Class material is available for download as we prepare to begin class: syllabus, introduction to class, How to Read Philosophy, Laptops Are Great, Guidelines, and Email Etiquette.
https://vimeo.com/133911043
Katelyn Smith holds a masters from the University of Cambridge and an A.B. from Harvard University in History and Philosophy of Science, with a minor in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. She researches second-wave feminism and has written about women’s health activism in the United States and United Kingdom in the 20th century.
1957 Buick Special Riviera 46-R
Lord of the Flies (2/11) Movie CLIP - Whoever Holds the Conch Gets to Speak (1990) HD, 1:12
https://youtu.be/ipkF3xkP63M
How to Read Philosophy
Monty Python's Flying Circus - "Argument Clinic" Quote-A-Long, 6:27
Quote-a-long to this classic sketch from Monty Python’s Flying Circus - “Argument Clinic” (followed by “Hitting on the Head Lessons” & “Inspector Flying Fox of the Yard”) - with this official Monty Python quote-a-long video. The sketch, featuring Michael Palin, Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle and Terry Jones, was first broadcast on 2 November 1972, in Series 3 Episode 3 of the series.
https://youtu.be/0rTEzYbMiNM
Laptops Are Great, Guidelines, and Email Etiquette.
As a class we had a conversation about electronics during class. We agreed to self-limit our access so as to be considerate of our colleagues and not distract them.
Studies and by our own experience electronics have been detrimental to a sound learning environment.
Dedicate yourself to learning well and being considerate of others.
University of Edinburgh Introduction to Philosophy 12:30
Begin reading Part 1: Introduction in the textbook.
Table of Contents
Begin reading Part 1: Introduction in the textbook.
Table of Contents
Part 1: Introduction
What Is Philosophy? Monroe C. Beardsley and Elizabeth Lane Beardsley
The Value of Philosophy Bertrand Russell
Biography Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, 18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist and Nobel laureate. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had "never been any of these things, in any profound sense". He was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom. In the early 20th century, Russell led the British "revolt against idealism". He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, colleague G. E. Moore, and protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. With A. N. Whitehead he wrote Principia Mathematica, an attempt to create a logical basis for mathematics. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy". His work has had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science (see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially the philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics. Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed anti-imperialism. Occasionally, he advocated preventive nuclear war, before the opportunity provided by the atomic monopoly had passed, and "welcomed with enthusiasm" world government. He went to prison for his pacifism during World War I. Later, he concluded war against Adolf Hitler was a necessary "lesser of two evils". He criticized Stalinist totalitarianism, attacked the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".
Russell's paradox represents either of two interrelated logical antinomies. The most commonly discussed form is a contradiction arising in the logic of sets or classes. Some classes (or sets) seem to be members of themselves, while some do not. The class of all classes is itself a class, and so it seems to be in itself. The null or empty class, however, must not be a member of itself. However, suppose that we can form a class of all classes (or sets) that, like the null class, are not included in themselves. The paradox arises from asking the question of whether this class is in itself. It is if and only if it is not. The other form is a contradiction involving properties. Some properties seem to apply to themselves, while others do not. The property of being a property is itself a property, while the property of being a cat is not itself a cat. Consider the property that something has just in case it is a property (like that of being a cat) that does not apply to itself. Does this property apply to itself? Once again, from either assumption, the opposite follows. The paradox was named after Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), who discovered it in 1901.
Mathematics - Russell's Paradox, 3:02 In the foundations of mathematics, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy), discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1901, showed that some attempted formalizations of the naive set theory created by Georg Cantor led to a contradiction. The same paradox had been discovered a year before by Ernst Zermelo but he did not publish the idea, which remained known only to David Hilbert, Edmund Husserl, and other members of the University of Göttingen. According to naive set theory, any definable collection is a set. Let R be the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. If R is not a member of itself, then its definition dictates that it must contain itself, and if it contains itself, then it contradicts its own definition as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. This contradiction is Russell's paradox. Symbolically:
https://youtu.be/GpVRePLMLbU
Biography Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, 18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist and Nobel laureate. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had "never been any of these things, in any profound sense". He was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom. In the early 20th century, Russell led the British "revolt against idealism". He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, colleague G. E. Moore, and protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. With A. N. Whitehead he wrote Principia Mathematica, an attempt to create a logical basis for mathematics. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy". His work has had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science (see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially the philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics. Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed anti-imperialism. Occasionally, he advocated preventive nuclear war, before the opportunity provided by the atomic monopoly had passed, and "welcomed with enthusiasm" world government. He went to prison for his pacifism during World War I. Later, he concluded war against Adolf Hitler was a necessary "lesser of two evils". He criticized Stalinist totalitarianism, attacked the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".
Russell's Paradox
Russell's paradox represents either of two interrelated logical antinomies. The most commonly discussed form is a contradiction arising in the logic of sets or classes. Some classes (or sets) seem to be members of themselves, while some do not. The class of all classes is itself a class, and so it seems to be in itself. The null or empty class, however, must not be a member of itself. However, suppose that we can form a class of all classes (or sets) that, like the null class, are not included in themselves. The paradox arises from asking the question of whether this class is in itself. It is if and only if it is not. The other form is a contradiction involving properties. Some properties seem to apply to themselves, while others do not. The property of being a property is itself a property, while the property of being a cat is not itself a cat. Consider the property that something has just in case it is a property (like that of being a cat) that does not apply to itself. Does this property apply to itself? Once again, from either assumption, the opposite follows. The paradox was named after Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), who discovered it in 1901.
Mathematics - Russell's Paradox, 3:02 In the foundations of mathematics, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy), discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1901, showed that some attempted formalizations of the naive set theory created by Georg Cantor led to a contradiction. The same paradox had been discovered a year before by Ernst Zermelo but he did not publish the idea, which remained known only to David Hilbert, Edmund Husserl, and other members of the University of Göttingen. According to naive set theory, any definable collection is a set. Let R be the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. If R is not a member of itself, then its definition dictates that it must contain itself, and if it contains itself, then it contradicts its own definition as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. This contradiction is Russell's paradox. Symbolically:
https://youtu.be/GpVRePLMLbU
Defence of Socrates
The Apology of Socrates
Socrates References
The Trial of Socrates by I.F. Stone Anchor (1989) is highly recommended if you want to read more.
(Greek: Ἀπολογία Σωκράτους, Apologia Sokratous, Latin: Apologia Socratis), by Plato, is the Socratic dialogue that presents the speech of legal self-defence, which Socrates presented at his trial for impiety and corruption, in 399 BC.
Specifically, the Apology of Socrates is a defence against the charges of “corrupting the young” and “not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other daimonia that are novel” to Athens (24b).
Among the primary sources about the trial and death of the philosopher Socrates (469–399 BC), the Apology of Socrates is the dialogue that depicts the trial, and is one of four Socratic dialogues, along with Euthyphro, Phaedo, and Crito, through which Plato details the final days of the philosopher Socrates.
Socrates' Apology in 2 minutes, 2:07 https://youtu.be/okZHInakSYo
What two things was Socrates accused of that led to his death?
His response: What is he really accused for?
How did Socrates annoy the jurors?
Why do you think Socrates did not object to his death sentence?
Plato
PLATO: A Very Short Introduction | Animated Book Summary, 4:38
https://youtu.be/i5JVqp-qlic
What impressed Plato by putting what before any set of beliefs?
How is Socrates presented by Plato?
What did Plato found as the first ever philosophical school?
Who was his most famous student?
Without grades or degrees what was it more a center of?
What question does he discuss and try to answer? The Greek word was eudaimonia.
In your life, what would eudaimonia be like?
Plato's Allegory of the Cave, 3:09
The Allegory of the Cave, or Plato's Cave, was presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work Republic (514a–520a) to compare "the effect of education (παιδεία) and the lack of it on our nature".
In your life, can you see any applications of Plato's Allegory of the Cave?
Plato
