, it does so only to exalt us. And even though it impoverishes us and empties us of all our possessions and natural affections, it does so only that we may reach forward divinely to the enjoyment of everything in heaven and on earth, all the while preserving a general freedom of spirit in them all."
St. John of the Cross offers an extensive commentary on the multi-dimensional meaning of his poem in a classic treatise:
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/john_cross/d...
Practical application of these teachings may be found here:
http://innerworkforspiritualawakening...
20.5 from Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, Part 1, Chapter 8 (1605) 684
FEATURES
CLOSER LOOK Bronzino’s Allegory with Venus and Cupid 672
CONTINUITY & CHANGE The Frenzy of Inspiration 682
REFERENCES
Boney M ~ Rivers of Babylon, 1978, 4:19
https://youtu.be/9ybv4DOj-N0
Herman's Hermits - I'm Henry Vlll I Am, 1:42
https://youtu.be/c4OS17lqHiE
It was only after the reissue of his recordings in 1961, on the LP King of the Delta Blues Singers, that his work reached a wider audience. Johnson is now recognized as a master of the blues, particularly of the Mississippi Delta blues style. He is credited by many rock musicians as an important influence; Eric Clapton has called Johnson "the most important blues singer that ever lived."[1][2] Johnson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early Influence in their first induction ceremony in 1986.[3] In 2010, David Fricke ranked Johnson fifth in Rolling Stone′s list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.[4]
Robert Johnson- Crossroad, 2:48
https://youtu.be/Yd60nI4sa9A
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet - The Play's the Thing, 29:05
https://youtu.be/uEWo9pN0TFU
Beyond the Sound Bites
Niall Ferguson holds in own in a BBC debate, 8:11
Niall Ferguson, author of Civilization, will help us examine the role of the West in the revolution in the Arab world - and explain what history can tell us about why certain cultures appear to dominate the world at certain times.
https://youtu.be/wJcHbaNNIM4
Thursday, March 03, 2016
Sikhism Week 9 REL 212
The presentation may contain content that is deemed objectionable to a particular viewer because of the view expressed or the conduct depicted. The views expressed are provided for learning purposes only, and do not necessarily express the views, or opinions, of Strayer University, your professor, or those participating in videos or other media.
We will have two ten-minute breaks: at 7:30 - 7:40; and, at 9:00 pm - 9:10 pm. I will take roll early before you are dismissed at 10:15 pm.
Notes on Islam
KEY TOPICS
Guru Nanak 434
Another great teacher made his appearance in northern India in the fifteenth century ce: Guru Nanak. His followers were called Sikhs, meaning “disciples, students, seekers of truth.” In time, he was succeeded by a further nine enlightened Gurus, ending with Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708). Despite the power of these Gurus, the spiritual essence of Sikhism is little known outside India and its diaspora (dispersed communities), even though Sikhism is the fifth largest of all world religions. Many Sikhs understand their path not as another sectarian religion but as a statement of the universal truth within, and transcending, all religions. Their beliefs and practices have been interpreted as an offshoot of Hinduism or a synthesis of the Hindu and Muslim traditions of northern India, but Sikhism has its own unique quality, independent revelation, and history. As awareness of Sikh spirituality spreads, Sikhism is becoming a global religion, although it does not actively seek converts. Instead, it emphasizes the universality of spirituality and the relevance of spirituality in everyday life.
What Sikhs believe about the life of Guru Nanak is based not so much on historic records as on janam-sakhis—traditional stories about his life. The earliest collection of these was probably written down late in the sixteenth century; others were written during the seventeenth to twentieth centuries. Historians view these stories as reflecting the biases and concerns of their times, such as early seventeenth-century opposition to the ritualism of Brahmanic Hinduism; they recount many miraculous happenings that cannot be historically verified. The picture of Guru Nanak that has been handed down is thus a record of how he has been remembered by the faithful.
According to the janam-sakhis, Nanak was little concerned with worldly things. As a child he was of a contemplative nature, resisting the formalities of his Hindu religion. Even after he was married, it is said that he roamed about in nature and gave away any money he had to the poor. At length he took a job as an accountant, but his heart was not in material gain.
When Nanak was thirty, his life was reportedly transformed after immersion in a river, from which it is said he did not emerge for three days. He could not be found until he suddenly appeared in town, radiant. According to one account, he had been taken into the presence of God, who gave him a bowl of milk to drink, saying that it was actually nectar (amrit) which would give him “power of prayer, love of worship, truth and contentment.”1 The Almighty sent him back into the world to redeem it from Kali Yuga (the darkest of ages). J. S. Neki, Sikh psychiatrist and professor of religious studies, explains that the sakhi of Guru Nanak’s disappearance in the river is rich in symbolic meaning.
The Beginnings of Sikhism, 3:35
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=37WrumtAEGo
https://youtu.be/37WrumtAEGo
The succession of Gurus 436
There were eventually a total of ten Sikh Gurus, all of whom were thought to be transmitting the spiritual light of Nanak. Before he passed away, Guru Nanak passed his spiritual authority to Lehna, previously a devotee of the goddess Durga. Lehna had become so dedicated to Guru Nanak’s mission that the Guru gave him the name Angad—a limb of his body (ang). Although the spiritual transmission from Guru Nanak reportedly made him so powerful that he became famous for healing incurable diseases such as leprosy, Guru Angad (1504–1552) was a model of humility and service to the poor and needy. He continued the tradition of langar and served the people with his own hands. One of the many stories told of his humility concerns an ascetic who was jealous of the Guru’s popularity. The monsoon rains which were essential for the crops had not come, so the ascetic used the opportunity to turn the poor farmers against Guru Angad. He taunted them that if the Guru was so powerful, he should call for rain. The desperate villagers begged Guru Angad to do so, but he peacefully replied that one should not interfere with God’s ways; rain would come only when God so willed. The ascetic persisted in turning the people against Guru Angad, telling them that he himself would magically bring the rains if they would get rid of the Guru. Thus the simple people drove Guru Angad away. Agreeably, he left the village. Refused shelter anywhere nearby, he settled in a forest. Thereafter the ascetic fasted and tried all his mantras, but the rains did not come. At last, Amar Das (1479–1574), who later became the third of the Sikh Gurus, learned of the situation and reproached the villagers for forsaking the sun for the light of a small lamp. Recognizing their mistake, the villagers begged Guru Angad to forgive them and return to the village. He did so, amid great rejoicing, and the rains came.
The Third and Fourth Gurus, Amar Das and Ram Das (1534–1581), developed organizational structures for the growing Sikh Panth (community) while also setting personal examples of humility. Ram Das founded the holy city of Amritsar, within which the Fifth Guru, Guru Arjun Dev (1563–1606), built the religion’s most sacred shrine, the Golden Temple. The Fifth Guru also compiled the sacred scriptures of the Sikhs, the Adi Granth (original holy book, now known as the Guru Granth Sahib), from devotional hymns composed by Guru Nanak, the other Gurus, and Hindu and Muslim saints, including many spiritual figures from social castes considered lowly. Among the latter are holy people such as Bhagat Ravi Das, a low-caste Hindu shoemaker who achieved the heights of spiritual realization.
Central beliefs 443
These “Five K’s” (so called because all the words begin with a “k” in Punjabi) have been interpreted as proud hallmarks of Sikh identity dating from the birth of the Khalsa in 1699. They clearly distinguished Sikhs from Muslims and Hindus, supporting the assertion that Sikhism constituted a third path with its own right to spiritual sovereignty. All of these innovations are thought to have turned the meek into warriors capable of shaking off Mogul oppression and protecting freedom of religion; the distinctive dress made it impossible for the Khalsa to hide from their duty by blending with the general populace. In Sikh history, their bravery was indeed proven again and again.
However, to interpret the Five K’s only as symbols of power and separate identity is to overlook the spiritual and egalitarian aspects of Sikhism. By mandating the same symbolic dress for people of all castes, both women and men, Sikhs gave both genders and all castes equal importance, contrary to Indian cultural traditions. There may also be significant spiritual symbols embedded in the Five K’s. The sword, for instance, is often used in the Guru Granth Sahib as a metaphor for divine wisdom that cuts through ignorance and egocentrism. The devotee who wields it—and even the sword itself—is commonly referred to in female terms. For example, “By taking up the sword of knowledge, she fights against her mind and merges with her self.”
The Five Ks of Sikhism, 3:54
https://youtu.be/qn3KNyPNKic
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=qn3KNyPNKic
Two young presenters explain the meaning and importance of each of the five Ks and how they help them to guide their everyday lives. IThe footage includes a cartoon depiction of Guru Gobind Singh and how his actions exemplified the meaning of the five Ks.
Two young presenters explain the meaning and importance of each of the five Ks and how they help them to guide their everyday lives. IThe footage includes a cartoon depiction of Guru Gobind Singh and how his actions exemplified the meaning of the five Ks.
As the Mogul Empire began to disintegrate and the Islamist Afghans invaded India, the Sikhs fought for their own identity and sovereignty, as well as to protect Hindu and Muslim women from the attackers, and to protect freedom of religion in the country. At the end of the eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth century under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, they formed the Sikh Empire, a non-sectarian government noted for its generous tolerance toward Muslims, despite the earlier history of oppression by the Muslim rulers. Maharaja Ranjit Singh is said to have been unusually kind to his subjects and to have humbly accepted chastisement by the Sikh religious authorities for moral lapses on his part. The Sikh Empire attempted to create a pluralistic society, with social equality and full freedom of religion. It also blocked the Khyber Pass against invaders. The empire lasted only half a century, for the British subdued it in 1849.
"Babba Deep Singh" Vs Mughals Historical Fight, 2:31
https://youtu.be/PrRSXeh8D9o
Sikhism’s major focus is loving devotion to one God, whom Sikhs recognize as the same One who is worshiped by many different names around the world. God is formless, beyond time and space, the only truth, the only reality. This boundless concept was initially set forth in Guru Nanak’s Mul Mantra (basic sacred chant), which prefaces the Guru Granth Sahib, and JapJi, the first morning prayer of Sikhs: There is One God Whose Name is Truth, The Creator, Without fear, without hate, Eternal Being, Beyond birth and death, Self-existent, Realized by the Guru’s grace.
Following Guru Nanak’s lead, Sikhs often refer to God as Sat (truth) or as Ik Onkar, the One Supreme Being. God is pure being, without form.
Sikhism does not claim to have the only path to God, nor does it try to convert others to its way. It has beliefs in common with Hinduism (such as karma and reincarnation) and also with Islam (such as monotheism). The Golden Temple in Amritsar was constructed with four doors, inviting people from all traditions to come in to worship. When Guru Gobind Singh created an army to resist tyranny, he advised Sikhs not to feel enmity toward Islam or Hinduism. The enemy, he emphasized, was oppression and corruption.
Sikh sant-siphahis (saint-soldiers) are pledged to protect the freedom of all religions. Sikhism is, however, opposed to empty ritualism, and Guru Nanak and his successors sharply challenged hypocritical religious practices. “It is very difficult to be called a Muslim,” said Guru Nanak. “A Muslim’s heart is as soft as wax, very compassionate, and he washes away the inner dirt of egotism.”15 By contrast, said Guru Nanak, “The Qazis [Muslim legal authorities] who sit in the courts to minister justice, rosary in hand and the name of Khuda (God) on their lips, commit injustice if their palm is not greased. And if someone challenges them, lo, they quote the scriptures!”
In developing the military capabilities of his followers in order to protect religious freedom, Guru Gobind Singh set forth very strict standards for battle. He established five stringent conditions for “righteous war”: (1) Military means are a last resort to be used only if all other methods have failed; (2) Battle should be undertaken without any enmity or feeling of revenge; (3) No territory should be taken or captured property retained; (4) Troops should be committed to the cause, not mercenaries fighting for pay, and soldiers should be strictly disciplined, forswearing smoking, drinking, and abuse of opponents’ women; and (5) Minimal force should be used and hostilities should end when the objective is attained.
Sacred practices 445
To be a true Sikh is to live a very disciplined life of surrender and devotion to God, with hours of daily prayer, continual inner repetition of the Name of God (Nam), and detachment from negative, worldly mind-states. In Sikh belief, Nam carries intense spiritual power, capable of making a person fearless, steady, inwardly calm and strong in the face of any adversity, willing to serve without any reward, and extending love in all directions without any effort. Why is it so powerful? It comes from the Guru as a transmission of spiritual blessing that automatically transforms people and links them with God. Some feel that Nam is the essence of creation, the sound and vibration of which the cosmos is a material manifestation. The mystics and Gurus whose writings are included in the Guru Granth Sahib refer to many Names of God, such as Murari (a reference to Krishna), Narain (the One present in water), Allah, and Râm. Some Sikhs recite “Wahe Guru” (God wondrous beyond words), some say “Ik Onkar Sat nam Siri Wahe Guru” (God is One, the Truth Itself, Most Respectful, Wondrous beyond words), some recite the whole Mul Mantra, a key verse by Guru Nanak summarizing his philosophy, used at the beginning of the Guru Granth Sahib and in many other places in it.
How is Sikhism Different From Other Religions? 3:41
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=rVO1cofqnIA
Sikhism focuses on unity with God. Sikhism instructs to be one with God though meditation and simple, ethical and moral lifestyle. While some religions practice animal sacrifice, fasts, pilgrimage, omens and other rituals, Sikhism instructs that there is no need of such ritual because we can meet God with pure love towards Him.
Sikhism also instructs that one is responsible for his own actions. He cannot wash away his sins by just going to pilgrimages or taking a holy bath. Only God can forgive humans of their sins and meditation on God is the only way to receive God’s grace.
In Sikhism, ethics and religion go together. The inculcation of moral qualities and the practice of virtue in everyday life is a vital step towards spiritual development. Qualities like honesty, compassion, generosity, patience, humility etc. can be built up only by diligence and perseverance. Sikh Gurus showed how to live a family and social and still be close to God. Their lifestyle serves as an example to all Sikhs.
Sikhism is a modern, logical, and practical religion. It believes that normal family life is no barrier to salvation. That it is possible to live detached in the midst of worldly ills and temptations. A devotee must live in the world and yet keep his head above the usual tensions and turmoils.
Every belief in Sikhism has rational explanation. Sikhism is both modern and rational. It does not foster blind faith. Guru Nanak Dev Ji exposed the futility of meaningless ritual and formalism. He questioned the superstitious practices of his time and he brought about a revolution in the thinking of all people around him.
Sikhism rejects all distinctions of caste and class. It stands for the 'Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of man'. Sikhism believes in a casteless and equal society which guarantees equal rights to every man and woman. At a time when woman was regarded inferior to man, Guru Nanak Dev Ji placed woman on a high pedestal and said, "Why call her inferior, who gives birth to kings?"
In addition, Sikhism does not contradict with scientific facts. Sikh Gurus delivered vast knowledge about our Universe which was proved by science centuries later.
An important aspect of Sikhism is the belief in democracy. The welfare of man is best secured by his elected representatives. Under the Khalsa government, 5 individuals are elected as the head of the state and only unanimous decision by those 5 individuals shall materialize. Sikhism instructs never to do any injustice or apply force on anyone. However, if someone does injustice to you or someone, a Sikh should stand up and fight against the injustice and protect the oppressed.
Sikhism offers a lifestyle, social structure and path to meet God.
https://youtu.be/rVO1cofqnIA
Sikhism today 449
An enterprising and adventurous community, the Sikhs have done well at home and abroad. Though they constitute less than two percent of India’s population, they have played a leading role in government of the nation. Dr. Manmohan Singh became the country’s first Sikh prime minister in 2004, and his economic expertise has been sought after in world forums since the global financial meltdown.
The center of Sikhism remains the Punjab. The area of this territory, which is under Indian rule, was dramatically shrunk by the partition of India in 1947, for two-thirds of the Punjab was in the western area thenceforth called Pakistan. The two million Sikhs living in that part were forced to migrate to the eastern side of the border under conditions of extreme hardship. Through emigration, there are also large Sikh communities in Britain, Canada, the United States, Malaysia, and Singapore.
In India, Sikhs and Hindus lived side by side in mutual tolerance until 1978 to 1992, when violent clashes occurred over some of the policies of the Indian government. Sikh separatists wanted to establish an independent Sikh state, called Khalistan, with a commitment to strong religious observances and protection for Sikhs from oppression and exploitation by the much larger Hindu community.
In 1984, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose to attack the Golden Temple, Sikhism’s holiest shrine, for Sikh separatists under the leadership of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale were thought to be using it as a shelter for their weapons. The attack seemed an outrageous desecration of the holy place, and counterviolence increased. The prime minister herself was killed later in 1984 by her Sikh bodyguards. In retribution, terrible mob killings of thousands of Sikhs followed.
1984 Attack
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HMGlcc4Llx4
1984 Attack on Sri Harmandir Sahib, 5:33
https://youtu.be/HMGlcc4Llx4
The Holiest Place in Sikhism, 2:34
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ldna8WehNi0
https://youtu.be/ldna8WehNi0
How Sikhs saved their women from Muslim Mobs during Partition of 1947, 3:17
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2WQtUYv1_-shttps://youtu.be/2WQtUYv1_-s
BBC
Sikh vs. Muslim Debate, 6:25
http://youtu.be/CWXmYJf2XCg
Sikhism is the fifth-largest amongst the major world religions, and one of the youngest.[5][9][153] Worldwide, there are 25.8 million Sikhs, which makes up 0.39% of the world's population. Approximately 75% of Sikhs live in the Punjab, where they constitute about 60% of the state's population. Large communities of Sikhs live in the neighboring states such as Indian State of Haryana which is home to the second largest Sikh population in India with 1.1 million Sikhs as per 2001 census, and large communities of Sikhs can be found across India. However, Sikhs only comprise about 2% of the Indian population.[146]
Sikh migration to Canada began in the 19th century and led to the creation of significant Sikh communities, predominantly in South Vancouver, British Columbia, Surrey, British Columbia, and Brampton, Ontario. Today temples, newspapers, radio stations, and markets cater to these large, multi-generational Indo-Canadian groups. Sikh festivals such as Diwali and Vaisakhi are celebrated in those Canadian cities by the largest groups of followers in the world outside of the Punjab.
Sikhs also migrated to East Africa, West Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, the United Kingdom as well as United States and Australia. These communities developed as Sikhs migrated out of Punjab to fill in gaps in imperial labour markets.[154] In the early twentieth century a significant community began to take shape on the west coast of the United States. Smaller populations of Sikhs are found within many countries in Western Europe, Mauritius, Malaysia, Fiji, Nepal, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Singapore, Mexico, the United States and many other countries.
Read: Chapter 11: Sikhism
View the Other Preparation Materials
View the lectures contained in the course shell
Participate in the Discussion titled "5 Ks of Sikhism"
Complete and submit the World View Chart Assignment
Sikhism FisherBriefPPT_Ch11.ppt
Brief History, Contemporary Situation, Geographical History, Basic Tenets & Practices, and Sacred Texts
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/religion/profiles/chapter-8/index.html
Y
Sikhism, feminism 1:55
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/religion/MRK/videos/myreligionkit/Sikhism_MyLab.html
N
This video presents "World Sikhism Today: Amritsar."
Video presents in pictures and words a very brief synopsis of the history and key beliefs of Sikhism, :54.
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/religion/MRK/videos/myreligionkit/Amritsar_MyLab.html
Y
This video presents "World Sikhism Today: Gurdwara," :20
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/religion/MRK/videos/myreligionkit/Gurdwara_MyLab.html
N
This video presents "World Sikhism Today: Meals for All."
Video displays and briefly explains the langar--the free meal offered by Sikhs to all members of the community without regard to religion or caste, :11.
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/religion/MRK/videos/myreligionkit/MealsforAll_MyLab.html
Y
Flashcards
http://flashcards.pearsoncmg.com/?bookID=4682
Assignments and Activities
1. Debate/discuss the following assertions:
a. The story of Sikhism shows that pacifism is impossible.
b. Sikhs should be given their own independent nation in the Punjab
region of India.
c. Hinduism had more influence on Nanak than Islam.
d. Sikhism became stronger when the Guru Granth Sahib replaced
a human guru as the leading figure in the religion.
Sikhism
Questions for Class Discussion
1. Sikhism began as an attempt to unify Hinduism and Islam. What makes this attempt inherently problematic? Is it more productive or counterproductive to seek unity between religions by inventing a third, different religion?
2. Sikhism moved from being a pacifistic religion to being a warrior religion. Discuss how this happened. What does this transformation imply about the causes / motives of fundamental change in the historical development of a religion? Should change from a founder’s ideal necessarily be seen as deformation?
SIKHISM
Class Discussion/Essay Questions
1. Outline the life of Guru Nanak and explain some of his key teachings.
2. Explain how military power became a part of Sikh tradition during the time of the Gurus.
3. What is the Guru Granth Sahib? What is its significance within Sikhism? How is it incorporated into worship practices at Sikh gurdwaras?
Origin of All ThingsNature of God
The concept of "god" is different in Sikhism than that of other religions. It is known as "Ik Onkar" or "one constant[36]" or the all pervading spirit (which is taken to mean god).[37] It is found in the Gurmukhi script.[38] This "spirit" has no gender in Sikhism (though translations may present it as masculine); it is also "Akaal Purkh" (beyond time and space) and "Nirankar" (without form). In addition, Nanak wrote that there are many worlds on which it has created life.[39] Nanak further states that the understanding of "Akaal" is beyond human beings,[33] but at the same time not wholly unknowable. "Akaal" is omnipresent (sarav viāpak) in all creation and visible everywhere to the spiritually awakened. Nanak stressed that god must be seen from "the inward eye", or the "heart", of a human being: devotees must meditate to progress towards enlightenment of heavenly life. Guru Nanak emphasized the revelation through meditation, as its rigorous application permits the existence of communication between god and human beings.[33]
The Mool Mantar, the opening line of the Guru Granth Sahib and each subsequent Raga:
- Gurmukhi: ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥
- Transliteration: ikk ōankār sat(i)-nām(u) karatā purakh(u) nirabha'u niravair(u) akāl(a) mūrat(i) ajūnī saibhan gur(a) prasād(i).
- English: "There is but one all pervading spirit, and truth is its name! It exists in all creation; it does not fear; it does not hate; it is timeless and universal and self-existent, You will come to know it through seeking knowledge and learning!"
Sikhism God, 4:25
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9K7n3_qgKUc
https://youtu.be/9K7n3_qgKUc
Asian and Abrahamic: Sikh View of God, 3:40
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=AMTpAYHmRrk
This clip from the documentary, "The Asian & Abrahamic Religions: A Divine Encounter in America", gives an overview of how Sikhs see God. It also shows the meaning of the Sikh turban. For more information on the documentary, please visit www.interfaithfilms.com.
https://youtu.be/AMTpAYHmRrk
View of Human Nature
Worldly Illusion
Māyā—defined as a temporary illusion or "unreality"—is one of the core deviations from the pursuit of God and salvation: where worldly attractions which give only illusory temporary satisfaction and pain which distract the process of the devotion of God. However, Nanak emphasised māyā as not a reference to the unreality of the world, but of its values. In Sikhism, the influences of ego, anger, greed, attachment, and lust—known as the Five Thieves—are believed to be particularly distracting and hurtful. Sikhs believe the world is currently in a state of Kali Yuga (Age of Darkness) because the world is led astray by the love of and attachment to Maya.[40] The fate of people vulnerable to the Five Thieves ('Pānj Chor'), is separation from God, and the situation may be remedied only after intensive and relentless devotion.[41]
View of Good and Evil
Sikhism regards "Justice"[61] and "Restorative Justice" and "divine justice"[61] as trumping any subjective codes of moral order.[27][28] The word in Punjabi used to depict this is "Niau"[61] which means justice. The word "dharam" (righteousness)[61] is also used to convey justice "in the sense of the moral order".[61][62] "An attack on dharam is an attack on justice, on righteousness, and on the moral order generally".[63] According to the Tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh "when all efforts to restore peace prove useless and no words avail, lawful is the flash of steel, it is right to draw the sword".[64]
Men and women are equal in Sikhism and share the same rights. In contrast, while other faiths have been arguing in recent times on female priest ordination, women have been leading prayers at Sikh temples since the founding of Sikhism.[65]
View of "Salvation"
View of After Life
Liberation
Guru Nanak's teachings are founded not on a final destination of heaven or hell but on a spiritual union with the Akal which results in salvation or Jivanmukta (liberation whilst alive),[49] Guru Gobind Singh makes it clear that human birth is obtained with great fortune, therefore one needs to be able to make the most of this life.[50] There has been some confusion among scholars, interpreting the pertinent religious texts as evidence that Sikhs believe in reincarnation and karma as the same as Hinduism and Buddhism when such is not the case.[50][51][52] In Sikhism karma "is modified by the concept of God's grace" (nadar, mehar, kirpa, karam etc.). Guru Nanak states "The body takes birth because of karma, but salvation is attained through grace".[53] To get closer to God: Sikhs avoid the evils of Maya, keep the everlasting truth in mind, practice Shabad Kirtan, meditate on Naam, and serve humanity. Sikhs believe that being in the company of the Satsang or Sadh Sangat is one of the key ways to achieve liberation from the cycles of reincarnation.[54]
Practices and Rituals
Introduction into a Sikh Sect, 2:23
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=PhLer0OWtmk
https://youtu.be/PhLer0OWtmk
The Role of Women in Sikhism, 3:53
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=S8XNp-Y6gOg
http://www.sikhnet.com/dvd Guruka Singh explains why women are considered equal to men and there should be no difference in their participation in Sikhism.
https://youtu.be/S8XNp-Y6gOg
The Value of Hair, 3:42
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=CoxubWA6NRQ
What is the benefit of hair? Guruka Singh shares his thoughts about Hair and being aware of why you want to keep or not keep your hair (particularly in relation to being a Sikh). Either looking at it from scientific point of view...and experiential perspective or just because the Guru asked us to keep our hair uncut.
Celebrations and Festivals
The festivals in Sikhism are mostly centred around the lives of the Gurus and Sikh martyrs, the most sacred events being Vaisakhi and the births of Guru Nanak, Guru Ram Das and Guru Gobind Singh. The SGPC, the Sikh organisation in charge of upkeep of the historical gurdwaras of Punjab, organises celebrations based on the new Nanakshahi calendar. This calendar is highly controversial among Sikhs and is not universally accepted. Sikh festivals include the following:
Nagar Kirtan crowd listening to Kirtan at Yuba City.
REFERENCES
Guru Naam Japo - Jukebox | Sikh Devotional Song | Punjabi Shabad Kirtan | Waheguru Simran, 1:25:45
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=8m7R3LRDLfQ
http://www.sikhnet.com/dvd Guruka Singh explains why women are considered equal to men and there should be no difference in their participation in Sikhism.
https://youtu.be/S8XNp-Y6gOg
The Value of Hair, 3:42
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=CoxubWA6NRQ
What is the benefit of hair? Guruka Singh shares his thoughts about Hair and being aware of why you want to keep or not keep your hair (particularly in relation to being a Sikh). Either looking at it from scientific point of view...and experiential perspective or just because the Guru asked us to keep our hair uncut.
Celebrations and Festivals
The festivals in Sikhism are mostly centred around the lives of the Gurus and Sikh martyrs, the most sacred events being Vaisakhi and the births of Guru Nanak, Guru Ram Das and Guru Gobind Singh. The SGPC, the Sikh organisation in charge of upkeep of the historical gurdwaras of Punjab, organises celebrations based on the new Nanakshahi calendar. This calendar is highly controversial among Sikhs and is not universally accepted. Sikh festivals include the following:
- Gurpurbs are celebrations or commemorations based on the lives of the Sikh gurus. They tend to be either birthdays or celebrations of Sikh martyrdom. All ten Gurus have Gurpurbs on the Nanakshahi calendar, but it is Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh who have a gurpurb that is widely celebrated in Gurdwaras and Sikh homes. The martyrdoms are also known as a shaheedi Gurpurbs, which mark the martyrdom anniversary of Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur. Since 2011 the Gurpurb of Guru Har Rai (March 14) has been celebrated as Sikh Vatavaran Diswas (Sikh Environment Day). Guru Har Rai was the seventh guru, known as a gentle man who cared for animals and the environment. The day is marked by worldwide events, including tree plantings, rubbish clearances and celebrations of the natural world.[106]
- Nagar Kirtan involves the processional singing of holy hymns throughout a community. While practiced at any time, it is customary in the month of Visakhi (or Vaisakhi). Traditionally, the procession is led by the saffron-robed Panj Piare (the five beloved of the Guru), who are followed by the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy Sikh scripture, which is placed on a float.
Nagar Kirtan crowd listening to Kirtan at Yuba City.
- Vaisakhi which includes Parades and Nagar Kirtan occurs on 13 April. Sikhs celebrate it because on this day which fell on 30 March 1699, the tenth Guru, Gobind Singh, inaugurated the Khalsa, the 11th body of Guru Granth Sahib and leader of Sikhs till eternity.
- Bandi Chhor celebrates Guru Hargobind's release from the Gwalior Fort, with several innocent Hindu kings who were also imprisoned by Jahangir, on 26 October 1619. This day usually commemorated on the same day of Hindu festival of Diwali.
- Hola Mohalla occurs the day after Holi and is when the Khalsa gather at Anandpur and display their individual and team warrior skills, including fighting and riding.
REFERENCES
Guru Naam Japo - Jukebox | Sikh Devotional Song | Punjabi Shabad Kirtan | Waheguru Simran, 1:25:45
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=8m7R3LRDLfQ
Muslim Woman Beaten in Public Experiment
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EpDnw4Wevxs
Muslim Hate in Australia: Social Experiment
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wZVqUU_R9Vc
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