Wednesday, June 13, 2018

HUM 111 Week 11 Spring 2018


The presentation may contain content that is deemed objectionable to a particular viewer because of the view expressed or the conduct depicted. The views expressed are provided for learning purposes only, and do not necessarily express the views, or opinions, of Strayer University, your professor, or those participating in videos or other media.

Break: 8:00 pm.

Connect on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gmicksmith

To join our Slack HUM 111 group: send me your email address so I can invite you to Slack.

Blackboard is not smart enough to reveal email addresses.

For example: gmick.smith@strayer.edu

https://hum111.slack.com/

How have you used the Orai app?

https://www.oraiapp.com/

How about trying it for the Discussion?

Boost Linguistics

The Boost Editor improves language communication that is written by students.

Sign up at:
boost-ling.com/boost-text-editor/


In order to do this you can access Boost at boost-ling.com/boost-text-editor/

There you’ll be able to copy and paste any text (email, article, assignment, blog, etc.) and improve the language for the emotion of JOY.

http://boost-ling.com/app/

Side note:Video of V1 in June release

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B63nNuIP9mzpLXN3RER4cXlvN28/view

strayer.edu analysis

Alternative presentation site:

haikudeck.com

Tools:

https://elearningindustry.com/18-free-digital-storytelling-tools-for-teachers-and-students

Some tools (like Google StreetView, which has been used to verify geographical data) are fairly well-known. Others, like Google’s Public Data Explorer are a bit more obscure. This can be a “hidden gem” in Google’s toolkit.

https://www.google.com/publicdata/directory

My Maps

Sure, the ever-present Google Maps is what gets you from point A to point B when you’re out of town, but My Maps is an alternative for building a map-based infographic. See one example here, in which the New York Times mapped out the country’s uninsured in 2013.

http://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2013/12/18/uninsured-map/

StreetView

Download the StreetView app on your phone and use it to create immersive images. We’re giving it a whirl next time we visit one of those spiffy new offices companies are always announcing. Might not be exotic destinations like Taiwan’s Yushan North Peak or Chile’s Los Alerces Trail, but the whole point is making stories more ~immersive~.

https://www.google.com/streetview/

Public Data Explorer

Code for Philly folks likely know all about this one. It’s an online dashboard for exploring multiple sources of publicly available data “without opening a spreadsheet,” Think unemployment data, broadband penetration or minimum wage through history.

https://www.google.com/publicdata/directory

Google Images

We know, we know. You’ve likely been using Google Images since the sixth grade, but one use of it in particular is very timely: to verify an image’s true origin, perform a reverse image search.

Not one of these tools require a master’s degree to use. It’s about figuring out what is valuable to you.
https://images.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl



Review

How many ships were in the Spanish Armada?

Four Great Women And A Manicure (part 1),

The Spanish Armada (Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, literally "Great and Most Fortunate Navy") was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from La Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England. The strategic aim was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England and the Tudor establishment of Protestantism in England, with the expectation that this would put a stop to English interference in the Spanish Netherlands and to the harm caused to Spanish interests by English and Dutch privateering.

The Armada chose not to attack the English fleet at Plymouth, then failed to establish a temporary anchorage in the Solent, after one Spanish ship had been captured by Francis Drake in the English Channel. The Armada finally dropped anchor off Calais.[22] While awaiting communications from the Duke of Parma's army, the Armada was scattered by an English fireship attack. In the ensuing Battle of Gravelines the Spanish fleet was damaged and forced to abandon its rendezvous with Parma's army, who were blockaded in harbour by Dutch flyboats. The Armada managed to regroup and, driven by southwest winds, withdrew north, with the English fleet harrying it up the east coast of England. The commander ordered a return to Spain, but the Armada was disrupted during severe storms in the North Atlantic and a large number of the vessels were wrecked on the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Of the initial 130 ships over a third failed to return.[23] As Martin and Parker explain, "Philip II attempted to invade England, but his plans miscarried, partly because of his own mismanagement, unfortunate weather, and partly because the opportunistic defensive naval efforts of the English and their Dutch allies (the use of ships set afire and sailed into the anchored Armada to create panic) prevailed."[24]

The expedition was the largest engagement of the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). The following year, England organised a similar large-scale campaign against Spain, the Drake–Norris Expedition or "counter-Armada of 1589", which was unsuccessful and resulted in serious economic consequences and the loss of many English lives and ships.

Technological revolution

The outcome vindicated the English naval battle strategy and resulted in a revolution in naval battle tactics of the era – using weather gage advantage and line-to-line cannon battle from windward (revealing the opponent ship's hull and rudder as targets) – with the promotion of heavier, more numerous naval cannon gunnery, which until then had played a supporting role to the principal tactics of ramming and crew boarding. The clear choice of sink or capture.
Most military historians hold that the battle of Gravelines reflected a lasting shift in the balance of naval power in favour of the English, in part because of the gap in naval technology and cannon armament it confirmed between the two nations,[54] which continued into the next century. In the words of Geoffrey Parker, by 1588 'the capital ships of the Elizabethan navy constituted the most powerful battlefleet afloat anywhere in the world.'[55] The English navy yards were leaders in technical innovation, and the captains devised new battle formations and tactics. Parker argues that the sleeker full-rigged ship, amply cannoned, was one of the greatest technological advances of the century and permanently transformed naval warfare.
In 1573 English shipwrights introduced designs, first demonstrated in Dreadnought, that allowed the ships to sail faster and manoeuvre better and permitted heavier guns.[56] Whereas before warships had tried to grapple with each other so that soldiers could board the enemy ship, now they more often stood off and fired broadsides that could sink the enemy vessel. Superior English ships and seamanship had foiled the invasion. The English also took advantage of Spain's overly complex strategy that required coordination between the invasion fleet and the Spanish army on shore. But the poor design of the Spanish cannon meant they were much slower in reloading in a close-range battle, allowing the English to take control. Spain still had numerically larger fleets, but England was catching up.
How did women feel about kings marrying numerous women?

The short answer is simple: we don't know exactly; however, historians have inferred that early feminist writers decried the practice but until the Enlightenment women would not express these dangerous ideas: at least not publicly.
An early feminist writer may be instructive.

Christine de Pizan (b. 1365 - d. 1430)

Christine de Pizan was a French Renaissance writer who wrote some of the very first feminist pieces of literature. During the Renaissance, Christine de Pizan broke with the traditional roles assigned to women in several ways during a time when women had no legal rights and were considered a man's property. Because she was one of the few women of the time period that were educated, she was able to write. When she was unexpectedly left to support herself and her family on her own, she became the first woman in Europe to successfully make a living through writing. She wrote in many different genres and styles depending on her subject and patron. Eventually, she began to address the debate about women that was happening during her life through works like Letters to the God of Love (1399), The Take of the Rose (1402), and Letters on the Debate of the Romance of the Rose (1401-1403). Her writing finally culminated in her most famous book, The Book of the City of Ladies (1404-05) and its sequel Book of the Treasury of Ladies (1405).
Christine de Pizan's early life left her well prepared for the challenges that she would later face. Born in Italy, she moved to France at a young age when her father, Thomas de Pizan, became the astrologer of King Charles V. Her father assured it that she had the best education possible. She was married at the age of fifteen to Etienne de Castel. Though an arranged marriage, they were very happy together. Etienne was a nobleman and a scholar who encouraged Christine to continue her studies while they were married.
Soon after their marriage, tragedy struck Christine 's life. When Charles V died in 1380, her father lost his position at the court. he became ill and eventually died in 1385. She and her husband assumed the care for her family after this. Then, in 1389, Etienne suddenly took ill while he was abroad with Charles VI. Christine was left alone to support her mother and her three small children.

Despite wishing for death, Christine persevered and turned to writing as a way to support her family. She began to write both prose and poetry that she sent to various members of the court. As was the custom, they began to send her money in return. She would make copies of poems and send them to multiple people. Eventually, they started commissioning work from her and she was able to pull herself out of debt and save her family. Christine 's ability to write for specific audiences helped build her popularity with her patrons. After her children grew up and became independent from her, Christine was once again able to read and study along with her writing.
As her life progressed, she began to deal directly with the cause of women in her writing. Her most important work, The Book of the City of Ladies, was written to combat the current ideas that existed about woman's nature. City of Ladies is divided into three sections in which Christine builds her symbolic city for women. She includes all the famous women who have ruled in history, women who have honored their parents, guarded their chastity, been faithful to their husbands, and all of those women who have become martyrs for their faith. Her book honored all kinds of great women and gave them a place to be safe from the attacks of men. Christine's book stood as a testimony to the greatness and accomplishments of women, putting them on the same level as men.
Christine's life was remarkable because of the age she was living in. Women were not allowed to have a voice or be independent, but she managed both. Her writing allowed her family to survive and gave her the means to create not just for money, but for her own purposes. She worked to refute the negative ideas that scholars were spreading about women in the Renaissance and showed at least the elite women of her time how they could navigate successfully in what was a man's world.

Did Elizabeth I marry and have children? What was the succession after her death?

What was the relationship between Elizabeth, Mary, and their brother, Edward?

Marriage question

Elizabeth and her favourite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, c. 1575. Pair of stamp-sized miniatures by Nicholas Hilliard. The Queen's friendship with Dudley lasted for over thirty years, until his death.
From the start of Elizabeth's reign, it was expected that she would marry and the question arose to whom. Although she received many offers for her hand, she never married and was childless; the reasons for this are not clear. Historians have speculated that Thomas Seymour had put her off sexual relationships, or that she knew herself to be infertile. She considered several suitors until she was about fifty. Her last courtship was with Francis, Duke of Anjou, 22 years her junior. While risking possible loss of power like her sister, who played into the hands of King Philip II of Spain, marriage offered the chance of an heir. However, the choice of a husband might also provoke political instability or even insurrection.

Elizabeth's senior adviser, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, died on 4 August 1598. His political mantle passed to his son, Robert Cecil, who soon became the leader of the government. One task he addressed was to prepare the way for a smooth succession. Since Elizabeth would never name her successor, Cecil was obliged to proceed in secret. He therefore entered into a coded negotiation with James VI of Scotland, who had a strong but unrecognised claim.

This is reasonable in light of the fact that Elizabeth was childless and unmarried despite being courted consistently.
In historian J. E. Neale's view, Elizabeth may not have declared her wishes openly to James, but she made them known with "unmistakable if veiled phrases".

She died on 24 March 1603 at Richmond Palace, between two and three in the morning. A few hours later, Cecil and the council set their plans in motion and proclaimed James VI of Scotland as James I of England.

Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine. The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was England's first monarch to be raised as a Protestant. During his reign, the realm was governed by a Regency Council because he never reached his majority.
In February 1553, at age 15, Edward fell ill. When his sickness was discovered to be terminal, he and his Council drew up a "Devise for the Succession", attempting to prevent the country's return to Catholicism. Edward named his first cousin once removed, Lady Jane Grey, as his heir and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. This decision was disputed following Edward's death, and Jane was deposed by Mary nine days after becoming queen. During her reign, Mary reversed Edward's Protestant reforms, which nonetheless became the basis of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559.

Edward himself opposed Mary's succession, not only on religious grounds but also on those of legitimacy and male inheritance, which also applied to Elizabeth. He composed a draft document, headed "My devise for the succession", in which he undertook to change the succession, most probably inspired by his father Henry VIII's precedent. He passed over the claims of his half-sisters and, at last, settled the Crown on his first cousin once removed, the 16-year-old Lady Jane Grey, who on 25 May 1553 had married Lord Guilford Dudley, a younger son of the Duke of Northumberland.

In his document Edward provided, in case of "lack of issue of my body", for the succession of male heirs only, that is, Jane Grey's mother's male heirs, Jane's or her sisters'. As his death approached and possibly persuaded by Northumberland, he altered the wording so that Jane and her sisters themselves should be able to succeed. Yet Edward conceded Jane's right only as an exception to male rule, demanded by reality, an example not to be followed if Jane or her sisters had only daughters. In the final document both Mary and Elizabeth were excluded because of bastardy; since both had been declared bastards under Henry VIII and never made legitimate again, this reason could be advanced for both sisters. The provisions to alter the succession directly contravened Henry VIII's Third Succession Act of 1543 and have been described as bizarre and illogical.
The upshot is that both half sisters were considered illegitimate as bastards, they were not male, and despite their claim to their mutual father he, or his advisors, passed them over deliberately to find a male heir outside their immediate circle.
Due to domestic unrest and the unresolved religious issue the succession was unusually complicated.

Civilization: The West and the Rest by Niall Ferguson, Penguin Books (2012), Edition: Reprint, Paperback, 432 pages

Just why, beginning around 1500, did a few small polities on the western end of the Eurasian landmass come to dominate the rest of the world?” One of the most intriguing questions is why the West suddenly dominated the World after the 1500s which is the crucial question Ferguson addresses here. Ferguson has written one of the best of his several works. He artfully dissects reasons why the West dramatically increased its power and strength over the rest of the world. At present, he says, we are experiencing “the end of 500 years of Western predominance,” and he foresees the possibility of a clash between the declining and rising forces. He wonders “whether the weaker will tip over from weakness to outright collapse.”

Several of Ferguson's works are relevant to his concerns here.

In Empire, Ferguson showed how the Americans lacked manpower for their overseas military efforts, the Americans suffered from an attention deficit and would not pull for their country over the long haul, and perhaps most importantly, the Americans were plagued with a financial deficit.

In Colossus, Ferguson demonstrates that Chimerica, the idea that America can fund its deficit infinitely without severe repercussions, was seriously flawed.

In the Ascent of Money, Ferguson shows the world-wide financial crisis was brought on by a complex of factors but old-fashioned liquidity was the problem during the era of supposedly more secure financial networks.

For his work here, there are six civilizations: Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Islamic, Jewish, and Western (following Melko and Eisenstadt, p. 3). These entities are remarkably resilient despite outside influences and extensive interactions between cultures.

Yet, beginning around 1500, something remarkable happened that has not occurred like anything before or since. The West exploded. In 1500, the West accounted for only 10 percent of the land and 16 percent of the world's population. By 1913, Western nations controlled nearly three fifths of all territory and population and a staggering 79 percent of global economic output (p. 5). "The rise of the United States saw the gap between West and East widen still further. By 1990 the average American was seventy-three times richer than the average Chinese" (p. 5). Both the models of governance and economics were Western, whether the civilization was Eastern or Western.

Imperialism does not explain Western dominance. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Ming dynasties existed at the same time while the West and non-Western empires practiced various forms of imperialism thus this does not account for the West's dominance. An important factor to consider are institutions: consider the test cases of Germany, China, and Korea. In each case, if you impose communist institutions on a culture, people suffer; on the other hand, if Western capitalism flourishes, the very same culture flourishes and prospers.

According to Jared Diamond, the monolithic Chinese empire stifled competition whereas in Europe competition bred excellence and advances. According to Ferguson, this is an "appealing" but not a "sufficient" explanation (p. 12).

According to Ferguson, there are six "mainsprings of global power": 1) competition; 2) science; 3) property rights; 4) medicine; 5) the consumer society; and 6) the work ethic. He calls these the "killer apps" (p. 12) of Western dominance.

Property Rights
Property rights are key. Locke argues that if even seven people are gathered together and their beliefs coincide; they constitute a church. Therefore, all beliefs should be tolerated and through the reasonableness of Christianity some may see the truth (p. 113). In the tolerant example provided, in North America, the United States grew in liberty and expanded. In South America though, the area was characterized by "division, instability, and underdevelopment. . . . " (p. 115) "conflict, poverty, and inequality (p. 119). Ferguson addresses the issue of difference. At root is the issue of land. In his early career as a South American Washington, the Liberator Simon Bolivar failed to appeal to non-whites and they rallied to the royalist cause. It was only after two unsuccessful attempts at forming a Republic that Bolivar developed a strategy to unite all people of color. In his efforts he found unlikely supporters among Irish and British freedom fighters. 7,000 U.K. supporters were attracted with promises of freedom and land (p. 121).

Three difficulties plagued Bolivar even after he successfully repulsed royalist forces. South Americans had had no practical experience running their own affairs as the American colonists had enjoyed for decades before their Revolution. Peninsulares had so controlled governance that the creoles had little experience (p. 123). At one point, Bolivar is quoted by Ferguson as stating that the American experiment could never work in Latin America. He states that there is little in common between the English American and the Spanish American (p. 124). Bolivar's vision was not a land-owning Republic with the rule of law but a life-long dictatorship of Bolivar.

The second problem was the unequal distribution of land. A creole elite, merely 10,000 people, 1.1% of the people, owned nearly all the land (p. 124). In 1910, on the eve of the Mexican revolution, only 2.4% of the rural population owned any land (p. 124). In contrast, in 1900, the rural population in the United States owned 75% of the land. Throughout the British Empire the same general statistic of land ownership remains consistent. Up the present, it continues to be one of the primary distinctions between British-influenced areas and Latin America.

Finally, racial antagonism and division doomed Latin America from unity (p. 125). Creoles resented former slaves and vice versa. The indigenous peoples made up a larger component of Latin America than in North America and they were not integrated, or displaced as in North America, into Latin American governance.

Bolivar's grand vision disintegrated into factional disputations and the unity achieved by the United States never occurred. Bolivar depressingly but accurately described the future of Latin America and it was bleak. "The newly independent states began their lives without a tradition of representative government, with a profoundly unequal distribution of land and with racial cleavages that closely approximated to that economic inequality" (p. 127). Unfortunately, when Hugo Chavez celebrates his connection to Bolivar, the dictatorial, sham democracy, and his nationalizing pursuits, Chavez is on sound historical grounds. Bolivar did not create a republic and he was no Washington.

Medicine
Those contemplating the evils of imperialism might consider the advance in medicine assisting the world's people's to live longer. For example, in 1800 the average life expectancy was 28.5 years, and in 2001, Western medicine lengthened life expectancy globally to 66.6 (p. 146). During the colonialist period life expectancy increased during occupation and has declined in the post-colonial period (p. 147).

One of the most dangerous books ever was Rousseau's insistence in The Social Contract that the Noble Savage should not be restrained and he advocated for the General Will. Edmund Burke had early on seen the danger in the French Revolution and consequently wrote against it. "Revolutions devour their own children" (p. 153). Tocqueville pointed out how France was not America: "in sum, they chose Rousseau over Locke" (p. 154).

Work
One of the most intriguing aspects of China's rise according to Ferguson is the simultaneous popularity of Christianity (pp. 277-88). The Chinese authorities have long been wary of religious movements but Christianity is making significant inroads among the population. According to one scholar, the Communists looked into why the West was pre-eminent, and various reasons were advanced: guns, politics, economics, "but in the past twenty years, we have realized that the heart of your culture is your religion: Christianity. That is why the West has been so powerful" (p. 287). Christianity and transcendence leads society to understand tolerance, equality, environmental protection, among the leading ideas advanced by the West. "The XIVth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Part was presented with a report specifying three requirements for sustainable economic growth: property rights as a foundation, the law as a safeguard and morality as a support" (p. 288). It is the West that has lost faith in itself.

To illustrate his points in the conclusion, Ferguson invokes "The Course of Empire" which is a five-part series of paintings created by Thomas Cole in 1833-36 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire). Paul Kennedy (The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 by Paul M. Kennedy, http://www.librarything.com/work/12599/27116122) develops this American concern, that the Republic is at an end and Ferguson deals with current ideas about the decline and fall of civilization. Kennedy identified "imperial overstretch" as the issue to contend with (p. 298). Then there is Green theorist Jared Diamond's Collapse to consider as well (Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond: http://www.librarything.com/work/1070881/27115644). Ferguson disagrees with Diamond's long-term, catastrophic Green collapse; in contrast, Ferguson states civilizations can collapse over night.

This is the most alarming aspect of Ferguson's work: civilizations, as in nature, are complex systems which can collapse quickly and virtually overnight. He illustrates this point with numerous examples from the Roman Empire to the fall of Great Britain. Civilizations collapse.

Contra Diamond, Ferguson maintains that "The civilizational supercycle of birth, growth, and eventual death is a misrepresentation of the historical process (p. 299)." Civilizations are complex systems (p. 299) and "to understand complexity, it is helpful to examine how natural scientists use the concept" (p. 300). Ferguson employs a useful analogy, "To use the jargon of modern physics, a forest before a fire is in a state of `self-organized criticality'" (p. 300). It is teetering on the edge of disaster but no one knows the size nor distribution the fires. Consider how a smallish event, the subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S. led to a worldwide economic phenomenon (p. 301; or, in the case of a large conflict-ridden Empire, the Soviet Union, persisted for decades but then with no warning or insight by any pundits collapsed in six months (p. 303). Supporting Ferguson's point, the Ottoman Empire likewise flourished for centuries but then collapsed quickly with the beginning of the Turkish Republic.

Most importantly, the story of the West and the rest is explained by Ferguson's six killer apps: "mainsprings of global power" (pp. 305-306). Once the killer apps are downloaded, as in the case of Japan, other economies took off as well. India, once its abysmal socialist experiment ended, invoked free-market principles and benefited tremendously as a result.

According to Ferguson, "the financial crisis that began in the summer of 2007 should therefore be understood as an accelerator of an already well-established trend of relative Western decline" (p. 308). The financial situation of the United States is blinking red and according to Ferguson a relatively minor impetus could plunge the entire system into an immediate tailspin. Our debt is held in foreign hands, primarily China, and other nations such as Japan could pull themselves out of a crisis since they have held onto their own liabilities.

China will consume more, import more, invest more abroad, and innovate more (p. 316). Just as crucial is what could go wrong for China and there are four hypotheses. China could decline as Japan did although before the last two decades Japan was predicted by some to surpass the U.S. Second, China may be plagued with social unrest. A third possibility is that the middle class may demand a bigger piece of the political pie. And finally, China's aggression may drive neighbors into the hands of the U.S.

Other nations have selectively chosen parts of the six killer apps:

"The Chinese have got capitalism. The Iranians have got science. The Russians have got democracy. The Africans are (slowly) getting modern medicine. And the Turks have got the consumer society. But what this means is that Western modes of operation are not in decline but are flourishing nearly everywhere, with only a few remaining pockets of resistance. A growing number of Resterners [Ferguson's name for non-Westerners] are sleeping, showering, dressing, working, playing, eating, drinking and travelling like Westerners. Moreover, as we have seen, Western civilization is more than just one thing; it is a package. It is about political pluralism (multiple states and multiple authorities) as well as capitalism; it is about the freedom of thought as well as the scientific method; it is about the rule of law and property rights as well as democracy. Even today, the West still has more of these institutional advantages than the Rest. The Chinese do not have political competition. The Iranians do not have freedom of conscience. They get to vote in Russia, but the rule of law there is a sham. In none of these countries is there a free press. These differences may explain why, for example, all three countries lag behind Western countries in qualitative indices that measure 'national innovative development’ and ‘national innovation capacity’."

Although other civilizations have portions of the killer apps Ferguson believes that the West may still have an advantage over them.

As Ferguson pointed out earlier, civilizations collapse quickly and although the West no longer maintains a monopoly on advantageous cultural developments there is an endurable package of Western ways of being.

"This Western package still seems to offer human societies the best available set of economic, social and political institutions--the ones most likely to unleash the individual human creativity capable of solving the problems the twenty-first century world faces" (p. 324). It is this package that has done the best job of finding and highlighting talent. "The big question is whether or not we are still able to recognize the superiority of that package" (p. 324).

The Western texts that should be most instructive and promoted in the schools are:

The King James Bible
Shakespeare
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations and Moral Sentiments
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France
Isaac Newton, Principia
Charles Darwin, Origin of Species
Abraham Lincoln
Winston Churchill

“The biggest threat to Western civilization is posed not by other civilizations, but by our own pusillanimity — and by the historical ignorance that feeds it” (p. 325). Ferguson calls for a return to traditional education, since “at its core, a civilization is the texts that are taught in its schools, learned by its students and recollected in times of tribulation” (p. 324) — by which he means Great Books, and especially Shakespeare. The greatest dangers facing us are probably not “the rise of China, Islam or CO2 emissions,” he writes, but “our own loss of faith in the civilization we inherited from our ancestors” (p. 325).

"Can the West endure any democracy achieved by enemies who in no way resemble them?"
Orhan Pamuk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk

Trump: Western civilisation is under threat, 2:18

https://youtu.be/n1Notlc9s7U






What is civilization?           Why has the West dominated the rest?

    What are the six "killer apps" of Western Civilization?

    Competition, Science, Property Rights (Democracy-Rule of Law), Medicine, Consumerism, Work ethic

    Civilization Part 1 - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 46:57

    https://youtu.be/wR6SFLhD32Q?list=PLJA4Jys7jT0LR-Ze9Joi2OHsC6_BbY-Hp



    Civilization Part 2 - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 46:54

    https://youtu.be/Yc1me9jOxgk?list=PLJA4Jys7jT0LR-Ze9Joi2OHsC6_BbY-Hp


    Civilization Part 3 - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 47:33

    https://youtu.be/XGV1jAQVnBU


    Civilization Pt4 - BBC Series, 46:52

    https://youtu.be/myUPIh0UnEo



    Civilization Part 5 - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 47:00

    https://youtu.be/xUXqSm3TWrI

    Civilization Part 6 - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 14:45

    https://youtu.be/WtSGWciDg04



    Civilization Part 6.2 - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 14:22

    https://youtu.be/Hcu-feea2jk



    Civilization Part 6.3 - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 12:44

    https://youtu.be/giqxIxAgpE4



    Civilization Part 6.4 - BBC Series by Niall Ferguson, 4:58

    https://youtu.be/qcnCn8Kt2Ig

    PHI 210 Week 11 Spring 2018

    "When Nietzsche Wept"


    President Reagan's Farewell Address to the Nation — 1/11/89, 21:22

    https://youtu.be/UKVsq2daR8Q





    Logical Fallacies in Clinton's Campaign Speech, 6:02

    https://youtu.be/4VQDvYhP2rE



    Muslim Imam in Orlando called for death to gays before night club attack, 2:32

    "The Husseini Islamic Center, 5211 Hester Ave, Sanford, FL 32773, invited Sheikh Farrokh Sekaleshfar to speak at their Mosque. Dr. Sekaleshfar says the killing of homosexuals is the compassionate thing to do.

    https://youtu.be/Vev-OzHQy94



    The Center for Security Policy’s report, Shariah Law and American State Courts: An Assessment of State Appellate Court Cases evaluates 50 Appellate Court cases from now 30 states that involve conflicts between Shariah (Islamic law) and American state law. The cases resulted in favoring sharia law over existing American law.



    These cases are the stories of Muslim American families, mostly Muslim women and children, who were asking American courts to preserve their rights to equal protection and due process.  These families came to America for freedom from the discriminatory and cruel laws of Shariah.  When our courts then apply Shariah law in the lives of these families, and deny them equal protection, they are betraying the principles on which America was founded.

    The study’s findings suggest that Shariah law has entered into state court decisions, in conflict with the Constitution and state public policy. Some commentators have said there are no more than one or two cases of Shariah law in U.S. state court cases; yet 50 significant cases were found just from the small sample of appellate published cases.

    The Report’s Key Findings include:

    •    22 trial court decisions refused to apply Shariah; 15 utilized or recognized Shariah; 9 were indeterminate; and in 4 cases Shariah was not applicable to the decision at the trial court level, but was applicable at the appellate level.

    •    23 appellate decisions refused to apply Shariah; 12 utilized or recognized Shariah; 8 were indeterminate; and in 7 cases Shariah was not applicable to the appellate decision, but had been applicable at the trial court level.

    •    The 50 cases arose in 23 different states: 6 cases were found in New Jersey; 5 in California; 4 each in Florida, Massachusetts and Washington; 3 each in Maryland, Texas and Virginia; 2 each in Louisiana, Iowa and Nebraska; and 1 each in Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, Ohio and South Carolina.


    http://publicpolicyalliance.org/media-kit/shariah-law-and-american-state-courts-report/

    David Wood, 7:16



    https://youtu.be/a13Rj5yrAhg



    Ft. Hood Hero: Obama 'Betrayed' Victims, 2:30

    New video shows chaos after massacre at Texas Army base that killed 13.

    http://youtu.be/-OEwEzFgKP4



    A BEHEADING IN OKLAHOMA, 4:19
     
    2014

    It was not just a "workplace incident." The brutal beheading of an American woman by a radicalized Muslim is just the latest in a series of un- or under-reported atrocities deemed unfit for the American people by the Mainstream Media. In this horrifying analysis, Bill Whittle describes the events in Oklahoma.

    https://youtu.be/hfaTIRYE8tM



    Temple University Students and Muslims Walk-Out, 4:42 (2012)

    https://youtu.be/6_ncNokPnfA



    Brooklyn College Students Harassing Pamela Geller (Muslim Students Stifling Free Thought), 6:16

    Published on May 5, 2015 Brooklyn College Students Harassing Pamela Geller (Muslim Students Stifling Free Thought)

    https://youtu.be/osdyH0fT0pc





    1960s and 1970s, a period of social protest and discontent.




    Black Identity

    https://youtu.be/FmzldNFgD40

    1968

    James Brown, Say It Loud I'm Black and I'm Proud, 5:57

    "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud" is a funk song performed by James Brown and written with his bandleader Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis in 1968.

    It was released as a two-part single which held the number-one spot on the R&B singles chart for six weeks, and peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100.[1][2]

    Both parts of the single were later included on James Brown's 1968 album A Soulful Christmas and on his 1969 album sharing the title of the song.

    "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud" was Brown's first recording to feature trombonist Fred Wesley.

    The song addresses the Black Power movement of 1968: but how it address black power is the interesting aspect of the song.

    Brown is distancing himself from the radical Black Power movement emerging in 1968.

    Consider that the lyrics "We've been 'buked and we've been scorned/We've been treated bad, talked about as sure as you're born" in the first verse of the song paraphrases the spiritual "I've Been 'Buked" by Mahalia Jackson which was performed at the March on Washington.

    From Mahalia and the March on Washington we can understand that relying on "Jesus" and "God" are important. 

    Martin Luther King, Jr., significantly, was a Christian minister.

    Themes from Peter, Paul, and Mary, as well as Bob Dylan, indicate that social change is coming ringing in justice and freedom for my brothers and my sisters. 

    The Civil Rights movement is a Judeo-Christian, American movement that James Brown is tapping into.

    Several other Brown singles from the same era as "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud", notably "I Don't Want Nobody to Give Me Nothing (Open Up the Door, I'll Get It Myself)", explored similar themes of black empowerment and self-reliance. 

    And, coupled with his "America Is My Home" tune we can see that American Jews and Christians are relying on their talent, hard work, and education to bring about social change.

    Will only Judeo-Christian, pro-American forces be the only important political movement of the decade?

    https://youtu.be/2VRSAVDlpDI











    1960s and 1970s, a period of social protest and discontent.

    Gil Scott-Heron 
    Gil Scott-Heron - The Revolution Will Not Be Televised

    "You will not be able to plug in, turn on, and cop out."

    "There will be no pictures of pigs shooting down brothers in the instant replay."

    "The revolution will not be televised; the revolution will be live."

    Thus, when did the revolution occur?



     

    FACT 1. Over 1,400 more black Americans murdered other blacks in two years than were lynched from 1882 to 1968.

    FACT 2. Black People (mostly men) commit a grossly disproportionate amount of crime.

    FACT 3. Despite making up just 13% of the population, blacks committed half of homicides in the United States for nearly 30 years.

    FACT 4. Chicago’s death toll is almost equal to that of both wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, combined.

    FACT 5. It would take cops 40 years to kill as many black men as have died at the hands of others black men in 2012 alone.




    James Brown. Views on Martin Luther King, Jr., Vietnam and Promised Land speech, April 3, 1968, 1:11

    James Brown. A clip from the documentary, "The Night James Brown Saved Boston", features his views on Dr. King speaking out on Vietnam. James Brown believed as a religious leader Dr. King should not have spoken out about the Vietnam War.

    The clip also includes an excerpt of the Promised Land speech by Martin Luther King. Jr. given on April 3, 1968. Video transcript:

    Those were the most difficult days for Martin because he was being pulled apart by two movements. The Civil Rights movement and the war in Vietnam.

    When Dr. King spoke out against the Vietnam war, Mr. Brown thought he was wrong because Mr. Brown thought that he is a religious leader.

    He is not a politician. He is getting out of his bag, as we would say, he is getting out of what he stands for and he can create a problem for himself.

    Because the powers that be are not going to stand for this.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.: I just want to do God's will, and he has allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over and I've seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the Promised Land.

    https://youtu.be/qhpP6DC-H5Y

    James Brown vs. Martin Luther King



    Politics

    During the 1968 presidential campaign, Brown endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Hubert Humphrey and appeared with Humphrey at political rallies.

    Brown began supporting Republican president Richard Nixon after being invited to perform at Nixon's inaugural ball in January 1969.

    Brown's endorsement of Nixon during the 1972 presidential election negatively impacted his career during that period with several national Black organizations boycotting his records and protesting at his concert shows.

    Brown stated he was neither Democratic nor Republican despite his support of Republican presidents such as Nixon and Ronald Reagan.

    In 1999, when being interviewed by Rolling Stone, the magazine asked him to name a hero in the 20th century, Brown mentioned John F. Kennedy and 96-year-old, former Dixiecrat Senator Strom Thurmond, stating "when the young whippersnappers get out of line, whether Democratic or Republican, an old man can walk up and say 'Wait a minute, son, it goes this way.' And that's great for our country. He's like a grandfather to me." In 2003, Brown was the featured attraction of a D.C. fundraiser for the National Republican Senatorial Committee. Following the deaths of Ronald Reagan and his friend Ray Charles, Brown said to CNN, "I'm kind of in an uproar. I love the country and I got – you know I've been around a long time, through many presidents and everything. So after losing Mr. Reagan, who I knew very well, then Mr. Ray Charles, who I worked with and lived with like, all our life, we had a show together in Oakland many, many years ago and it's like you found the placard."


    James Brown, I Don't Want Nobody To Give Me Nothing, MDS 1969, 4:06

    Embedding disabled by request

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYNJK5sHHeo

    June 30, 1969: JB doin' the tune "I Don't Want Nobody To Give Me Nothing (Open Up The Door I'll Get It Myself)"


    The JB'S-You Can Have Watergate,But Gimme Some Bucks (1973), 6:10


    Brown's band went on to sing this topical, political song during the Watergate era.



    America Is My Home (Pt. 1), 3:20

    Provided to YouTube by Universal Music Group International America Is My Home (Pt. 1) · James Brown & The Famous Flames The 50 Greatest Songs ℗ 1967 Universal Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc. Released on: 2007-01-01 Producer: James Brown Composer, Author: Haywood E. Moore Composer, Author: James Brown Music Publisher: Intersong Music Ltd

    https://youtu.be/nT1e0H1himc









    "America Is My Home"
    Talking 'bout me leaving America
    You gotta be crazy, man, I like
    All the nice thing, Jack
    Colonial suits and things, look at here
    Now I am sorry for the man
    Who don't love this land
    Now black and white, they may fight
    But when up the enemy come
    We'll get together and run about all side
    I love it
    The sun don't come out in rainy weather
    But when you ball it down they are still together
    Now let's not overlook the fact that we are, we are still in reach
    You got to chance to make it and you got a freedom of speech
    Say what you wanna, tell 'em how you feel
    There may be a lot of places, a lot of places that you like to go
    But believe me if you get an education you can blow
    You can all it blow, dig this
    Now you tell me if I'm wrong
    America is still the best country
    And that's without a doubt
    America is still the best country
    Without a doubt
    And if anybody says it ain't, you can try to put him out
    They ain't going nowhere, you got a good fight
    When I tell you one time that I was a shoeshine boy
    Every word I said, I meant
    But name me any other country
    You can start out as a shoeshine boy
    And shake hand with the president
    It ain't gonna help you gotta had that royal blood to make it
    And I ain't got nothing royal but me
    So I can take the chances, I'm gonna stay home
    And look at here I got a brand new jet
    When I need to move
    I saw a brother made it
    Now it ain't that a rule
    So look at here
    Brothers and sisters and friends, dig this
    So quit your dreaming all night
    Stop beatin' yourself and get up and fight
    Don't give up, you might give up, but just don't give out
    I know if you give out don't give up
    There's no quick going, I mean like keep it moving you know
    'Cause if you stop like a ball quit rolling
    Now we got two of the [Incomprehensible] from Florida to Rome
    Which we know there's one thing we'll never forget
    America's still our home, hit it bad
    God bless America, I'm talking about me too
    You know I'm American myself, I like that kind of thing, look at here
    Songwriters

    Hayward Epps Moore;James Brown
    Published by

    DYNATONE PUBLISHING CO

    James Brown managed to criticize the state and yet he was proud to be an American.

    As a result, he accurately reflects the American notion of civil disobedience similar to Henry David Thoreau. Resistance to Civil Government (Civil Disobedience) is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849.

    In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice.

    Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican–American War (1846-1848).

    The challenge within the black power movement, as in all protests movements, would be to balance criticism of the state against the denunciation of America.

    There was a division between those aligned with Martin Luther King, Jr. and those aligned with Stokely Carmichael, marked by their respective slogans, "Freedom Now" and "Black Power."[27]

    Stokely Carmichael (June 29, 1941 – November 15, 1998), also known as Kwame Ture, was a Trinidadian-American revolutionary active in the Civil Rights Movement, and later, the global Pan-African movement.

    Can you think of any other Americans who grew up in the Third World and as a result may have a Third World perspective?  

    Growing up in the United States from the age of 11, he graduated from Howard University.

    He rose to prominence in the civil rights and Black Power movements, first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party (BPP), and finally as a leader of the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP).[1]

    Anti-Semitism

    Jews had comprised a disproportionate number of the white supporters of the southern civil rights movement. The subsequent rejection of white activists from groups like SNCC and CORE, accompanied by ideological factors such as the shift in emphasis to a revolutionary anti-colonialist struggle, and anti-Zionist sympathy for the Palestinians, led to a permanent souring of relations in America between blacks and Jews.

    In 1970 Carmichael proclaimed: "I have never admired a white man, but the greatest of them, to my mind, was Hitler."[27]

    Anti-woman

    In November 1964 Carmichael made a joking remark in response to a SNCC position paper written by his friends Casey Hayden and Mary E. King on the position of women in the movement. In the course of an irreverent comedy monologue he performed at a party after SNCC's Waveland conference, Carmichael said,

    "The position of women in the movement is prone."[28]

    A number of women were offended. In a 2006 The Chronicle of Higher Education article, historian Peniel E. Joseph later wrote:

    While the remark was made in jest during a 1964 conference, Carmichael and black-power activists did embrace an aggressive vision of manhood — one centered on black men's ability to deploy authority, punishment, and power. In that, they generally reflected their wider society's blinders about women and politics.[29]

    Despite the anti-woman aspects of the radical black power movement women, such as Hillary Rodham, were involved.

    Stokely Carmichael vs. Liberals, Liberal Racism, Alinsky-Obama


    Racist white society


    Portion of speech by Kwame Ture, then still known as Stokely Carmichael, chairman of the militant Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), delivered it in front of the Mississippi State Capitol at Jackson on June 26, 1966, 1:28


    SNCC was successful in the South with poor blacks.




    Black Power


    Stokely Carmichael, Black Power, 8:03

    https://youtu.be/4zg4dhFb7aQ



    The first popular use of the term "Black Power" as a political and racial slogan was by Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Ture) and Willie Ricks (later known as Mukasa Dada), both organizers and spokespersons for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). 

    On June 16, 1966, in a speech in Greenwood, Mississippi, after the shooting of James Meredith during the March Against Fear, Stokely Carmichael said:[5][6]


    This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!


    Carmichael saw the concept of "Black Power" as a means of solidarity between individuals within the movement. 

    It was a replacement of the "Freedom Now!" slogan of Carmichael's contemporary, the non-violent leader Martin Luther King. 

    With his use of the term, Carmichael felt this movement was not just a movement for racial desegregation, but rather a movement to help end how American racism had weakened blacks. 

    He said, "'Black Power' means black people coming together to form a political force and either electing representatives or forcing their representatives to speak their needs."[7]

    Carmichael split from Martin Luther King as well as Liberal racism.

    Today, who might be representative of liberal racism?




    Harry Reid "Obama Electable Because he is Light Skinned with no Negro Dialect,"

    1:14

    White Liberals

    https://youtu.be/kQnlcUN3qcQ



    Biden: clean and articulate Obama, :40



    https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=vJSfBKQA_KQ




    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RTj1WazIFw

    In contemporary politics, several themes have emerged since the revolution will be not be televised. 

    First, there is a split between the religious, American social movement of civil rights; 

    second, black power emerged as a split from the Martin Luther King movement but it also identified liberal racism. 

    Finally, the respectable type of radical, following Alinsky, has emerged.


    D' Sousa Talks About Alinsky & Obama, 4:42



    Nonetheless, and in contrast to the Alinsky or Black Power radicals, the American, hard-working ethic of African-Americans is well-represented by Berry Gordy and James Brown.



    Motown Message Songs
     
    Valadiers

    https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SYDWLGGHFDg

    “Greetings” appeared nearly a decade before Motown allowed Marvin Gaye’s protest anthem “What’s Going On” to hit the airwaves on January 20, 1971.

    Gaye’s masterpiece followed on the heels of such politically charged hit singles as the Temptations’ “Ball of Confusion” (May 7, 1970) and Edwin Starr’s “War” (June 9, 1970), which paved the way for Gaye’s effort.

    Marvin Gaye - What's Going On, 3:51

    https://youtu.be/H-kA3UtBj4M



    The radicals though were emerging during the period.

    In 1965, Hillary Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College, where she majored in political science.[18]

    During her freshman year, she served as president of the Wellesley Young Republicans;[19][20] with this Rockefeller Republican-oriented group.[21]

    In her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the antiwar presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy.[26] Following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty.[26]

    Rodham wrote her senior thesis about the radical community organizer Saul Alinsky.[29] (Years later, while she was first lady, access to her thesis was restricted at the request of the White House and it became the subject of some speculation.[29])

    Saul David Alinsky (January 30, 1909 – June 12, 1972) was a Jewish American community organizer and writer. He is generally considered to be the founder of modern community organizing. He is often noted for his 1971 book Rules for Radicals.

    In the course of nearly four decades of political organizing, Alinsky received much criticism, but also gained praise from many public figures. His organizing skills were focused on improving the living conditions of poor communities across North America. In the 1950s, he began turning his attention to improving conditions in the African-American ghettos, beginning with Chicago's and later traveling to other ghettos in California, Michigan, New York City, and a dozen other "trouble spots".

    His ideas were adapted in the 1960s by some U.S. college students and other young counterculture-era organizers, who used them as part of their strategies for organizing on campus and beyond.[5] Time magazine wrote in 1970 that "It is not too much to argue that American democracy is being altered by Alinsky's ideas."[6] Conservative author William F. Buckley, Jr. said in 1966 that Alinsky was "very close to being an organizational genius".[7]

    1:40

    Hillary's Mentor: From Hell

     Shortly before his death Alinsky had discussed life after death in Playboy:[4]




    ALINSKY: ... if there is an afterlife, and I have anything to say about it, I will unreservedly choose to go to hell.
    PLAYBOY: Why?
    ALINSKY: Hell would be heaven for me. All my life I've been with the have-nots. Over here, if you're a have-not, you're short of dough. If you're a have-not in hell, you're short of virtue. Once I get into hell, I'll start organizing the have-nots over there.
    PLAYBOY: Why them?
    ALINSKY: They're my kind of people.




    After graduating from college, Hillary worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthful conditions).[36]


    Hillary's radical politics is shared with another young man in college during the era. In his autobiography, he states:

    "To avoid being mistaken for a sellout, I chose my friends carefully.

    The more politically active black students.

    The foreign students.

    The Chicanos.

    The Marxist professors and structural feminists and punk-rock performance poets.

    We smoked cigarettes and wore leather jackets.

    At night, in the dorms, we discussed neocolonialism, Franz Fanon, Eurocentrism, and patriarchy.

    When we ground out our cigarettes in the hallway carpet or set our stereos so loud that the walls began to shake, we were resisting bourgeois society's stifling conventions.

    We weren't indifferent or careless or insecure.

    We were alienated.

    But this strategy alone couldn't provide the distance I wanted, from Joyce or my past.

    After all, there were thousands of so-called campus radicals, most of them white and tenured and happily tolerant.

    No, it remained necessary to prove which side you were on, to show your loyalty to the black masses, to strike out and name names."

    The young man identified with radical blacks, foreigners, and Marxists while rejecting the culture of the Western humanities and middle-class society as represented by the Irish novelist James Joyce.

    Does anyone recognize the young, radical college student's quote and who it is?

    The young radical introduced the Marxist professor, Derrick Bell, at Harvard, 1:44

    Bell advocates Critical Race Theory which hold that racism is engrained in the fabric and system of the American society. The individual racist need not exist but all of American culture is institutionally racist. CRT contends that these power structures are based on white privilege and white supremacy, which perpetuates the marginalization of people of color.[11]

    http://youtu.be/a1wghYexaP4

    Derrick Bell

    http://www.frontpagemag.com/2012/john-perazzo/barack-obamas-first-jeremiah-wright/



    The young radical is of course:

    -- Barack Obama


    BREITBART: Sowell Destroys 'Totalitarian' Derrick Bell on 'Hannity'; 'Ideological Intolerance' 5:02

    Thomas Sowell (/soʊl/; born June 30, 1930) is an American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author.

    Perhaps it is best to introduce him as a high school drop-out from Harlem.

    He is currently Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. Sowell was born in North Carolina, but grew up in Harlem, New York. He dropped out of high school and served in the United States Marine Corps during the Korean War. He received a bachelor's degree, graduating magna cum laude[3] from Harvard University in 1958 and a master's degree from Columbia University in 1959. In 1968, he earned his Doctorate in Economics from the University of Chicago.

    Sowell has served on the faculties of several universities, including Cornell University and University of California, Los Angeles. He has also worked for think tanks such as the Urban Institute. Since 1980, he has worked at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He writes from a libertarian conservative perspective, advocating supply-side economics. Sowell has written more than thirty books (a number of which have been reprinted in revised editions), and his work has been widely anthologized. He is a National Humanities Medal recipient.


    https://youtu.be/MkVl5_Dq6ZY





    The emerging type of American culture highlights race in contrast to Dr. King's admonition to judge people by their character and not by the color of their skin. However, since the late 1960s, Dr. King's ideas have fallen out of favor so as to judge race over character. For example, consider how Muhammad Ali has been glorified at his passing. Yet, he called his opponents names and insulted some of them unmercifully.

    Is it funny to call people names like "gorilla?"

    Is it acceptable for "Smokin' Joe" Frazier to be `black and proud?'



    Alinsky Revolutionaries

    Hillary, Obama and the Cult of Alinsky"True revolutionaries do not flaunt their radicalism, Alinsky taught. He urged them to cut their hair, put on suits, and infiltrate the system from within

    Alinsky viewed revolution as a slow, patient process. The trick was to penetrate existing institutions such as churches, unions and political parties. 


                                                                  "Revolution"


    You say you want a revolution
    Well, you know
    We all want to change the world
    You tell me that it's evolution
    Well, you know
    We all want to change the world

    But when you talk about destruction
    Don't you know that you can count me out

    Don't you know it's gonna be alright
    Alright, alright

    You say you got a real solution
    Well, you know
    We'd all love to see the plan
    You ask me for a contribution
    Well, you know
    We're all doing what we can

    But if you want money for people with minds that hate
    All I can tell you is brother you have to wait

    Don't you know it's gonna be alright
    Alright, alright, al...

    You say you'll change the constitution
    Well, you know
    We all want to change your head
    You tell me it's the institution
    Well, you know
    You'd better free your mind instead

    But if you go carrying pictures of Chairman Mao
    You ain't going to make it with anyone anyhow

    Don't you know know it's gonna be alright
    Alright, alright

    Alright, alright
    Alright, alright
    Alright, alright
    Alright, alright


    http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/beatles/revolution.html 





    As noted earlier, for the 1963 March on Washington,  Mahalia Jackson, and she sung her "How I Got Over" and an old African American spiritual called "I've been 'buked."


    Early Trump

    What were the non-radical, non-Alinsky types such as Berry Gordy and James Brown doing during this time?



    1998-1999 Jesse Jackson Endorses Trump

    Jackson pro-Trump



    Trump attended Fordham University in the Bronx for two years. He entered the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, as Wharton then offered one of the few real estate studies departments in U.S. academia.[25] While there, he worked at the family's company, Elizabeth Trump & Son, named for his paternal grandmother.[26] Trump graduated from Wharton in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in economics.[27][28]

    Trump was not drafted into the Vietnam War, for several reasons: student deferments, a medical deferment, and then a lucky high number in the draft lottery.[29] While in college, he obtained four student deferments.[29] He was deemed fit for service based upon a military medical examination in 1966, and was briefly classified as fit by a local draft board in 1968, but was then medically disqualified later in 1968.[29] Trump has attributed his medical deferment to "heel spurs" in both feet according to a 2015 biography.[24] Selective Service records from the National Archives confirm that Trump received the medical deferment and eventually received a high selective service lottery number in 1969.[30][nb 2] Trump put it this way in 2011: "I actually got lucky because I had a very high draft number".[30]
    25 Years Ago https://youtu.be/SEPs17_AkTI 

    3:10








    Vietnam and its protest movements, 5:15

    https://youtu.be/rHmZjs6t9oc



    What were John Kerry's politics during the protest era?

    Who is John Kerry?


    John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943)[1] is an American diplomat and Democratic Party politician who is the 68th and current United States Secretary of State. He previously served in the United States Senate, where he chaired the Senate Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Kerry was the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in the 2004 presidential election, losing to Republican incumbent George W. Bush.

    Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He graduated from Yale University class of 1966 with a political science major. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and during 1968–1969 served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals. Securing an early return to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes.

    After receiving his J.D. from Boston College Law School, Kerry worked in Massachusetts as an Assistant District Attorney. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran–Contra affair. Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2008. In 2002, Kerry voted to authorize the President "to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein", but warned that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war.

    In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013.



    Today, Kerry, Hillary, and Obama preside over the longest war in American history.

    Following the September 11 attacks inside the United States in 2001, NATO invaded Afghanistan under Operation Enduring Freedom. The purpose of this was to defeat Al-Qaeda, to remove the Taliban from power, and to create a viable democratic state.

    The United States still has troops in Afghanistan and during the Obama administration there has been the rise of the Islamic State.

    John Kerry - Anti-War Speech (1971) [short clip] 3:05

    On April 22nd, 1971, 27 year-old former Navy Lt. John Kerry testified against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War as a member of "Vietnam Veterans Against the War". Senator J. William Fulbright (D-Arkansas) chaired the committee. This event was filmed by NBC News.

    https://youtu.be/yixdveuf0GQ



    Kerry and Hillary protested, as did much of popular music during the era, against the Establishment.

    The Establishment generally denotes a dominant group or elite that holds power or authority in a nation or organization. The Establishment may be a closed social group which selects its own members (as opposed to selection by merit or election) or specific entrenched elite structures, either in government or in specific institutions.

    Today, these former protestors are the Establishment.

    Are Democrats violent?

    Dan Rather states "I think we have a bunch of thugs here." 1:00

    Dan Rather Convention Floor Fight 1968 ElectionWallDotOrg.flv ElectionWall.Org

    https://youtu.be/wItUjFU1i4M



    1968 Democratic National Convention- www.NBCUniversalArchives.com, 1:45

    Should police attack protestors?

    Was the 1968 Democratic Party nominee to blame for the police riot?

    It has now been 45 years since rallies outside of the 1968 Democratic National Convention turned violent. As the Chicago Police Department clashed with the protesters, news cameras rolled. This week, we present you with a short compilation of the footage that many concerned Americans around the country watched all those years ago -- scenes that left two legendary newsmen, Chet Huntley and David Brinkley, virtually speechless.

    https://youtu.be/6ZlD4Dn_U7U






    1968 DNC: Democratic nightmare in Chicago, 1:14

    Chaos before Hubert Humphrey's nomination sets the modern standard for a harmful convention.

    https://youtu.be/epxmX_58tOo




    After Nixon's election in 1968 he was lampooned as "Tricky Dick."


    The nomenclature was coined by Democratic politician Helen Gahagan Douglas.










    "For What It's Worth" is a song written by Stephen Stills. It was performed by Buffalo Springfield, recorded on December 5, 1966, and released as a single in January 1967; it was later added to the re-release of their first album, Buffalo Springfield. The single peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. This song is currently ranked #63 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time as well as the eighth best song of 1967 by Acclaimed Music.[3]

    Although "For What It's Worth" is often mistaken as an anti-war song, Stephen Stills was inspired to write the track because of the "Sunset Strip riots" in November 1966. The trouble, which started during the early stages of the counterculture era, was in the same year Buffalo Springfield had become the house band at the Whisky a Go Go on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles.[4]

    It was within this period that local residents and businesses had become increasingly annoyed by late-night traffic congestion caused by crowds of young people going to clubs and music venues along the Strip. In response they lobbied the city to pass local ordinances that stopped loitering and enforced a strict curfew on the Strip after 10pm. However young music fans felt the new laws were an infringement of their civil rights.[5]

    On Saturday, November 12, 1966, fliers were distributed on Sunset Strip inviting people to join demonstrations later that day. Several of Los Angeles' rock radio stations also announced that a rally would be held outside the Pandora's Box club on the corner of Sunset Boulevard and Crescent Heights.[5] That evening as many as 1,000 young demonstrators, including celebrities like Jack Nicholson and Peter Fonda (who was handcuffed by police), gathered to protest against the enforcement of the curfew laws. Although the rallies began peacefully, trouble eventually broke out among the protesters and police. The unrest continued the next night and periodically throughout the rest of November and December forcing some clubs to shut down within weeks.[5]

    Against the background of these civil disturbances, Stills recorded the song on December 5, 1966.
    Buffalo Springfield - For What It's Worth 1967, 2:37


    Sunset Strip Teen Riots November '66

    https://youtu.be/D9ialZHUFVc?list=RDD...

    There's something happening here
    what it is ain't exactly clear
    there's a man with a gun over there
    telling me i got to beware
    i think it's time we stop, children,
    what's that sound everybody look what's going down

    There's battle lines being drawn
    nobody's right if everybody's wrong
    young people speaking their minds
    getting so much resistance from behind
    i think it's time we stop, hey,
    what's that sound every body look what's going down

    What a field-day for the heat
    a thousand people in the street
    singing songs and carrying signs
    mostly say, hooray for our side
    it's time we stop, hey, what's that sound
    everybody look what's going down

    Paranoia strikes deep
    into your life it will creep it
    starts when you're always afraid
    you step out of line, the man come and take you away we
    better stop, hey, what's that sound everybody
    look what's going down stop, hey, what's that
    sound everybody look what's going down stop, now,
    what's that sound everybody look what's going down stop,
    children, what's that sound everybody look what's going down

    https://youtu.be/gp5JCrSXkJY








    uestion 1:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Statistics come from gathering and ________data.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      analyzing
      Correct Answer:
       
      analyzing


    Question 2:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Mary grows hundreds of fruit trees in her orchard. The trees range in age, size, and type. Mary's neighbor states, "Now that Mary has listened to my advice, 93% of her trees are bearing fruit." What makes this conclusion difficult to evaluate?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      There is missing background information.
      Correct Answer:
       
      There is missing background information.

    Question 3:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      An "explanation" is a statement that provides a _________ for why or how something became the way it is.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      reason
      Correct Answer:
       
      reason

    Question 4:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following is MOST likely to be a sign of pseudoscience?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      relying primarily on anecdotal evidence
      Correct Answer:
       
      relying primarily on anecdotal evidence

    Question 5:   Multiple Choice

    1. Incorrect
      Sally reads a report about a casual study of students and their attitudes to drugs. "A group of high school students were asked if they had ever used an illegal substance; the majority of those students said 'No.'" Sally then cites this study in her paper about drug use. She says, "A study of students revealed that only 10% of high school students use drugs." Why is her conclusion flawed?
      Given Answer:
      Incorrect 
      The sample size is too small.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The data relied on the self-reporting of participants.

    Question 6:   Multiple Choice

    1. Incorrect
      Patricia found a huge nest of black widow spiders in her basement. She asked her husband what the best way to get rid of so many dangerous spiders would be. Her husband said to set them on fire. Patricia responded, "Without burning down our home, what's the best way to get rid of them?" What did Patricia do?
      Given Answer:
      Incorrect 
      She worked backwards from the ultimate goal.
      Correct Answer:
       
      She revised the initial problem statement.

    Question 7:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following BEST demonstrates "articulating the goal of the decision?"
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      John explains to his friends that he is putting himself through medical school because he wants to get a job in which he can save lives.
      Correct Answer:
       
      John explains to his friends that he is putting himself through medical school because he wants to get a job in which he can save lives.

    Question 8:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following is something that can lead to making good decisions?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      clearly defining the problem
      Correct Answer:
       
      clearly defining the problem

    Question 9:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Angela and Glenn are deciding if they should get married. Their biggest point of contention by far is over money. Angela believes strongly that the right way to handle family finances is to save as much as possible for the future. Glenn, however, has no problem spending freely, using credit cards, and borrowing for lifestyle. As Angela is considering whether or not to marry Glenn, which of the following questions would help her to evaluate the problem of finances?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Does marrying Glenn fit with my personal financial values?
      Correct Answer:
       
      Does marrying Glenn fit with my personal financial values?

    Question 10:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      After weeks of touring different places to live, Maria signs the lease for an apartment in a new city. Three weeks later, she notices there is a severe ant problem in the apartment and she decides that next time she is apartment-hunting, she'll ask the landlord about any potential insect problems before she signs her lease. Which stage in the problem-solving process is Maria practicing?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      implementing and reflecting
      Correct Answer:
       
      implementing and reflecting

    Question 11:   Multiple Choice

    1. Incorrect
      Why might advertisers find it appealing to promise that they have a "better" product than the competition?
      Given Answer:
      Incorrect 
      Using clear language will influence more consumers to buy their product and will prove that their product is superior to the competition.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Using vague language will influence more customers to buy their product and protect their own claims from being disproven.

    Question 12:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      In what way is the statement "Marcie gave her cat food" syntactically ambiguous?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Without context, you can't tell if Marcie gave food to a cat that belongs to her, or if Marcie gave another woman cat food.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Without context, you can't tell if Marcie gave food to a cat that belongs to her, or if Marcie gave another woman cat food.

    Question 13:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      A reader analyzes the four categories of meaning in order to do what?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      determine what a particular word means given the specific context
      Correct Answer:
       
      determine what a particular word means given the specific context

    Question 14:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which statement BEST represents the syntactic meaning of love as physical affection?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Ainsley shows her love for her son by hugging him when she picks him up from school.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Ainsley shows her love for her son by hugging him when she picks him up from school.

    Question 15:   Multiple Choice

    1. Incorrect
      Using the term "snail mail" to describe postal mail is an example of which of these?
      Given Answer:
      Incorrect 
      a euphemism
      Correct Answer:
       
      a dysphemism

    Question 16:   Multiple Choice

    1. Incorrect
      Your company is operating as a subcontractor on a large government contract. The government decides to request proposals for another upcoming project. Your boss asks you to submit a proposal on behalf of your company, knowing it would violate the current agreement with the primary contractor. If you do what your boss says because he is your boss, you are operating under which moral theory?
      Given Answer:
      Incorrect 
      Kantian ethics
      Correct Answer:
       
      authoritarian moral theory

    Question 17:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      In a science fiction movie, an officer is implementing an experimental process to prevent a catastrophic geologic event affecting a primitive indigenous alien population. A crew of a starship vessel is willing to save him; however, environmental conditions prevent simple extraction. The commander refuses to let the crew extract the officer, proclaiming "the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few, or in this case, one." The commander's conclusion is based on which moral theory?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      utilitarianism
      Correct Answer:
       
      utilitarianism

    Question 18:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which theory is characterized by doing what is best for others instead of oneself?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      ethical altruism
      Correct Answer:
       
      ethical altruism

    Question 19:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following BEST illustrates a justification?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Eric believes stealing is not okay unless you are stealing food because you're hungry.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Eric believes stealing is not okay unless you are stealing food because you're hungry.

    Question 20:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Consider the following argument: Premise 1: Steven played a video game with heavy gun use. Premise 2: Simulating shooting guns at people is wrong. Conclusion: Therefore, Steven should not be playing the video game. The statement, "Steven should not be playing the video game," is an example of which of the following?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      a conclusion based on a moral statement
      Correct Answer:
       
      a conclusion based on a moral statement

    Question 21:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      When listening to people debating a topic, a critical thinker should ignore _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      if they are dressed in a professional manner
      Correct Answer:
       
      if they are dressed in a professional manner

    Question 22:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      A claim and an argument are similar in that they both _________, however, an argument specifically _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      make an assertion; provides evidence and reasoning to support the assertion
      Correct Answer:
       
      make an assertion; provides evidence and reasoning to support the assertion

    Question 23:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      When the topic at hand is a complicated scientific issue, it is important to _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      understand the fundamentals before considering arguments from opposing sides
      Correct Answer:
       
      understand the fundamentals before considering arguments from opposing sides

    Question 24:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      The straw man fallacy is a fallacy where the arguer _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      sets up a vulnerable version of his or her opponent's position and then presents evidence to knock down the distorted position
      Correct Answer:
       
      sets up a vulnerable version of his or her opponent's position and then presents evidence to knock down the distorted position

    Question 25:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      To get the latest information on stem cell research and its future applications, it would be best to consult a researcher in the field of _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Developmental Biology
      Correct Answer:
       
      Developmental Biology

    Question 1:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Steven has to produce a survey for his class project due tomorrow, although he really wants to go to the local high school football game tonight with his father. Steven decides to hand out a survey at the gate of the football stadium which holds roughly 1,000 fans. The survey reads, "Do you prefer sport activities that focus on group achievement or individual achievements?" Which of the following explains why this question could lead to obtaining poor data?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      The sample is biased.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The sample is biased.

    Question 2:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      While scientific explanations provide compelling evidence for claims and produce verifiable insights, they are also _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      routinely invalidated by later investigations
      Correct Answer:
       
      routinely invalidated by later investigations

    Question 3:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Brian's eighth grade biology class is conducting a scientific investigation to find out what types of rock the school is built on. The class goes out to collect rocks from an exposure at the edge of the school property. Which scientific process is the class involved in when they do this?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      gathering evidence
      Correct Answer:
       
      gathering evidence

    Question 4:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Tentative explanations for phenomena that need to be tested are called which of the following?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      hypotheses
      Correct Answer:
       
      hypotheses

    Question 5:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Cliff wants to determine whether people prefer red apples or green apples. In order to obtain good results, he decides to conduct this survey at a car festival. Out of the 5000 people who attended the festival, Cliff surveys 10 attendees randomly. The survey reads, "Which do you prefer, red apples or green apples?" Seven of ten people surveyed answer that they prefer red apples. From his survey, Cliff concludes that most people prefer red apples. Cliff's results may not be reliable because of which of the following problems with his study?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      small sample size
      Correct Answer:
       
      small sample size

    Question 6:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Wallace is having a frustrating day at work after his manager changes deadlines on him, leaves him out of the loop in an important email chain, and turns down his time-off request. In the middle of a meeting that afternoon, Wallace stands up, announces that he's quitting, and walks out of the office. Which decision-making misstep did Wallace commit?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      acting impulsively
      Correct Answer:
       
      acting impulsively

    Question 7:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following is something that can lead to making good decisions?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      clearly defining the problem
      Correct Answer:
       
      clearly defining the problem

    Question 8:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Of the following questions, which one would likely be the LEAST helpful to ask?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Which of these options would require the least amount of effort?
      Correct Answer:
       
      Which of these options would require the least amount of effort?

    Question 9:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Patricia found a huge nest of black widow spiders in her basement. She asked her husband what the best way to get rid of so many dangerous spiders would be. Her husband said to set them on fire. Patricia responded, "Without burning down our home, what's the best way to get rid of them?" What did Patricia do?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      She revised the initial problem statement.
      Correct Answer:
       
      She revised the initial problem statement.

    Question 10:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Charlie completely forgot he had a paper on the complications of giving aid to developing countries due the next day. He considers pulling an all-nighter to complete the paper, emailing his instructor to ask for an extension, or copying an essay he found online and submitting it as his own work. He eliminates the option of copying someone else's work because he believes that misusing sources is a betrayal of trust to both his instructor and classmates. Which of the following questions likely had the MOST weight in his decision?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Does it fit with my personal ethics?
      Correct Answer:
       
      Does it fit with my personal ethics?

    Question 11:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Margo told her friend Lisa about a recent study that she had read. Which statement is an indicator to Lisa of Margo's use of a proof surrogate in her argument?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      "Everyone knows that all of our cells regenerate every couple of years."
      Correct Answer:
       
      "Everyone knows that all of our cells regenerate every couple of years."

    Question 12:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Using the term "snail mail" to describe postal mail is an example of which of these?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      a dysphemism
      Correct Answer:
       
      a dysphemism

    Question 13:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      "Acknowledging a right to benefit from the presence of animals requires government action to ensure human access to animals in a number of different spheres," writes Jessica Pierce, Ph.D., in Psychology Today. The pragmatic meaning of the term "right" in this statement is _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      being able to own a pet
      Correct Answer:
       
      being able to own a pet

    Question 14:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      What is another term for semantic meaning?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      denotative meaning
      Correct Answer:
       
      denotative meaning

    Question 15:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      A word that can be interpreted in different ways because it has multiple meanings could be described as which of the following?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      semantic ambiguity
      Correct Answer:
       
      semantic ambiguity

    Question 16:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      What makes an argument an ethical argument?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      a conclusion based on a moral premise that makes a statement about right and wrong in a particular situation
      Correct Answer:
       
      a conclusion based on a moral premise that makes a statement about right and wrong in a particular situation

    Question 17:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      A state senator testifies under oath not to accept a large campaign contribution. The prosecutor argues the senator lied under oath, so the senator should go to jail. What is the enthymeme in the prosecutor's argument?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      People who lie under oath is should go to jail.
      Correct Answer:
       
      People who lie under oath is should go to jail.

    Question 18:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      A bank states that its decision to offer home loans at an extremely low initial, but variable, rate is rooted in the idea that all have a right to owning an affordable home. The bank does not state that the loans are packaged in a product sold to another, larger bank that may or may not work with customers in difficult situations. The smaller bank is no longer exposed to the risk of longer-term loans, and makes a large profit. Which moral theory is the bank operating under?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Ethical Egoism. The bank did what was best for the institution.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Ethical Egoism. The bank did what was best for the institution.

    Question 19:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      What is an argument claiming the violation of some moral principle is the right course of action?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      a justification
      Correct Answer:
       
      a justification

    Question 20:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which theory is characterized by doing what is best for others instead of oneself?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      ethical altruism
      Correct Answer:
       
      ethical altruism

    Question 21:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following statements uses "innuendo"?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      The chain store doesn't even refute that they are involved in human trafficking.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The chain store doesn't even refute that they are involved in human trafficking.

    Question 22:   Multiple Choice

    1. Incorrect
      When the topic at hand is a complicated scientific issue, it is important to _________.
      Given Answer:
      Incorrect 
      understand that if scientists don't see eye-to-eye on this issue, then there is no answer
      Correct Answer:
       
      understand the fundamentals before considering arguments from opposing sides

    Question 23:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      The post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy is a fallacy in which the arguer _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second
      Correct Answer:
       
      assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second

    Question 24:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following would be an example of the false dichotomy fallacy?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Unless all scientists agree that climate change is caused by human activity, there's no point in taking steps to reduce carbon emissions.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Unless all scientists agree that climate change is caused by human activity, there's no point in taking steps to reduce carbon emissions.

    Question 25:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      An expert may not be considered a credible source if he or she has _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      a view in direct opposition to the vast majority of other experts in the subject
      Correct Answer:
       
      a view in direct opposition to the vast majority of other experts in the subject

    Question 1:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Steven has to produce a survey for his class project due tomorrow, although he really wants to go to the local high school football game tonight with his father. Steven decides to hand out a survey at the gate of the football stadium which holds roughly 1,000 fans. The survey reads, "Do you prefer sport activities that focus on group achievement or individual achievements?" Which of the following explains why this question could lead to obtaining poor data?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      The sample is biased.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The sample is biased.

    Question 2:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following practices would MOST likely be considered pseudoscience?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      hypnotizing a person in order to ensure that they are immune to a communicable disease
      Correct Answer:
       
      hypnotizing a person in order to ensure that they are immune to a communicable disease

    Question 3:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Mary grows hundreds of fruit trees in her orchard. The trees range in age, size, and type. Mary's neighbor states, "Now that Mary has listened to my advice, 93% of her trees are bearing fruit." What makes this conclusion difficult to evaluate?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      There is missing background information.
      Correct Answer:
       
      There is missing background information.

    Question 4:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Statistics come from gathering and ________data.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      analyzing
      Correct Answer:
       
      analyzing

    Question 5:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following is MOST likely to be a sign of pseudoscience?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      relying primarily on anecdotal evidence
      Correct Answer:
       
      relying primarily on anecdotal evidence

    Question 6:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      If you see a couple of viable options among your top choices, you may benefit from making which of these? Select the BEST option.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      a pro/con list
      Correct Answer:
       
      a pro/con list

    Question 7:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Putting in the effort to adequately define the problem is which of the following?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      helpful when the time comes to properly generate options
      Correct Answer:
       
      helpful when the time comes to properly generate options

    Question 8:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Bryan is the manager of his company's IT department. One morning a server cluster loses power. Bryan first checks the power supply, the power cables, the wall outlet, and finally the circuit breaker to find what caused the power outage. What did Bryan do?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      He explored potential causes of the problem.
      Correct Answer:
       
      He explored potential causes of the problem.

    Question 9:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Wallace is having a frustrating day at work after his manager changes deadlines on him, leaves him out of the loop in an important email chain, and turns down his time-off request. In the middle of a meeting that afternoon, Wallace stands up, announces that he's quitting, and walks out of the office. Which decision-making misstep did Wallace commit?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      acting impulsively
      Correct Answer:
       
      acting impulsively

    Question 10:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Dharamdas is looking to buy a new laptop since his old laptop has finally stopped working. He has made a list of all the laptop brands that could potentially fit his needs, and now he is reading reviews and narrowing down his list based on what he learns. Which stage in the problem-solving process is Dharamdas practicing?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      evaluating options
      Correct Answer:
       
      evaluating options

    Question 11:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Using the term "snail mail" to describe postal mail is an example of which of these?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      a dysphemism
      Correct Answer:
       
      a dysphemism

    Question 12:   Multiple Choice

    1. Incorrect
      Which statement BEST describes the relationship between defining terms and clear thinking?
      Given Answer:
      Incorrect 
      Clear thinking is independent of how well terms are defined.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Clear thinking is helped by well-defined terms.

    Question 13:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      A reader analyzes the four categories of meaning in order to do what?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      determine what a particular word means given the specific context
      Correct Answer:
       
      determine what a particular word means given the specific context

    Question 14:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      "Acknowledging a right to benefit from the presence of animals requires government action to ensure human access to animals in a number of different spheres," writes Jessica Pierce, Ph.D., in Psychology Today. The pragmatic meaning of the term "right" in this statement is _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      being able to own a pet
      Correct Answer:
       
      being able to own a pet

    Question 15:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Why is the Allstate Insurance slogan "You're in Good Hands" an example of emotive language?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      The slogan evokes a positive emotional reaction by associating safety with the company.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The slogan evokes a positive emotional reaction by associating safety with the company.

    Question 16:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      During a discussion about women being subjugated in the Middle East, Vanessa argues that you can't judge other countries for their practices because people in different parts of the world have different beliefs. What moral theory is Vanessa using?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      cultural relativism
      Correct Answer:
       
      cultural relativism

    Question 17:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      A top official of the government is presenting a case for the continued use of drone airplanes in military conflicts. The official states that "using drones during military surveillance missions is the right course of action because it saves soldiers' lives." What is the enthymeme in the official's argument?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      The right course of action is to save soldiers' lives.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The right course of action is to save soldiers' lives.

    Question 18:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Consider the following ethical argument. Which of the three statements represents the moral statement about a moral principle? Statement 1: A dealership advertised a car at a very low price, but only had a similar higher priced model in stock. Statement 2: It is wrong to perform a bait and switch. Statement 3: The dealership was wrong to advertise the car on special sale when in actually it was not available.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Statement 2
      Correct Answer:
       
      Statement 2

    Question 19:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      What is an inherent problem with moral relativism?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      It can become contradictory; two people can perceive one action as right and wrong.
      Correct Answer:
       
      It can become contradictory; two people can perceive one action as right and wrong.

    Question 20:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      What makes an argument an ethical argument?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      a conclusion based on a moral premise that makes a statement about right and wrong in a particular situation
      Correct Answer:
       
      a conclusion based on a moral premise that makes a statement about right and wrong in a particular situation

    Question 21:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following is an irrelevant question to ask when evaluating a claim?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Do I like the person making the claim?
      Correct Answer:
       
      Do I like the person making the claim?

    Question 22:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following is an example of the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      The eight warmest years on record all have occurred since the War in Iraq began in 2001, thus the War in Iraq is one of the primary causes of global warming.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The eight warmest years on record all have occurred since the War in Iraq began in 2001, thus the War in Iraq is one of the primary causes of global warming.

    Question 23:   Multiple Choice

    1. Incorrect
      Which of the following would be an example of the false dichotomy fallacy?
      Given Answer:
      Incorrect 
      With information spreading so fast on the Internet these days and corporations buying out the media, it's impossible for us to separate fact from fiction or know anything for sure.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Unless all scientists agree that climate change is caused by human activity, there's no point in taking steps to reduce carbon emissions.

    Question 24:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Adam posted in a thread about theoretical physics. In his post he refuted General Relativity and cited a paper that was recently self-published by one person on her own personal website and had no references to other works in the field.Which important question did Adam not answer sufficiently when evaluating the cited paper?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      What person or organization vouches for the credibility of information on this website?
      Correct Answer:
       
      What person or organization vouches for the credibility of information on this website?

    Question 25:   Multiple Choice

    Correct
    Since the start of the Industrial Revolution more than 250 years ago, there has been a marked increase in average global temperature. Tom thinks that since this past year was cooler than normal, scientific claims that Earth's climate is changing must not be true. Tom's thinking is flawed because of which of the following?
    Given Answer:
    Correct 
    small sample size
    Correct Answer:
     
    small sample size


    Question 1:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following is MOST likely to be driven by ideology, culture, or commercial goals?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      pseudoscience
      Correct Answer:
       
      pseudoscience

    Question 2:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      An "explanation" is a statement that provides a _________ for why or how something became the way it is.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      reason
      Correct Answer:
       
      reason

    Question 3:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Courtnie has been allergic to cats as long as she can remember; this requires her doctor to give her an allergy shot. On her 26th birthday she spends the day in a house with cats and has no reaction. Therefore the allergy shot has helped Courtnie overcome her reaction to cats. The explanation for why she had no reaction describes which of the following?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      causal relationship
      Correct Answer:
       
      causal relationship

    Question 4:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following is MOST likely to be a sign of pseudoscience?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      relying primarily on anecdotal evidence
      Correct Answer:
       
      relying primarily on anecdotal evidence

    Question 5:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Conspiracy theories often lack which of the following?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      simplicity and falsifiability
      Correct Answer:
       
      simplicity and falsifiability

    Question 6:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Angela and Glenn are deciding if they should get married. Their biggest point of contention by far is over money. Angela believes strongly that the right way to handle family finances is to save as much as possible for the future. Glenn, however, has no problem spending freely, using credit cards, and borrowing for lifestyle. As Angela is considering whether or not to marry Glenn, which of the following questions would help her to evaluate the problem of finances?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Does marrying Glenn fit with my personal financial values?
      Correct Answer:
       
      Does marrying Glenn fit with my personal financial values?

    Question 7:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Matt and his roommate Gamal argue repeatedly about wearing shoes in the house versus taking them off at the door. Eventually, both are fed up with constantly arguing. They decide to sit down and talk, and not get up until they come to a resolution. This is an example of which decision-making strategy?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      deciding to be committed to finding a solution
      Correct Answer:
       
      deciding to be committed to finding a solution

    Question 8:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Charlie completely forgot he had a paper on the complications of giving aid to developing countries due the next day. He considers pulling an all-nighter to complete the paper, emailing his instructor to ask for an extension, or copying an essay he found online and submitting it as his own work. He eliminates the option of copying someone else's work because he believes that misusing sources is a betrayal of trust to both his instructor and classmates. Which of the following questions likely had the MOST weight in his decision?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Does it fit with my personal ethics?
      Correct Answer:
       
      Does it fit with my personal ethics?

    Question 9:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which is a strategy to use to help generate multiple options to solve a problem?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Look at the problem from different perspectives.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Look at the problem from different perspectives.

    Question 10:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Elsa was offered a new job and wants to discuss it with her husband. Which step of the decision-making process are Elsa and her husband involved in when they consider how much the new job will pay, where it is located, and what Elsa's new work hours will be?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      analyzing the problem
      Correct Answer:
       
      analyzing the problem

    Question 11:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Why is the Allstate Insurance slogan "You're in Good Hands" an example of emotive language?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      The slogan evokes a positive emotional reaction by associating safety with the company.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The slogan evokes a positive emotional reaction by associating safety with the company.

    Question 12:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      What is sarcasm?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      form and intent being at odds
      Correct Answer:
       
      form and intent being at odds

    Question 13:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Why might advertisers find it appealing to promise that they have a "better" product than the competition?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Using vague language will influence more customers to buy their product and protect their own claims from being disproven.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Using vague language will influence more customers to buy their product and protect their own claims from being disproven.

    Question 14:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which statement BEST describes why using an innuendo in communication can be misleading?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      The innuendo plants an idea in the audience's mind without going on record directly stating the idea.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The innuendo plants an idea in the audience's mind without going on record directly stating the idea.

    Question 15:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of these statements demonstrate the use of a euphemism?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Your coworker announces that her cat was put to sleep over the weekend.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Your coworker announces that her cat was put to sleep over the weekend.

    Question 16:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      A bank states that its decision to offer home loans at an extremely low initial, but variable, rate is rooted in the idea that all have a right to owning an affordable home. The bank does not state that the loans are packaged in a product sold to another, larger bank that may or may not work with customers in difficult situations. The smaller bank is no longer exposed to the risk of longer-term loans, and makes a large profit. Which moral theory is the bank operating under?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Ethical Egoism. The bank did what was best for the institution.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Ethical Egoism. The bank did what was best for the institution.

    Question 17:   Multiple Choice

    1. Incorrect
      Every day on his way to work, Frederic stops by a large chain hotel at which he is not staying, walks into the lobby, and helps himself to the continental breakfast. He believes this is the right thing to do because it saves him a lot of money and is very convenient. What ethical theory is he using to justify his actions?
      Given Answer:
      Incorrect 
      Kantian ethics
      Correct Answer:
       
      ethical egoism

    Question 18:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Your company is operating as a subcontractor on a large government contract. The government decides to request proposals for another upcoming project. Your boss asks you to submit a proposal on behalf of your company, knowing it would violate the current agreement with the primary contractor. If you do what your boss says because he is your boss, you are operating under which moral theory?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      authoritarian moral theory
      Correct Answer:
       
      authoritarian moral theory

    Question 19:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      A state senator testifies under oath not to accept a large campaign contribution. The prosecutor argues the senator lied under oath, so the senator should go to jail. What is the enthymeme in the prosecutor's argument?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      People who lie under oath is should go to jail.
      Correct Answer:
       
      People who lie under oath is should go to jail.

    Question 20:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following is the BEST example of an amoral claim?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      Fire can be used for cooking and generating heat.
      Correct Answer:
       
      Fire can be used for cooking and generating heat.

    Question 21:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following statements uses "innuendo"?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      The chain store doesn't even refute that they are involved in human trafficking.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The chain store doesn't even refute that they are involved in human trafficking.

    Question 22:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      Which of the following is an example of the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy?
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      The eight warmest years on record all have occurred since the War in Iraq began in 2001, thus the War in Iraq is one of the primary causes of global warming.
      Correct Answer:
       
      The eight warmest years on record all have occurred since the War in Iraq began in 2001, thus the War in Iraq is one of the primary causes of global warming.

    Question 23:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      When the topic at hand is a complicated scientific issue, it is important to _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      understand the fundamentals before considering arguments from opposing sides
      Correct Answer:
       
      understand the fundamentals before considering arguments from opposing sides

    Question 24:   Multiple Choice

    1. Correct
      An expert may not be considered a credible source if he or she has _________.
      Given Answer:
      Correct 
      a view in direct opposition to the vast majority of other experts in the subject
      Correct Answer:
       
      a view in direct opposition to the vast majority of other experts in the subject

    Question 25:   Multiple Choice

    Correct
    The false dichotomy fallacy is a fallacy in which the arguer _________.
    Given Answer:
    Correct 
    inaccurately portrays a circumstance as having a limited number of possible outcomes, thus setting up an either-or situation
    Correct Answer:
     
    inaccurately portrays a circumstance as having a limited number of possible outcomes, thus setting up an either-or situation