Chapter 4 Ancient Greece

Chapter 4 Ancient Greece: 1750 B.C.–133 B.C.

Section 1 Early People of the Aegean
Objectives

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Identify the influences on Minoan culture and how the civilization prospered.
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Summarize how Mycenaeans ruled the sea trade and started the Trojan War.
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Describe the works of Homer and their influence on Greek culture.

Terms, People, and Places-

Knossos

shrine

fresco

Trojan War

strait

Homer

Note Taking

Checkpoint (s)

How does the art at Knossos reflect Minoan culture?

How did trade shape Mycenaean society?

What do Homer’s epics reveal about Greek culture?

HW
SECTION 1 Assessment

Identify Main Ideas

2. Use your completed table to answer the Focus Question: How did the Minoans and Mycenaens shape early Greek civilizations?

Comprehension and Critical Thinking

Determine Relevance

3. How did trade contribute to the development of the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures?

Draw Inferences

4. What values of the ancient Greeks are found in the poems of Homer?

Demonstrate Reasoned Judgment

5. Do you think the epics of Homer are a reliable source of information about the history of the ancient Greeks? Why or why not?

EC
Writing About History

Section 2 The Rise of Greek City-States
Objectives

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Understand how geography influenced the Greek city-states.
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Define the three types of government that developed in the Greek city-states.
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Explain how Sparta and Athens differed.
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Identify the culture and values shared by Greeks.

Terms, People, and Places

polis

acropolis

citizen

monarchy

aristocracy

oligarchy

phalanx

Sparta

Athens

democracy

tyrant

legislature

Note Taking

Checkpoint (s)

How did the sea contribute to Greek commerce?

How was a city-state shaped by its citizenry?

Why was discipline important to Spartans?

How was democracy limited in Athens?

What factors united the city-states of Greece?

How did the geography of Greece differ from that of other ancient civilizations?

Primary Source
Spartan Education
Describe the Spartan student dress code. What was its purpose?

Map
Ancient Greek civilization was shaped by rugged mountainous terrain and the surrounding seas. These geographic features worked as both a barrier and a link.

1.

Locate

(a) Greece (b) Crete (c) Mycenae (d) Athens (e) Sparta (f) Aegean Sea (g) Peloponnesus

2.

Region

How did the geography of Greece present obstacles to unity?

3.

Analyze Information

WH
SECTION 2 Assessment

Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details

2. Use your completed outline to answer the Focus Question: How did government and culture develop as Greek city-states grew?

Comprehension and Critical Thinking

Summarize

3. How did geography influence the development of Greece?

Synthesize Information

4. Why do you think the three different forms of government evolved over time?

Draw Conclusions

5. (a) In what ways was Athenian democracy limited? Hint (b) Despite such limits, Athens is still admired as an early model of democracy. Why do you think this is the case?

EC
Writing About History

Section 3 Conflict in the Greek World
Objectives

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Summarize how the Persian Wars affected Greece.
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Explain how Pericles instituted a direct democracy in Athens.
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Understand the causes and effects of the Peloponnesian War.

Terms, People, and Places

alliance

Pericles

direct democracy

stipend

jury

ostracism

Note Taking

Map Skills

When the Persian empire attacked Greece, the Greek city-states briefly joined forces to defend their ­independence.

1.

Locate

(a) Athens (b) Sparta (c) Marathon (d) Thermopylae (e) Salamis

2.

Movement

Describe the routes of the Persian army and navy toward the city-state of Athens.

3.

Making Inferences

Why do you think Xerxes’ fleet hugged the Greek coastline instead of sailing directly across the Aegean Sea?

Checkpoint (s)

What factors led to the Persian defeat?

Describe Pericles’s influence on Athens.

How did conflict lead to the decline of Athens?

HW
SECTION 3 Assessment

Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details

2. Use your completed table to answer the Focus Question: How did war with invaders and conflict among Greeks affect the city-states?

Comprehension and Critical Thinking

Summarize

3. How did the Persian Wars affect the Greek city-states?

Analyze Information

4. How did Pericles contribute to Athenian greatness?

Demonstrate Reasoned Judgement

5. Do you think the process of ostracism is fair or unfair? Explain.

Recognize Cause and Effect

6. How did the growth of Athenian power lead to war?

EC
Writing About History

Section 4 The Glory That Was Greece
Objectives

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Analyze the political and ethical ideas developed by Greek philosophers.
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Understand how balance and order governed Greek art and architecture.
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Identify the themes explored by Greek writers and historians.

Terms, People, and Places

philosopher

logic


rhetoric

Socrates

Plato

Aristotle

Parthenon

tragedy

comedy

Herodotus

Note Taking

Biography
Socrates

Contrasting with his glorified image in Jacques-Louis David’s painting The Death of Socrates (above), to most Athenians, Socrates (469 B.C.–399 B.C.) was not an impressive figure. Tradition tells us that his clothes were untidy and he made a poor living. But young men loved to watch him as he questioned citizens and led them to contradict themselves.

Many Athenians felt that Socrates was annoying, but Plato had a different view of his teacher. He called Socrates “the wisest, justest, and best of all I have ever known.” As for Socrates himself, he knew what he was doing. When he was put on trial, he told the jury, “All day long and in all places I am always fastening upon you, stirring you and persuading you and reproaching you. You will not easily find another like me.”

Socrates said, “The unexamined life is not worth living.” How did his actions support this idea?

Checkpoint (s)

Why might some of the philosophers’ ideas be a threat to Greek tradition?

How did Greek art reflect the idea of an ideal form?

How was drama used to influence Greek society?

Why is Herodotus considered the “Father of History”?

HW
SECTION 4 Assessment

Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details

2. Use your completed concept web to answer the Focus Question: How did Greek thinkers, artists, and writers explore the nature of the universe and people’s place in it?

Comprehension and Critical Thinking

Make Generalizations

3. (a) Why did Plato reject democracy? Hint (b) Describe the ideal form of government set forth in Plato’s Republic.

Summarize

4. What standards of beauty did Greek artists follow?

Analyze Information

5. (a) How were Greek plays performed? Hint (b) What were the topics of Greek poetry and plays?

Identify Central Issues

6. Why do you think research and avoiding bias is important to the writing of history?

EC
Writing About History

Section 5 Alexander and the Hellenistic Age
Objectives

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Explain how Alexander the Great built an extensive empire.
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Describe the empire’s cultural impact.
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Identify individuals who contributed to Hellenistic civilization.

Terms, People, and Places

Alexander the Great

Philip II

assassination

assimilate

Alexandria

Pythagoras

heliocentric

Archimedes

Hippocrates

Note Taking

Map Skills

The ambitions of Alexander the Great led him to conquer lands across an expansive area.

1.

Locate

(a) Mediterranean Sea (b) Arabian Sea (c) Indus River (d) Nile River (e) Euphrates River (f) Babylon

2.

Region

Locate the map entitled Assyria, Persia, and the Phoenician Colonies, which appears in an earlier chapter. (a) Which of the empires was largest? (b) Which parts of Alexander’s empire had not been part of the Persian empire?

3.

Predicting Consequences

Judging from this map, do you think Alexander’s empire would be difficult to keep united? Explain your reasoning.

Checkpoint (s)

Why was Alexander the Great able to conquer the Persian empire?

How did Alexander encourage the blending of cultures?

In what fields did Hellenistic civilization make advancements?

Primary Source

The methods ancient Greek doctors used to diagnose disease are so unlike those of today that scholars find many ancient Greek medical writings difficult to decipher. However, the ancient Greek code of ethics—the Hippocratic oath—is still used by medical professionals today.

“I will use my power to help the sick to the best of my ability and judgment; I will abstain from harming or wronging any man by it. . . .

Whatever I see or hear, professionally, or privately, which ought not to be divulged, I will keep secret. . .

If, therefore, I observe this oath and do not violate it, may I prosper both in my life and in my profession, earning good repute among all men for all time.”

Why do you think the Hippocratic oath has continued through the centuries as a guide to doctors?

HW
SECTION 5 Assessment

Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details

2. Use your completed outline to answer the Focus Question: How did Alexander the Great expand his empire and spread Greek culture throughout the realm?

Comprehension and Critical Thinking

Summarize

3. What was the extent of Alexander’s vast empire and how did he acquire it?

Synthesize Information

4. How did Alexander’s conquests lead to a new civilization?

Recognize Ideologies

5. What new ideas did the Stoics introduce?

Draw Conclusions

6. Why do you think the Hippocratic oath is considered a medical advance?

EC
Writing About History